A Challenge For Mathematics Education

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Critical Issues in Mathematics Education

Author : Bharath Sriraman
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1607522187
Total Pages : 502 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Issues in Mathematics Education by : Bharath Sriraman

Download or read book Critical Issues in Mathematics Education written by Bharath Sriraman and published by IAP. This book was released on 2009-06-01 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The word "critical" in the title of this collection has three meanings, all of which are relevant. One meaning, as applied to a situation or problem, is "at a point of crisis". A second meaning is "expressing adverse or disapproving comments or judgments". A third is related to the verb "to critique", meaning "to analyze the merits and faults of". The authors contributing to this book pose challenging questions, from multiple perspectives, about the roles of mathematics in society and the implications for education. Traditional reasons for teaching mathematics include: preparing a new generation of mathematics researchers and a cadre of technically competent users of mathematics; training students to think logically; and because mathematics is as much part of cultural heritage as literature or music. These reasons remain valid, though open to critique, but a deeper analysis is required that recognizes the roles of mathematics in framing many aspects of contemporary society, that will connect mathematics education to the lived experiences of students, their communities, and society in general, and that acknowledges the global ethical responsibilities of mathematicians and mathematics educators. The book is organized in four sections (1) Mathematics education: For what and why? (2) Globalization and cultural diversity, (3) Mathematics, education, and society and (4) Social justice in, and through, mathematics education The chapters address fundamental issues such as the relevance of school mathematics in people's lives; creating a sense of agency for the field of mathematics education, and redefining the relationship between mathematics as discipline, mathematics as school subject and mathematics as part of people's lives.

Globalized Curriculum Methods for Modern Mathematics Education

Author : Tella, Adedeji
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522561595
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

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Book Synopsis Globalized Curriculum Methods for Modern Mathematics Education by : Tella, Adedeji

Download or read book Globalized Curriculum Methods for Modern Mathematics Education written by Tella, Adedeji and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2018-07-27 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of education is in constant flux as new theories and practices emerge to engage students and improve the learning experience. Globalization has created new challenges for mathematics educators as they are compelled to respond to the shifting patterns and practices of everyday life and stay abreast of the latest research in education, curriculum, development, and technologies. Globalized Curriculum Methods for Modern Mathematics Education is a comprehensive and timely publication that contains the latest research in mathematics education and modern globalized curriculum development and technologies. The book examines subjects such as teaching competencies, digital games for teaching and learning mathematics, and the challenges and prospects of globalized science curriculum. This is an ideal resource for educators, academicians, teachers, policy makers, researchers, and graduate-level students seeking to further their research in mathematics education.

Problem Solving in Mathematics Education

Author : Peter Liljedahl
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319407309
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Problem Solving in Mathematics Education by : Peter Liljedahl

Download or read book Problem Solving in Mathematics Education written by Peter Liljedahl and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-27 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This survey book reviews four interrelated areas: (i) the relevance of heuristics in problem-solving approaches – why they are important and what research tells us about their use; (ii) the need to characterize and foster creative problem-solving approaches – what type of heuristics helps learners devise and practice creative solutions; (iii) the importance that learners formulate and pursue their own problems; and iv) the role played by the use of both multiple-purpose and ad hoc mathematical action types of technologies in problem-solving contexts – what ways of reasoning learners construct when they rely on the use of digital technologies, and how technology and technology approaches can be reconciled.

Extending the Challenge in Mathematics

Author : Linda Jensen Sheffield
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 148336609X
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (833 download)

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Book Synopsis Extending the Challenge in Mathematics by : Linda Jensen Sheffield

Download or read book Extending the Challenge in Mathematics written by Linda Jensen Sheffield and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2002-10-22 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The best source I have seen challenging mathematically talented students. The activities are thought provoking and enjoyable. I will recommend this book to parents as well as educators of mathematically talented students!" Sally Reis Past President of The National Association for Gifted Children Challenge, engage, and inspire your mathematically promising students! Combining theory and practice, Sheffield expertly guides the reader through the process of mathematical talent development from identifying students with mathematical potential, to finding and creating first-rate problems for exploration and strategies for assessment. The multi-level investigations in this book are designed to challenge students and inspire deeper and more original mathematical thinking in Number and Operations, Algebra, Geometry and Measurement, and Data Analysis and Probability. Each investigation is developed in the following easy-to-follow format: Relate—sets the stage for the investigation by connecting it to prior learning and the NCTM Principles and Standards Investigate—poses the initial problem to start students thinking about the investigation Evaluate and Communicate—provides solutions, probing assessment questions, and suggestions for teacher responses Create—offers ideas for extending and deepening the investigation, allowing even the most accomplished students to add depth and complexity to their reasoning Discussion—gives teachers hints on what to look for in student solutions, as well as ideas for encouraging students to dig more deeply into the mathematical concepts that are presented Mathematically promising students have the potential to become the leaders and problem solvers of the future. Extending the Challenge in Mathematics provides the practical tips and tools educators need to help their students develop this potential to the fullest.

Science and Mathematics Education for 21st Century Citizens

Author : Laurinda Leite
Publisher : Nova Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781536184853
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (848 download)

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Book Synopsis Science and Mathematics Education for 21st Century Citizens by : Laurinda Leite

Download or read book Science and Mathematics Education for 21st Century Citizens written by Laurinda Leite and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2020 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book addresses the challenges that face science and mathematics education if it is to be relevant to 21st century citizens, as well as the ways that outstanding specialists from several countries around the world think it should deal with those challenges. Starting with the issue of science and mathematics teacher education in a changing world, it moves on to deal with innovative approaches to teaching science and mathematics. It then discusses contemporary issues related to the role played by technology in science and mathematics education, the challenges of the STEM agenda, and ways of making science and mathematics education more inclusive. Finally, it focuses on assessment issues, as the success of science and mathematics education depends at least in part on the purposes for which, and ways in which, students' learning is assessed. There is a worldwide trend towards providing meaningful science and mathematics education to all children for the sake of literacy and numeracy development and a need to produce enough science and technology specialists. This trend and need, coupled with the concern raised by students' disengagement in these two knowledge areas and the role that technology may play in countering it, put increasingly high demands on teachers. As shown in this book, science and mathematics education may offer a unique contribution in developing responsible citizens by fostering skills required in order to assume wider responsibilities and roles, focusing on personal, social and environmental dimensions. For instance, it offers unique insights into how teachers can build on students' complicated and interconnected real-worlds to help them learn authentic and relevant science and mathematics. Additionally, the book highlights potential positive relationships between science and mathematics, which are often envisaged as having a conflicting relationship in school curricula. By uncovering the similarities between them, and by providing evidence that both areas deal with issues that are relevant for citizens' daily lives, the book explores ways of linking and giving coherence to science and mathematics knowledge as components of everyday life settings. It also provides directions for future research on the educational potential of interconnecting science and mathematics at the different educational levels. Therefore, this is a worthwhile book for researchers, teacher educators and schoolteachers. It covers theoretical perspectives, research-based approaches and practical applications that may make a difference in education that is relevant and inclusive for citizens in the 21st century"--

Mathematics Teacher Education in the Public Interest

Author : Bharath Sriraman
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 161735970X
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Mathematics Teacher Education in the Public Interest by : Bharath Sriraman

Download or read book Mathematics Teacher Education in the Public Interest written by Bharath Sriraman and published by IAP. This book was released on 2013-02-01 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematics teacher education has a critical role to play in preparing teachers to put at center stage goals to support equity in mathematics education and to diversify student interest and participation in mathematics. These goals must also resonate with broader public interest goals to improve educational and social conditions both in the U.S. and abroad. The Mathematics Teacher Education in the Public Interest book aims to support mathematics teacher educators to prepare teachers with new knowledge and skills to support all students to learn mathematics and to become informed, engaged, and critical citizens within their community, nation, and world. While internationally there is considerable interest among mathematics educators in issues of equity and social justice, the literature on mathematics teacher education for equity and social justice thus far has been very limited.The book provides theoretical discussions on the need for equity and social justice emphases in mathematics teacher education, as well as practical examples from mathematics teacher educators, documenting their own professional efforts to center practices on equity and social justice. Section emphases include critical perspectives on mathematics teacher education, the use of equity and social justice-themed activities in mathematics teacher preparation courses, and issues of identity and community and cultural contexts in mathematics teacher education. In addition syntheses of major ideas of the book are offered by experienced researchers.

Toward Equity and Social Justice in Mathematics Education

Author : Tonya Gau Bartell
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319929070
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Toward Equity and Social Justice in Mathematics Education by : Tonya Gau Bartell

Download or read book Toward Equity and Social Justice in Mathematics Education written by Tonya Gau Bartell and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-14 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This critical volume responds to the enduring challenge in mathematics education of addressing the needs of marginalized students in school mathematics, and stems from the 2015 Annual Meeting of the North American Group of the Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME-NA). This timely analysis brings greater clarity and support to such challenges by narrowing in on four foci: theoretical and political perspectives toward equity and justice in mathematics education, identifying and connecting to family and community funds of knowledge, student learning and engagement in preK-12 mathematics classrooms, and supporting teachers in addressing the needs of marginalized learners. Each of these areas examines how race, class, culture, power, justice and mathematics teaching and learning intersect in mathematics education to sustain or disrupt inequities, and include contributions from scholars writing about mathematics education in diverse contexts. Included in the coverage: Disrupting policies and reforms to address the needs of marginalized learners A socio-spatial framework for urban mathematics education Linking literature on allywork to the work of mathematics teacher educators Transnational families’ mathematical funds of knowledge Multilingual and technological contexts for supporting learners’ mathematical discourse Preservice teachers’ strategies for teaching mathematics with English learners Toward Equity and Social Justice in Mathematics Education is of significant interest to mathematics teacher educators and mathematics education researchers currently addressing the needs of marginalized students in school mathematics. It is also relevant to teachers of related disciplines, administrators, and instructional designers interested in pushing our thinking and work toward equity and justice in mathematics education.

Task Design In Mathematics Education

Author : Anne Watson
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331909629X
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Task Design In Mathematics Education by : Anne Watson

Download or read book Task Design In Mathematics Education written by Anne Watson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-26 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *THIS BOOK IS AVAILABLE AS OPEN ACCESS BOOK ON SPRINGERLINK* This open access book is the product of ICMI Study 22 Task Design in Mathematics Education. The study offers a state-of-the-art summary of relevant research and goes beyond that to develop new insights and new areas of knowledge and study about task design. The authors represent a wide range of countries and cultures and are leading researchers, teachers and designers. In particular, the authors develop explicit understandings of the opportunities and difficulties involved in designing and implementing tasks and of the interfaces between the teaching, researching and designing roles – recognising that these might be undertaken by the same person or by completely separate teams. Tasks generate the activity through which learners meet mathematical concepts, ideas, strategies and learn to use and develop mathematical thinking and modes of enquiry. Teaching includes the selection, modification, design, sequencing, installation, observation and evaluation of tasks. The book illustrates how task design is core to effective teaching, whether the task is a complex, extended, investigation or a small part of a lesson; whether it is part of a curriculum system, such as a textbook, or promotes free standing activity; whether the task comes from published source or is devised by the teacher or the student.

Critical Mathematics Education

Author : Paul Ernest
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1681232618
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (812 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Mathematics Education by : Paul Ernest

Download or read book Critical Mathematics Education written by Paul Ernest and published by IAP. This book was released on 2016-01-01 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematics is traditionally seen as the most neutral of disciplines, the furthest removed from the arguments and controversy of politics and social life. However, critical mathematics challenges these assumptions and actively attacks the idea that mathematics is pure, objective, and value?neutral. It argues that history, society, and politics have shaped mathematics—not only through its applications and uses but also through molding its concepts, methods, and even mathematical truth and proof, the very means of establishing truth. Critical mathematics education also attacks the neutrality of the teaching and learning of mathematics, showing how these are value?laden activities indissolubly linked to social and political life. Instead, it argues that the values of openness, dialogicality, criticality towards received opinion, empowerment of the learner, and social/political engagement and citizenship are necessary dimensions of the teaching and learning of mathematics, if it is to contribute towards democracy and social justice. This book draws together critical theoretic contributions on mathematics and mathematics education from leading researchers in the field. Recurring themes include: The natures of mathematics and critical mathematics education, issues of epistemology and ethics; Ideology, the hegemony of mathematics, ethnomathematics, and real?life education; Capitalism, globalization, politics, social class, habitus, citizenship and equity. The book demonstrates the links between these themes and the discipline of mathematics, and its critical teaching and learning. The outcome is a groundbreaking collection unified by a shared concern with critical perspectives of mathematics and education, and of the ways they impact on practice.

Lesson Study: Challenges In Mathematics Education

Author : Maitree Inprasitha
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814641081
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (146 download)

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Book Synopsis Lesson Study: Challenges In Mathematics Education by : Maitree Inprasitha

Download or read book Lesson Study: Challenges In Mathematics Education written by Maitree Inprasitha and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2015-03-25 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Classroom Innovations through Lesson Study is an APEC EDNET (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Education Network) project that aims to improve the quality of education in the area of mathematics. This book includes challenges of lesson study implementation from members of the APEC economies.Lesson study is one of the best ways to improve the quality of teaching. It is a model approach for improvement of teacher education across the globe. This book focuses on mathematics education, teacher education, and curriculum implementation and reforms.

International Perspectives on Mathematics Teacher Education

Author : Denisse Thompson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781648026300
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (263 download)

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Book Synopsis International Perspectives on Mathematics Teacher Education by : Denisse Thompson

Download or read book International Perspectives on Mathematics Teacher Education written by Denisse Thompson and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Mathematics teacher education includes the mathematics content teachers need to understand, the ways that pedagogical approaches are developed, the messages about the nature of mathematics teaching and learning, and the interface between tertiary preparation and school contexts. Scholars from Sweden, France, Malawi, Singapore, New Zealand, Brazil, the USA, and Canada provide insights for the mathematics education community's understanding of how teacher educators in different countries structure, develop, and implement their respective mathematics teacher education programs. Several themes emerged across the chapters including: varied approaches to developing culturally responsive pedagogies and/or Indigenous perspectives to ensure equity and diversity for all students; issues and challenges in fostering partnerships and collaborations among various stakeholders, with partnerships involving connections with mathematics classroom teachers, school districts, and/or mathematicians or mathematics departments; strategies for developing mathematics knowledge for teaching, providing insights into messages about what it means to learn mathematics in terms of content and pedagogy; and preparing teachers who have flexibility and resourcefulness. This book will be of interest to those responsible for higher education, including teacher educators, researchers in mathematics teacher education, instructors of graduate courses preparing future teacher educators, as well as policy makers"--

Challenging Mathematics In and Beyond the Classroom

Author : Edward J. Barbeau
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387096035
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis Challenging Mathematics In and Beyond the Classroom by : Edward J. Barbeau

Download or read book Challenging Mathematics In and Beyond the Classroom written by Edward J. Barbeau and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-04-21 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid 1980s, the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction (ICMI) inaugurated a series of studies in mathematics education by comm- sioning one on the influence of technology and informatics on mathematics and its teaching. These studies are designed to thoroughly explore topics of c- temporary interest, by gathering together a group of experts who prepare a Study Volume that provides a considered assessment of the current state and a guide to further developments. Studies have embraced a range of issues, some central, such as the teaching of algebra, some closely related, such as the impact of history and psychology, and some looking at mathematics education from a particular perspective, such as cultural differences between East and West. These studies have been commissioned at the rate of about one per year. Once the ICMI Executive decides on the topic, one or two chairs are selected and then, in consultation with them, an International Program Committee (IPC) of about 12 experts is formed. The IPC then meets and prepares a Discussion Document that sets forth the issues and invites interested parties to submit papers. These papers are the basis for invitations to a Study Conference, at which the various dimensions of the topic are explored and a book, the Study Volume, is sketched out. The book is then put together in collaboration, mainly using electronic communication. The entire process typically takes about six years.

Mathematics Education

Author : Lyn D. English
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136481559
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (364 download)

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Book Synopsis Mathematics Education by : Lyn D. English

Download or read book Mathematics Education written by Lyn D. English and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To define better techniques of mathematics education, this book combines a knowledge of cognitive science with mathematics curriculum theory and research. The concept of the human reasoning process has been changed fundamentally by cognitive science in the last two decades. The role of memory retrieval, domain-specific and domain-general skills, analogy, and mental models is better understood now than previously. The authors believe that cognitive science provides the most accurate account thus far of the actual processes that people use in mathematics and offers the best potential for genuine increases in efficiency. As such, they suggest that a cognitive science approach enables constructivist ideas to be analyzed and further developed in the search for greater understanding of children's mathematical learning. Not simply an application of cognitive science, however, this book provides a new perspective on mathematics education by examining the nature of mathematical concepts and processes, how and why they are taught, why certain approaches appear more effective than others, and how children might be assisted to become more mathematically powerful. The authors use recent theories of analogy and knowledge representation -- combined with research on teaching practice -- to find ways of helping children form links and correspondences between different concepts, so as to overcome problems associated with fragmented knowledge. In so doing, they have capitalized on new insights into the values and limitations of using concrete teaching aids which can be analyzed in terms of analogy theory. In addition to addressing the role of understanding, the authors have analyzed skill acquisition models in terms of their implications for the development of mathematical competence. They place strong emphasis on the development of students' mathematical reasoning and problem solving skills to promote flexible use of knowledge. The book further demonstrates how children have a number of general problem solving skills at their disposal which they can apply independently to the solution of novel problems, resulting in the enhancement of their mathematical knowledge.

Teaching Statistics in School Mathematics-Challenges for Teaching and Teacher Education

Author : Carmen Batanero
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 940071131X
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Teaching Statistics in School Mathematics-Challenges for Teaching and Teacher Education by : Carmen Batanero

Download or read book Teaching Statistics in School Mathematics-Challenges for Teaching and Teacher Education written by Carmen Batanero and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-07-31 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teaching Statistics in School Mathematics-Challenges for Teaching and Teacher Education results from the Joint ICMI/IASE Study Teaching Statistics in School Mathematics: Challenges for Teaching and Teacher Education. Oriented to analyse the teaching of statistics in school and to recommend improvements in the training of mathematics teachers to encourage success in preparing statistically literate students, the volume provides a picture of the current situation in both the teaching of school statistics and the pre-service education of mathematics teachers. A primary goal of Teaching Statistics in School Mathematics-Challenges for Teaching and Teacher Education is to describe the essential elements of statistics, teacher’s professional knowledge and their learning experiences. Moreover, a research agenda that invites new research, while building from current knowledge, is developed. Recommendations about strategies and materials, available to train prospective teachers in university and in-service teachers who have not been adequately prepared, are also accessible to the reader.

Living Culturally Responsive Mathematics Education with/in Indigenous Communities

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004415769
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Living Culturally Responsive Mathematics Education with/in Indigenous Communities by :

Download or read book Living Culturally Responsive Mathematics Education with/in Indigenous Communities written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2019-11-26 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Living Culturally Responsive Mathematics Education with/in Indigenous Communities provides a critical examination of the nature, possibilities and challenges of culturally responsive mathematics education and how it is lived with/in Indigenous communities across international contexts connecting land, community, mathematics, and culture.

Rethinking Mathematics

Author : Eric Gutstein
Publisher : Rethinking Schools
ISBN 13 : 0942961544
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (429 download)

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Book Synopsis Rethinking Mathematics by : Eric Gutstein

Download or read book Rethinking Mathematics written by Eric Gutstein and published by Rethinking Schools. This book was released on 2005 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this unique collection, more than 30 articles show how to weave social justice issues throughout the mathematics curriculum, as well as how to integrate mathematics into other curricular areas. Rethinking Mathematics offers teaching ideas, lesson plans, and reflections by practitioners and mathematics educators. This is real-world math-math that helps students analyze problems as they gain essential academic skills. This book offers hope and guidance for teachers to enliven and strengthen their math teaching. It will deepen students' understanding of society and help prepare them to be critical, active participants in a democracy. Blending theory and practice, this is the only resource of its kind.

Second Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning

Author : Frank K. Lester
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 160752709X
Total Pages : 1380 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Second Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning by : Frank K. Lester

Download or read book Second Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning written by Frank K. Lester and published by IAP. This book was released on 2007-02-01 with total page 1380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The audience remains much the same as for the 1992 Handbook, namely, mathematics education researchers and other scholars conducting work in mathematics education. This group includes college and university faculty, graduate students, investigators in research and development centers, and staff members at federal, state, and local agencies that conduct and use research within the discipline of mathematics. The intent of the authors of this volume is to provide useful perspectives as well as pertinent information for conducting investigations that are informed by previous work. The Handbook should also be a useful textbook for graduate research seminars. In addition to the audience mentioned above, the present Handbook contains chapters that should be relevant to four other groups: teacher educators, curriculum developers, state and national policy makers, and test developers and others involved with assessment. Taken as a whole, the chapters reflects the mathematics education research community's willingness to accept the challenge of helping the public understand what mathematics education research is all about and what the relevance of their research fi ndings might be for those outside their immediate community.