A Computer Program for Multiobjective Decision Making by the Interactive Sequential Proxy Optimization Technique

Download A Computer Program for Multiobjective Decision Making by the Interactive Sequential Proxy Optimization Technique PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (257 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Computer Program for Multiobjective Decision Making by the Interactive Sequential Proxy Optimization Technique by : Masatoshi Sakawa

Download or read book A Computer Program for Multiobjective Decision Making by the Interactive Sequential Proxy Optimization Technique written by Masatoshi Sakawa and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Interactive Multiobjective Decision Making by the Sequential Proxy Optimization Technique

Download Interactive Multiobjective Decision Making by the Sequential Proxy Optimization Technique PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 25 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (257 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Interactive Multiobjective Decision Making by the Sequential Proxy Optimization Technique by : Masatoshi Sakawa

Download or read book Interactive Multiobjective Decision Making by the Sequential Proxy Optimization Technique written by Masatoshi Sakawa and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fuzzy Sets and Interactive Multiobjective Optimization

Download Fuzzy Sets and Interactive Multiobjective Optimization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1489916334
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (899 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fuzzy Sets and Interactive Multiobjective Optimization by : Masatoshi Sakawa

Download or read book Fuzzy Sets and Interactive Multiobjective Optimization written by Masatoshi Sakawa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main characteristics of the real-world decision-making problems facing humans today are multidimensional and have multiple objectives including eco nomic, environmental, social, and technical ones. Hence, it seems natural that the consideration of many objectives in the actual decision-making process re quires multiobjective approaches rather than single-objective. One ofthe major systems-analytic multiobjective approaches to decision-making under constraints is multiobjective optimization as a generalization of traditional single-objective optimization. Although multiobjective optimization problems differ from single objective optimization problems only in the plurality of objective functions, it is significant to realize that multiple objectives are often noncom mensurable and conflict with each other in multiobjective optimization problems. With this ob servation, in multiobjective optimization, the notion of Pareto optimality or effi ciency has been introduced instead of the optimality concept for single-objective optimization. However, decisions with Pareto optimality or efficiency are not uniquely determined; the final decision must be selected from among the set of Pareto optimal or efficient solutions. Therefore, the question is, how does one find the preferred point as a compromise or satisficing solution with rational pro cedure? This is the starting point of multiobjective optimization. To be more specific, the aim is to determine how one derives a compromise or satisficing so lution of a decision maker (DM), which well represents the subjective judgments, from a Pareto optimal or an efficient solution set.

Fuzzy Multiple Objective Decision Making

Download Fuzzy Multiple Objective Decision Making PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642579493
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fuzzy Multiple Objective Decision Making by : Young-Jou Lai

Download or read book Fuzzy Multiple Objective Decision Making written by Young-Jou Lai and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last 25 years, the fuzzy set theory has been applied in many disciplines such as operations research, management science, control theory, artificial intelligence/expert system, etc. In this volume, methods and applications of crisp, fuzzy and possibilistic multiple objective decision making are first systematically and thoroughly reviewed and classified. This state-of-the-art survey provides readers with a capsule look into the existing methods, and their characteristics and applicability to analysis of fuzzy and possibilistic programming problems. To realize practical fuzzy modelling, it presents solutions for real-world problems including production/manufacturing, location, logistics, environment management, banking/finance, personnel, marketing, accounting, agriculture economics and data analysis. This book is a guided tour through the literature in the rapidly growing fields of operations research and decision making and includes the most up-to-date bibliographical listing of literature on the topic.

Multi-objective Group Decision Making: Methods Software And Applications With Fuzzy Set Techniques (With Cd-rom)

Download Multi-objective Group Decision Making: Methods Software And Applications With Fuzzy Set Techniques (With Cd-rom) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1908979259
Total Pages : 407 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Multi-objective Group Decision Making: Methods Software And Applications With Fuzzy Set Techniques (With Cd-rom) by : Guang-quan Zhang

Download or read book Multi-objective Group Decision Making: Methods Software And Applications With Fuzzy Set Techniques (With Cd-rom) written by Guang-quan Zhang and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2007-05-10 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book proposes a set of models to describe fuzzy multi-objective decision making (MODM), fuzzy multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), fuzzy group decision making (GDM) and fuzzy multi-objective group decision-making problems, respectively. It also gives a set of related methods (including algorithms) to solve these problems. One distinguishing feature of this book is that it provides two decision support systems software for readers to apply these proposed methods. A set of real-world applications and some new directions in this area are then described to further instruct readers how to use these methods and software in their practice./a

Multiple Criteria Optimization

Download Multiple Criteria Optimization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0306481073
Total Pages : 515 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (64 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Multiple Criteria Optimization by : Xavier Gandibleux

Download or read book Multiple Criteria Optimization written by Xavier Gandibleux and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-11 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The generalized area of multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) can be defined as the body of methods and procedures by which the concern for multiple conflicting criteria can be formally incorporated into the analytical process. MCDM consists mostly of two branches, multiple criteria optimization and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). While MCDA is typically concerned with multiple criteria problems that have a small number of alternatives often in an environment of uncertainty (location of an airport, type of drug rehabilitation program), multiple criteria optimization is typically directed at problems formulated within a mathematical programming framework, but with a stack of objectives instead of just one (river basin management, engineering component design, product distribution). It is about the most modern treatment of multiple criteria optimization that this book is concerned. I look at this book as a nicely organized and well-rounded presentation of what I view as ”new wave” topics in multiple criteria optimization. Looking back to the origins of MCDM, most people agree that it was not until about the early 1970s that multiple criteria optimization c- gealed as a field. At this time, and for about the following fifteen years, the focus was on theories of multiple objective linear programming that subsume conventional (single criterion) linear programming, algorithms for characterizing the efficient set, theoretical vector-maximum dev- opments, and interactive procedures.

Multiobjective Optimization

Download Multiobjective Optimization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540889078
Total Pages : 481 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (48 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Multiobjective Optimization by : Jürgen Branke

Download or read book Multiobjective Optimization written by Jürgen Branke and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-10-15 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiobjective optimization deals with solving problems having not only one, but multiple, often conflicting, criteria. Such problems can arise in practically every field of science, engineering and business, and the need for efficient and reliable solution methods is increasing. The task is challenging due to the fact that, instead of a single optimal solution, multiobjective optimization results in a number of solutions with different trade-offs among criteria, also known as Pareto optimal or efficient solutions. Hence, a decision maker is needed to provide additional preference information and to identify the most satisfactory solution. Depending on the paradigm used, such information may be introduced before, during, or after the optimization process. Clearly, research and application in multiobjective optimization involve expertise in optimization as well as in decision support. This state-of-the-art survey originates from the International Seminar on Practical Approaches to Multiobjective Optimization, held in Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, in December 2006, which brought together leading experts from various contemporary multiobjective optimization fields, including evolutionary multiobjective optimization (EMO), multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) and multiple criteria decision aiding (MCDA). This book gives a unique and detailed account of the current status of research and applications in the field of multiobjective optimization. It contains 16 chapters grouped in the following 5 thematic sections: Basics on Multiobjective Optimization; Recent Interactive and Preference-Based Approaches; Visualization of Solutions; Modelling, Implementation and Applications; and Quality Assessment, Learning, and Future Challenges.

Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis in Regional Planning

Download Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis in Regional Planning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400940351
Total Pages : 551 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis in Regional Planning by : Fumiko Seo

Download or read book Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis in Regional Planning written by Fumiko Seo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 551 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to presenting theoretical fundamentals for the methods of multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) in the social sciences with particular intent to their applicability to real-world decision making. The main characteristics of the complex problems facing humans in the world today are multidimensional and have multiple objecti ves; they are large-scale, and have nonconimensura te and conflicting objectives, such as economic, environmental, societal, technical, and aesthetic ones. The authors intend to establish basic concepts for treating these complex problems and to present methodological discussions for MCDM with some applications to administrative, or regional, planning. MCDM is composed of two phases: analytical and judgmental. In this book, we intend to consolidate these two phases and to present integrated methodologies for manipulating them with particular interest in managerial decision making, which has not yet been properly treated in spite of its urgent necessi ty. Al though a number of books in MCDM fields have already been published in recent years, most of them have mainly trea ted one aspect of MCDM. Our work specifically intends to trea t the methodology in unified systems and to construct a conceptual structure with special regards to the intrinsic properties of MCDM and its "economic meanings" from the social scientific point of view.

Large Scale Interactive Fuzzy Multiobjective Programming

Download Large Scale Interactive Fuzzy Multiobjective Programming PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Physica
ISBN 13 : 3790818518
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Large Scale Interactive Fuzzy Multiobjective Programming by : Masatoshi Sakawa

Download or read book Large Scale Interactive Fuzzy Multiobjective Programming written by Masatoshi Sakawa and published by Physica. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous considerations of multiobjectiveness, fuzziness and block angular structures involved in the real-world decision making problems lead us to the new field of interactive multiobjective optimization for large scale programming problems under fuzziness. The aim of this book is to introduce the latest advances in the new field of interactive multiobjective optimization for large scale programming problems under fuzziness on the basis of the author's continuing research. Special stress is placed on interactive decision making aspects of fuzzy multiobjective optimization for human-centered systems in most realistic situations when dealing with fuzziness. The book is intended for graduate students, researchers and practitioners in the fields of operations research, industrial engineering, management science and computer science.

Nonlinear Multiobjective Optimization

Download Nonlinear Multiobjective Optimization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461555639
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nonlinear Multiobjective Optimization by : Kaisa Miettinen

Download or read book Nonlinear Multiobjective Optimization written by Kaisa Miettinen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Problems with multiple objectives and criteria are generally known as multiple criteria optimization or multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems. So far, these types of problems have typically been modelled and solved by means of linear programming. However, many real-life phenomena are of a nonlinear nature, which is why we need tools for nonlinear programming capable of handling several conflicting or incommensurable objectives. In this case, methods of traditional single objective optimization and linear programming are not enough; we need new ways of thinking, new concepts, and new methods - nonlinear multiobjective optimization. Nonlinear Multiobjective Optimization provides an extensive, up-to-date, self-contained and consistent survey, review of the literature and of the state of the art on nonlinear (deterministic) multiobjective optimization, its methods, its theory and its background. The amount of literature on multiobjective optimization is immense. The treatment in this book is based on approximately 1500 publications in English printed mainly after the year 1980. Problems related to real-life applications often contain irregularities and nonsmoothnesses. The treatment of nondifferentiable multiobjective optimization in the literature is rather rare. For this reason, this book contains material about the possibilities, background, theory and methods of nondifferentiable multiobjective optimization as well. This book is intended for both researchers and students in the areas of (applied) mathematics, engineering, economics, operations research and management science; it is meant for both professionals and practitioners in many different fields of application. The intention has been to provide a consistent summary that may help in selecting an appropriate method for the problem to be solved. It is hoped the extensive bibliography will be of value to researchers.

Fuzzy Stochastic Multiobjective Programming

Download Fuzzy Stochastic Multiobjective Programming PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 144198402X
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fuzzy Stochastic Multiobjective Programming by : Masatoshi Sakawa

Download or read book Fuzzy Stochastic Multiobjective Programming written by Masatoshi Sakawa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-02-03 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although studies on multiobjective mathematical programming under uncertainty have been accumulated and several books on multiobjective mathematical programming under uncertainty have been published (e.g., Stancu-Minasian (1984); Slowinski and Teghem (1990); Sakawa (1993); Lai and Hwang (1994); Sakawa (2000)), there seems to be no book which concerns both randomness of events related to environments and fuzziness of human judgments simultaneously in multiobjective decision making problems. In this book, the authors are concerned with introducing the latest advances in the field of multiobjective optimization under both fuzziness and randomness on the basis of the authors’ continuing research works. Special stress is placed on interactive decision making aspects of fuzzy stochastic multiobjective programming for human-centered systems under uncertainty in most realistic situations when dealing with both fuzziness and randomness. Organization of each chapter is briefly summarized as follows: Chapter 2 is devoted to mathematical preliminaries, which will be used throughout the remainder of the book. Starting with basic notions and methods of multiobjective programming, interactive fuzzy multiobjective programming as well as fuzzy multiobjective programming is outlined. In Chapter 3, by considering the imprecision of decision maker’s (DM’s) judgment for stochastic objective functions and/or constraints in multiobjective problems, fuzzy multiobjective stochastic programming is developed. In Chapter 4, through the consideration of not only the randomness of parameters involved in objective functions and/or constraints but also the experts’ ambiguous understanding of the realized values of the random parameters, multiobjective programming problems with fuzzy random variables are formulated. In Chapter 5, for resolving conflict of decision making problems in hierarchical managerial or public organizations where there exist two DMs who have different priorities in making decisions, two-level programming problems are discussed. Finally, Chapter 6 outlines some future research directions.

Linear and Multiobjective Programming with Fuzzy Stochastic Extensions

Download Linear and Multiobjective Programming with Fuzzy Stochastic Extensions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461493994
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Linear and Multiobjective Programming with Fuzzy Stochastic Extensions by : Masatoshi Sakawa

Download or read book Linear and Multiobjective Programming with Fuzzy Stochastic Extensions written by Masatoshi Sakawa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-29 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although several books or monographs on multiobjective optimization under uncertainty have been published, there seems to be no book which starts with an introductory chapter of linear programming and is designed to incorporate both fuzziness and randomness into multiobjective programming in a unified way. In this book, five major topics, linear programming, multiobjective programming, fuzzy programming, stochastic programming, and fuzzy stochastic programming, are presented in a comprehensive manner. Especially, the last four topics together comprise the main characteristics of this book, and special stress is placed on interactive decision making aspects of multiobjective programming for human-centered systems in most realistic situations under fuzziness and/or randomness. Organization of each chapter is briefly summarized as follows: Chapter 2 is a concise and condensed description of the theory of linear programming and its algorithms. Chapter 3 discusses fundamental notions and methods of multiobjective linear programming and concludes with interactive multiobjective linear programming. In Chapter 4, starting with clear explanations of fuzzy linear programming and fuzzy multiobjective linear programming, interactive fuzzy multiobjective linear programming is presented. Chapter 5 gives detailed explanations of fundamental notions and methods of stochastic programming including two-stage programming and chance constrained programming. Chapter 6 develops several interactive fuzzy programming approaches to multiobjective stochastic programming problems. Applications to purchase and transportation planning for food retailing are considered in Chapter 7. The book is self-contained because of the three appendices and answers to problems. Appendix A contains a brief summary of the topics from linear algebra. Pertinent results from nonlinear programming are summarized in Appendix B. Appendix C is a clear explanation of the Excel Solver, one of the easiest ways to solve optimization problems, through the use of simple examples of linear and nonlinear programming.

Interactive Fuzzy Optimization

Download Interactive Fuzzy Optimization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642457002
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (424 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Interactive Fuzzy Optimization by : Mario Fedrizzi

Download or read book Interactive Fuzzy Optimization written by Mario Fedrizzi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The title of this book seems to indicate that the volume is dedicated to a very specialized and narrow area, i. e. , to the relationship between a very special type of optimization and mathematical programming. The contrary is however true. Optimization is certainly a very old and classical area which is of high concern to many disciplines. Engineering as well as management, politics as well as medicine, artificial intelligence as well as operations research, and many other fields are in one way or another concerned with optimization of designs, decisions, structures, procedures, or information processes. It is therefore not surprising that optimization has not grown in a homogeneous way in one discipline either. Traditionally, there was a distinct difference between optimization in engineering, optimization in management, and optimization as it was treated in mathematical sciences. However, for the last decades all these fields have to an increasing degree interacted and contributed to the area of optimization or decision making. In some respects, new disciplines such as artificial intelligence, descriptive decision theory, or modern operations research have facilitated, or even made possible the interaction between the different classical disciplines because they provided bridges and links between areas which had been developing and applied quite independently before. The development of optimiiation over the last decades can best be appreciated when looking at the traditional model of optimization. For a well-structured, Le.

Large-Scale Modelling and Interactive Decision Analysis

Download Large-Scale Modelling and Interactive Decision Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 366202473X
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Large-Scale Modelling and Interactive Decision Analysis by : Günter Fandel

Download or read book Large-Scale Modelling and Interactive Decision Analysis written by Günter Fandel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These Proceedings report the scientific results of an International Workshop on Large-Scale Modelling and Interactive Decision Analysis organized Jointly by the System and Decision Sciences Program of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA, located in Laxenburg, Austria), and the Institute for Informatics of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR (located in Berlin, GDR). The Workshop was held at a historically well-known place - the Wartburg Castl- near Eisenach (GDR). (Here Martin Luther translated the Bible into German.) More than fifty scientists representing thirteen countries participated. This Workshop is one of a series of meetings organizE!d by or In collaboration with IIASA about which two of the Lecture Notes In Economics and Mathematical Systems have already reported (Voi. 229 and Vol. 246). This time the aim of the meeting was to discuss methodological and practical problems associated with the modelling of large-scale systems and new approaches In interactive decision analysis based on advanced information processing systems.

Multicriteria Decision Making

Download Multicriteria Decision Making PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461550254
Total Pages : 549 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Multicriteria Decision Making by : Tomas Gal

Download or read book Multicriteria Decision Making written by Tomas Gal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At a practical level, mathematical programming under multiple objectives has emerged as a powerful tool to assist in the process of searching for decisions which best satisfy a multitude of conflicting objectives, and there are a number of distinct methodologies for multicriteria decision-making problems that exist. These methodologies can be categorized in a variety of ways, such as form of model (e.g. linear, non-linear, stochastic), characteristics of the decision space (e.g. finite or infinite), or solution process (e.g. prior specification of preferences or interactive). Scientists from a variety of disciplines (mathematics, economics and psychology) have contributed to the development of the field of Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) (or Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), Multiattribute Decision Making (MADM), Multiobjective Decision Making (MODM), etc.) over the past 30 years, helping to establish MCDM as an important part of management science. MCDM has become a central component of studies in management science, economics and industrial engineering in many universities worldwide. Multicriteria Decision Making: Advances in MCDM Models, Algorithms, Theory and Applications aims to bring together `state-of-the-art' reviews and the most recent advances by leading experts on the fundamental theories, methodologies and applications of MCDM. This is aimed at graduate students and researchers in mathematics, economics, management and engineering, as well as at practicing management scientists who wish to better understand the principles of this new and fast developing field.

Fuzzy Sets and Decision Analysis

Download Fuzzy Sets and Decision Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : North Holland
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 540 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fuzzy Sets and Decision Analysis by : Hans-Jürgen Zimmermann

Download or read book Fuzzy Sets and Decision Analysis written by Hans-Jürgen Zimmermann and published by North Holland. This book was released on 1984 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Multiobjective Optimization

Download Multiobjective Optimization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662088835
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Multiobjective Optimization by : Yann Collette

Download or read book Multiobjective Optimization written by Yann Collette and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text offers many multiobjective optimization methods accompanied by analytical examples, and it treats problems not only in engineering but also operations research and management. It explains how to choose the best method to solve a problem and uses three primary application examples: optimization of the numerical simulation of an industrial process; sizing of a telecommunication network; and decision-aid tools for the sorting of bids.