A 12 Bit 50 Ms S Time Interleaved Successive Approximation Analog To Digital Converter

Download A 12 Bit 50 Ms S Time Interleaved Successive Approximation Analog To Digital Converter full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online A 12 Bit 50 Ms S Time Interleaved Successive Approximation Analog To Digital Converter ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Time-interleaved Analog-to-Digital Converters

Author : Simon Louwsma
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048197163
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Time-interleaved Analog-to-Digital Converters by : Simon Louwsma

Download or read book Time-interleaved Analog-to-Digital Converters written by Simon Louwsma and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-08 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time-interleaved Analog-to-Digital Converters describes the research performed on low-power time-interleaved ADCs. A detailed theoretical analysis is made of the time-interleaved Track & Hold, since it must be capable of handling signals in the GHz range with little distortion, and minimal power consumption. Timing calibration is not attractive, therefore design techniques are presented which do not require timing calibration. The design of power efficient sub-ADCs is addressed with a theoretical analysis of a successive approximation converter and a pipeline converter. It turns out that the first can consume about 10 times less power than the latter, and this conclusion is supported by literature. Time-interleaved Analog-to-Digital Converters describes the design of a high performance time-interleaved ADC, with much attention for practical design aspects, aiming at both industry and research. Measurements show best-inclass performance with a sample-rate of 1.8 GS/s, 7.9 ENOBs and a power efficiency of 1 pJ/conversion-step.

Introduction to Analog-to-Digital Converters

Author : Takao Waho
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000795845
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Introduction to Analog-to-Digital Converters by : Takao Waho

Download or read book Introduction to Analog-to-Digital Converters written by Takao Waho and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters, or data converters in short, play a critical role as interfaces between the real analog world and digital equipment. They are now indispensable in the field of sensor networks, internet of things (IoT), robots, and automatic driving vehicles, as well as high-precision instrumentation and wideband communication systems. As the world increasingly relies on digital information processing, the importance of data converters continues to increase.The primary purpose of this book is to explain the fundamentals of data converters for students and engineers involved in this fascinating field as a newcomer. The book will also help students who have learned the basics of analog circuit design to understand the state-of-the-art data converters. It is desirable for readers to be familiar with basic analog IC design and digital signal processing using z-transform.

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Author : Marcel Pelgrom
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319449710
Total Pages : 565 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Analog-to-Digital Conversion by : Marcel Pelgrom

Download or read book Analog-to-Digital Conversion written by Marcel Pelgrom and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-29 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook is appropriate for use in graduate-level curricula in analog-to-digital conversion, as well as for practicing engineers in need of a state-of-the-art reference on data converters. It discusses various analog-to-digital conversion principles, including sampling, quantization, reference generation, nyquist architectures and sigma-delta modulation. This book presents an overview of the state of the art in this field and focuses on issues of optimizing accuracy and speed, while reducing the power level. This new, third edition emphasizes novel calibration concepts, the specific requirements of new systems, the consequences of 22-nm technology and the need for a more statistical approach to accuracy. Pedagogical enhancements to this edition include additional, new exercises, solved examples to introduce all key, new concepts and warnings, remarks and hints, from a practitioner's perspective, wherever appropriate. Considerable background information and practical tips, from designing a PCB, to lay-out aspects, to trade-offs on system level, complement the discussion of basic principles, making this book a valuable reference for the experienced engineer.

Proceedings of International Conference on Communication and Artificial Intelligence

Author : Vishal Goyal
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9813365463
Total Pages : 598 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (133 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Proceedings of International Conference on Communication and Artificial Intelligence by : Vishal Goyal

Download or read book Proceedings of International Conference on Communication and Artificial Intelligence written by Vishal Goyal and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-10 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a collection of best selected research papers presented at the International Conference on Communication and Artificial Intelligence (ICCAI 2020), held in the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, GLA University, Mathura, India, during 17–18 September 2020. The primary focus of the book is on the research information related to artificial intelligence, networks, and smart systems applied in the areas of industries, government sectors, and educational institutions worldwide. Diverse themes with a central idea of sustainable networking solutions are discussed in the book. The book presents innovative work by leading academics, researchers, and experts from industry.

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Author : Marcel J.M. Pelgrom
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048188881
Total Pages : 469 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Analog-to-Digital Conversion by : Marcel J.M. Pelgrom

Download or read book Analog-to-Digital Conversion written by Marcel J.M. Pelgrom and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-07-24 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A book is like a window that allows you to look into the world. The window is shaped by the author and that makes that every window presents a unique view of the world. This is certainly true for this book. It is shaped by the topics and the projects throughout my career. Even more so, this book re?ects my own style of working and thinking. That starts already in Chap. 2. When I joined Philips Research in 1979, many of my colleagues used little paper notebooks to keep track of the most used equations and other practical things. This notebook was the beginning for Chap. 2: a collection of topics that form the basis for much of the other chapters. Chapter2 is not intended to explain these topics, but to refresh your knowledge and help you when you need some basics to solve more complex issues. In the chapters discussing the fundamental processes of conversion, you will r- ognize my preoccupation with mathematics. I really enjoy ?nding an equation that properly describes the underlying mechanism. Nevertheless mathematics is not a goalonitsown:theequationshelptounderstandthewaythevariablesareconnected to the result. Real insight comes from understanding the physics and electronics. In the chapters on circuit design I have tried to reduce the circuit diagrams to the s- plest form, but not simpler. . . I do have private opinions on what works and what should not be applied.

CMOS Data Converters for Communications

Author : Mikael Gustavsson
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0306473054
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (64 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis CMOS Data Converters for Communications by : Mikael Gustavsson

Download or read book CMOS Data Converters for Communications written by Mikael Gustavsson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-15 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CMOS Data Converters for Communications distinguishes itself from other data converter books by emphasizing system-related aspects of the design and frequency-domain measures. It explains in detail how to derive data converter requirements for a given communication system (baseband, passband, and multi-carrier systems). The authors also review CMOS data converter architectures and discuss their suitability for communications. The rest of the book is dedicated to high-performance CMOS data converter architecture and circuit design. Pipelined ADCs, parallel ADCs with an improved passive sampling technique, and oversampling ADCs are the focus for ADC architectures, while current-steering DAC modeling and implementation are the focus for DAC architectures. The principles of the switched-current and the switched-capacitor techniques are reviewed and their applications to crucial functional blocks such as multiplying DACs and integrators are detailed. The book outlines the design of the basic building blocks such as operational amplifiers, comparators, and reference generators with emphasis on the practical aspects. To operate analog circuits at a reduced supply voltage, special circuit techniques are needed. Low-voltage techniques are also discussed in this book. CMOS Data Converters for Communications can be used as a reference book by analog circuit designers to understand the data converter requirements for communication applications. It can also be used by telecommunication system designers to understand the difficulties of certain performance requirements on data converters. It is also an excellent resource to prepare analog students for the new challenges ahead.

Brain-Machine Interface

Author : Amir Zjajo
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319315412
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (193 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Brain-Machine Interface by : Amir Zjajo

Download or read book Brain-Machine Interface written by Amir Zjajo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-30 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a complete overview of significant design challenges in respect to circuit miniaturization and power reduction of the neural recording system, along with circuit topologies, architecture trends, and (post-silicon) circuit optimization algorithms. The introduced novel circuits for signal conditioning, quantization, and classification, as well as system configurations focus on optimized power-per-area performance, from the spatial resolution (i.e. number of channels), feasible wireless data bandwidth and information quality to the delivered power of implantable system.

Electronics for Radiation Detection

Author : Krzysztof Iniewski
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439816492
Total Pages : 379 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electronics for Radiation Detection by : Krzysztof Iniewski

Download or read book Electronics for Radiation Detection written by Krzysztof Iniewski and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a growing need to understand and combat potential radiation damage problems in semiconductor devices and circuits. Assessing the billion-dollar market for detection equipment in the context of medical imaging using ionizing radiation, Electronics for Radiation Detection presents valuable information that will help integrated circuit (IC) designers and other electronics professionals take full advantage of the tremendous developments and opportunities associated with this burgeoning field. Assembling contributions from industrial and academic experts, this book— Addresses the state of the art in the design of semiconductor detectors, integrated circuits, and other electronics used in radiation detection Analyzes the main effects of radiation in semiconductor devices and circuits, paying special attention to degradation observed in MOS devices and circuits when they are irradiated Explains how circuits are built to deal with radiation, focusing on practical information about how they are being used, rather than mathematical details Radiation detection is critical in space applications, nuclear physics, semiconductor processing, and medical imaging, as well as security, drug development, and modern silicon processing techniques. The authors discuss new opportunities in these fields and address emerging detector technologies, circuit design techniques, new materials, and innovative system approaches. Aimed at postgraduate researchers and practicing engineers, this book is a must for those serious about improving their understanding of electronics used in radiation detection. The information presented here can help you make optimal use of electronic detection equipment and stimulate further interest in its development, use, and benefits.

Digitally-Assisted Analog and Analog-Assisted Digital IC Design

Author : Xicheng Jiang
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316368742
Total Pages : 417 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (163 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Digitally-Assisted Analog and Analog-Assisted Digital IC Design by : Xicheng Jiang

Download or read book Digitally-Assisted Analog and Analog-Assisted Digital IC Design written by Xicheng Jiang and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-07-23 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Achieve enhanced performance with this guide to cutting-edge techniques for digitally-assisted analog and analog-assisted digital integrated circuit design. • Discover how architecture and circuit innovations can deliver improved performance in terms of speed, density, power, and cost • Learn about practical design considerations for high-performance scaled CMOS processes, FinFet devices and architectures, and the implications of FD SOI technology • Get up to speed with established circuit techniques that take advantage of scaled CMOS process technology in analog, digital, RF and SoC designs, including digitally-assisted techniques for data converters, DSP enabled frequency synthesizers, and digital controllers for switching power converters. With detailed descriptions, explanations, and practical advice from leading industry experts, this is an ideal resource for practicing engineers, researchers, and graduate students working in circuit design.

Circuits at the Nanoscale

Author : Krzysztof Iniewski
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351834657
Total Pages : 669 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Circuits at the Nanoscale by : Krzysztof Iniewski

Download or read book Circuits at the Nanoscale written by Krzysztof Iniewski and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 669 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Circuits for Emerging Technologies Beyond CMOS New exciting opportunities are abounding in the field of body area networks, wireless communications, data networking, and optical imaging. In response to these developments, top-notch international experts in industry and academia present Circuits at the Nanoscale: Communications, Imaging, and Sensing. This volume, unique in both its scope and its focus, addresses the state-of-the-art in integrated circuit design in the context of emerging systems. A must for anyone serious about circuit design for future technologies, this book discusses emerging materials that can take system performance beyond standard CMOS. These include Silicon on Insulator (SOI), Silicon Germanium (SiGe), and Indium Phosphide (InP). Three-dimensional CMOS integration and co-integration with Microelectromechanical (MEMS) technology and radiation sensors are described as well. Topics in the book are divided into comprehensive sections on emerging design techniques, mixed-signal CMOS circuits, circuits for communications, and circuits for imaging and sensing. Dr. Krzysztof Iniewski is a director at CMOS Emerging Technologies, Inc., a consulting company in Vancouver, British Columbia. His current research interests are in VLSI ciruits for medical applications. He has published over 100 research papers in international journals and conferences, and he holds 18 international patents granted in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Japan. In this volume, he has assembled the contributions of over 60 world-reknown experts who are at the top of their field in the world of circuit design, advancing the bank of knowledge for all who work in this exciting and burgeoning area.

Nano Devices and Sensors

Author : Juin J. Liou
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 1501501534
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Nano Devices and Sensors by : Juin J. Liou

Download or read book Nano Devices and Sensors written by Juin J. Liou and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2016-04-25 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The chapters in this edited book are written by some authors who have presented very high quality papers at the 2015 International Symposium of Next-Generation Electronics (ISNE 2015) held in Taipei, Taiwan. The ISNE 2015 was intended to provide a common forum for researchers, scientists, engineers, and practitioners throughout the world to present their latest research findings, ideas, developments, and applications in the general areas of electron devices, integrated circuits, and microelectronic systems and technologies. The scope of the conference includes the following topics: A. Green Electronics B. Microelectronic Circuits and Systems C. Integrated Circuits and Packaging Technologies D. Computer and Communication Engineering E. Electron Devices F. Optoelectronic and Semiconductor Technologies The technical program consisted of 4 plenary talks, 23 invited talks, and more than 250 contributed oral and poster presentations. Plenary speakers were recognized experts in their fields, and their talks focused on leading-edge technologies including: "The Future Lithographic Technology for Semiconductor Fabrication" by Dr. Alek C. Chen, Asia ASML, Taiwan. "Detection of Single Traps and Characterization of Individual Traps: Beginning of Atomistic Reliability Physics" by Prof. Toshiaki Tsuchiya, Shimane University, Japan. "The Art and Science of Packaging High-Coupling Photonics Devices and Modules", by Prof. Wood-Hi Cheng, National Chung-Hsing University, Taiwan. "Prospect and Outlook of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Protection in Emerging Technologies", by Prof. Juin J. Liou, University of Central Florida, USA. After a rigorous review process, the ISNE 2015 technical program committee has selected 10 outstanding presentations and invited the authors to prepare extended chapters for inclusion in this edited book. Of the 10 chapters, five are focused on the subject of electronic devices, and the other covers the circuit designs for various applications. The authors are working at the academia in Austria, United States, Korea, and Taiwan. The guest editors would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to all the members of the ISNE 2015 technical program committees for reviewing the papers and selecting the manuscripts for the edited book. We also thank all the authors for their valuable and excellent contributions to the book.

Emerging Electronic Devices, Circuits and Systems

Author : Chandan Giri
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819900557
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Emerging Electronic Devices, Circuits and Systems by : Chandan Giri

Download or read book Emerging Electronic Devices, Circuits and Systems written by Chandan Giri and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-06-01 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book constitutes peer-reviewed proceedings of a workshop on Emerging Electronics Devices, Circuits, and Systems (EEDCS) held in conjunction with International Symposium on Devices, Circuits, and Systems (ISDCS 2022). The book focuses on the recent development in devices, circuits, and systems. It also discusses innovations, trends, practical challenges, and solutions adopted in device design, modeling, fabrication, characterization, and their circuit implementation with pertinent system applications. It will be useful for researchers, developers, engineers, academicians, and students.

Multi-Gigahertz Nyquist Analog-to-Digital Converters

Author : Athanasios T. Ramkaj
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031227093
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multi-Gigahertz Nyquist Analog-to-Digital Converters by : Athanasios T. Ramkaj

Download or read book Multi-Gigahertz Nyquist Analog-to-Digital Converters written by Athanasios T. Ramkaj and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-12 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book proposes innovative circuit, architecture, and system solutions in deep-scaled CMOS and FinFET technologies, which address the challenges in maximizing the accuracy*speed/power of multi-GHz sample rate and bandwidth Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC)s. A new holistic approach is introduced that first identifies the major error sources of a converter’ building blocks, and quantitatively analyzes their impact on the overall performance, establishing the fundamental circuit-imposed accuracy – speed – power limits. The analysis extends to the architecture level, by introducing a mathematical framework to estimate and compare the accuracy – speed – power limits of several ADC architectures and variants. To gain system-level insight, time-interleaving is covered in detail, and a framework is also introduced to compare key metrics of interleaver architectures quantitatively. The impact of technology is also considered by adding process effects from several deep-scaled CMOS technologies. The validity of the introduced analytical approach and the feasibility of the proposed concepts are demonstrated by four silicon prototype Integrated Circuits (IC)s, realized in ultra-deep-scaled CMOS and FinFET technologies. Introduces a new, holistic approach for the analysis and design of high-performance ADCs in deep-scaled CMOS technologies, from theoretical concepts to silicon bring-up and verification; Describes novel methods and techniques to push the accuracy – speed – power boundaries of multi-GHz ADCs, analyzing core and peripheral circuits’ trade-offs across the entire ADC chain; Supports the introduced analysis and design concepts by four state-of-the-art silicon prototype ICs, implemented in 28nm bulk CMOS and 16nm FinFET technologies; Provides a useful reference and a valuable tool for beginners as well as experienced ADC design engineers.

Advances in Analog and RF IC Design for Wireless Communication Systems

Author : Kostas Doris
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN 13 : 0128064560
Total Pages : 41 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advances in Analog and RF IC Design for Wireless Communication Systems by : Kostas Doris

Download or read book Advances in Analog and RF IC Design for Wireless Communication Systems written by Kostas Doris and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper reviews recent developments of interleaved Successive Approximation Analog-to-Digital converters (SAR) in deep sub-micron CMOS technologies. The discussion covers design tradeoffs and degrees of freedom related to the impact of extensive interleaving with many SAR units on bandwidth, noise, linearity, and spurious performance. The impact of interleaving mismatches on representative broadband and multi-carrier narrowband signals is also discussed. Next, two examples are given demonstrating how interleaving with many ADCs can be transformed from a weakness to a strength. The first example concerns low spurious performance enabled by redundant SAR converters and randomization of their operation. The second example presents spectral sensing techniques.

Hybrid ADCs, Smart Sensors for the IoT, and Sub-1V & Advanced Node Analog Circuit Design

Author : Pieter Harpe
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319612859
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Hybrid ADCs, Smart Sensors for the IoT, and Sub-1V & Advanced Node Analog Circuit Design by : Pieter Harpe

Download or read book Hybrid ADCs, Smart Sensors for the IoT, and Sub-1V & Advanced Node Analog Circuit Design written by Pieter Harpe and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-18 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is based on the 18 tutorials presented during the 26th workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design. Expert designers present readers with information about a variety of topics at the frontier of analog circuit design, with specific contributions focusing on hybrid ADCs, smart sensors for the IoT, sub-1V and advanced-node analog circuit design. This book serves as a valuable reference to the state-of-the-art, for anyone involved in analog circuit research and development.

Principles of Data Conversion System Design

Author : Behzad Razavi
Publisher : Wiley-IEEE Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (97 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Principles of Data Conversion System Design by : Behzad Razavi

Download or read book Principles of Data Conversion System Design written by Behzad Razavi and published by Wiley-IEEE Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This advanced text and reference covers the design and implementation of integrated circuits for analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion. It begins with basic concepts and systematically leads the reader to advanced topics, describing design issues and techniques at both circuit and system level. Gain a system-level perspective of data conversion units and their trade-offs with this state-of-the art book. Topics covered include: sampling circuits and architectures, D/A and A/D architectures; comparator and op amp design; calibration techniques; testing and characterization; and more!

Digitally Assisted Pipeline ADCs

Author : Boris Murmann
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402078404
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Digitally Assisted Pipeline ADCs by : Boris Murmann

Download or read book Digitally Assisted Pipeline ADCs written by Boris Murmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-08 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digitally Assisted Pipeline ADCs: Theory and Implementation explores the opportunity to reduce ADC power dissipation by leveraging digital signal processing capabilities in fine line integrated circuit technology. The described digitally assisted pipelined ADC uses a statistics-based system identification technique as an enabling element to replace precision residue amplifiers with simple open-loop gain stages. The digital compensation of analog circuit distortion eliminates one key factor in the classical noise-speed-linearity constraint loop and thereby enables a significant power reduction. Digitally Assisted Pipeline ADCs: Theory and Implementation describes in detail the implementation and measurement results of a 12-bit, 75-MSample/sec proof-of-concept prototype. The Experimental converter achieves power savings greater than 60% over conventional implementations. Digitally Assisted Pipeline ADCs: Theory and Implementation will be of interest to researchers and professionals interested in advances of state-of-the-art in A/D conversion techniques.