419 Scam

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419 Scam

Author : Charles Tive
Publisher : iUniverse
ISBN 13 : 9780595413867
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (138 download)

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Book Synopsis 419 Scam by : Charles Tive

Download or read book 419 Scam written by Charles Tive and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2006-09 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The "419" scam is an aspect of transnational financial crime with a 'modus operandi' peculiar to the Nigerian swindler. The most recurrent type of transnational "419" scam is the "advance fee fraud". It is usually introduced in the form of a business contract, a transfer of stolen money or money from over-invoiced contract, the purchase of crude oil from Nigeria at a relatively cheap rate, and transfer of money left by a deceased person (will scam). In all situations, the victim is eventually lured into an endless period of advance fee payment. The "black money" scam is almost as popular as the advance fee fraud and is sometimes, practiced in continuation of advance fee scam. The victim is introduced to a large sum of money that needs to be cleaned by a special liquid solution. The victim parts with money upon the supposition that the black money would be cleaned and given to him. The con man gets away with the victim's money leaving him with a bunch of worthless papers. The 419 Scam business is not restricted to defrauding foreigners. There are two groups of con men in Nigeria: The local and the International "419ners". The local groups specialize in defrauding Nigerians while the more advanced International syndicates fish out victims from Europe, America, Asia and South Africa. The local ones eventually grow to international status after they have made enough money to acquire computers, facsimile and telephone lines and other gadgets necessary for the scam business. "Tive's insight of the perpetrators behind the advance fee fraud coupled with his knowledge on the topic show that he is a true authority on the subject."- Ralph A. Gonzales, Special Agent-in-Charge, United States Secret Service "This book by Charles Tive is an excellent portrayal of the 419 scam, its operators, and its basic operations."-Gary M. Gibson, Regional Security Officer, U.S. Consulate Lagos. ".is a scholarly but readable summary of the history of and methods used by Nigerian scam / 419 operations."-The 419 Coalition, USA.

419: Diplomatic Consignment Scam

Author : Reyzl Yitkin
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781505578942
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (789 download)

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Book Synopsis 419: Diplomatic Consignment Scam by : Reyzl Yitkin

Download or read book 419: Diplomatic Consignment Scam written by Reyzl Yitkin and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-07-06 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the beginning of this summer (2014) I got into correspondence with a charming 'Captain Robert Morgan' who offered me certain irresistible business opportunities that would end my financial difficulties and make it possible to develop the projects I work on, both personal and for the betterment of the country I live in. Contacting him seemed like the answer to my many prayers. The only hitch was that there was no Captain Robert Morgan and no investment plan: it was a '419 Scam, ' so named after the article in Nigeria's Criminal Code dealing with fraud. Actually, it was a variety of the 419 Advance Fee Scam (remember Phillip K.Dick's story 'Second Variety'?). I don't know which order this variety is, but it's called 'Diplomatic Consignment Scam'. Unwittingly, I started 'scam baiting': I played along to see what his game was. And I found out that it was dirty and harmful. I have documented my whole 'romance' with 'Captain Robert' and included useful data that may give a clue on what to do in a similar situation. Nowadays, when we all actively use the Internet, any of us is a potential target of scammers. And these guys have no scruples. I believe my experience will be useful. Please, read it and warn others.

The Little Black Book of Scams

Author : Industry Canada
Publisher : Competition Bureau Canada
ISBN 13 : 1100232400
Total Pages : 45 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis The Little Black Book of Scams by : Industry Canada

Download or read book The Little Black Book of Scams written by Industry Canada and published by Competition Bureau Canada. This book was released on 2014-03-10 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Canadian edition of The Little Black Book of Scams is a compact and easy to use reference guide filled with information Canadians can use to protect themselves against a variety of common scams. It debunks common myths about scams, provides contact information for reporting a scam to the correct authority, and offers a step-by-step guide for scam victims to reduce their losses and avoid becoming repeat victims. Consumers and businesses can consult The Little Black Book of Scams to avoid falling victim to social media and mobile phone scams, fake charities and lotteries, dating and romance scams, and many other schemes used to defraud Canadians of their money and personal information.

Four One Nine

Author : Will Ferguson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781471362576
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Four One Nine by : Will Ferguson

Download or read book Four One Nine written by Will Ferguson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Scamorama

Author : Eve Edelson
Publisher : Disinformation Company
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Scamorama by : Eve Edelson

Download or read book Scamorama written by Eve Edelson and published by Disinformation Company. This book was released on 2006 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about liars telling lies with compound interest to other liars. A -struggle is being waged on the Internet between criminals and comedians. On one side are fraudsters who con their victims out of hundreds of millions of dollars each year. The basic tool of the trade is e-mail, and the crime is the infamous "419" scam - a form of fraud whose current masters hail from Nigeria and which gets its name from section 419 of the Nigerian criminal code. It begins with an e-mail from a stranger: I am soliciting your assistance as to enable my family round up the remains of our life. Following the death of my husband Sani Abacha, former head of state of Nigeria, the new president has turned the country against us . . . I will be grateful if you could receive my last $50 million for safe keeping. I will give you 10% as a commission and to cover any expenses . . . On the other side of the struggle, pranksters from around the world are writing back to scammers strictly to waste their time. The resulting literary genre is -scambaiting - psychological warfare for clowns. Some anti-scammers go further, breaking into scammers? e-mail accounts to warn off their victims, and helping law enforcement. This book documents a weird form of cultural exchange made possible by the Internet. It is a hilarious introduction to the "419" scam, with correspondences between scammers and people who love to yank their chains.

I Do Not Come to You by Chance

Author : Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani
Publisher : Hachette UK
ISBN 13 : 0297858726
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (978 download)

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Book Synopsis I Do Not Come to You by Chance by : Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani

Download or read book I Do Not Come to You by Chance written by Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani and published by Hachette UK. This book was released on 2009-05-14 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Sparklingly funny' Wired Magazine '[Nwaubani] not merely explores a side of modern existence that touches millions every day, but does so with wit, warmth and insight' Independent 'Beautifully written' Sunday Herald Kingsley is fresh out of university, eager to find an engineering job so he can support his family and marry the girl of his dreams. Being the opara of the family, he is entitled to certain privileges - a piece of meat in his egusi soup, a party to celebrate his graduation. But times are hard in Nigeria and jobs are not easy to come by. For much of his young life, Kingsley believed that education was everything, that through wisdom, all things were possible. But when a tragedy befalls his family, Kingsley learns the hardest lesson of all: education may be the language of success in his country, but it is money that does the talking. In desperation he turns to his uncle, Boniface-aka Cash Daddy-an exuberant character who suffers from elephantiasis of the pocket. He is also rumoured to run a successful empire of email scams. But he can help. With Cash Daddy's intervention, Kingsley and his family can be as safe as a tortoise under its shell. It is up to Kingsley now, to reconcile his passion for knowledge with his hunger for money, to fully assume his role of first son. But can he do it without being drawn into this outlandish milieu?

A Culture of Corruption

Author : Daniel Jordan Smith
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400837227
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis A Culture of Corruption by : Daniel Jordan Smith

Download or read book A Culture of Corruption written by Daniel Jordan Smith and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2010-12-16 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: E-mails proposing an "urgent business relationship" help make fraud Nigeria's largest source of foreign revenue after oil. But scams are also a central part of Nigeria's domestic cultural landscape. Corruption is so widespread in Nigeria that its citizens call it simply "the Nigerian factor." Willing or unwilling participants in corruption at every turn, Nigerians are deeply ambivalent about it--resigning themselves to it, justifying it, or complaining about it. They are painfully aware of the damage corruption does to their country and see themselves as their own worst enemies, but they have been unable to stop it. A Culture of Corruption is a profound and sympathetic attempt to understand the dilemmas average Nigerians face every day as they try to get ahead--or just survive--in a society riddled with corruption. Drawing on firsthand experience, Daniel Jordan Smith paints a vivid portrait of Nigerian corruption--of nationwide fuel shortages in Africa's oil-producing giant, Internet cafés where the young launch their e-mail scams, checkpoints where drivers must bribe police, bogus organizations that siphon development aid, and houses painted with the fraud-preventive words "not for sale." This is a country where "419"--the number of an antifraud statute--has become an inescapable part of the culture, and so universal as a metaphor for deception that even a betrayed lover can say, "He played me 419." It is impossible to comprehend Nigeria today--from vigilantism and resurgent ethnic nationalism to rising Pentecostalism and accusations of witchcraft and cannibalism--without understanding the role played by corruption and popular reactions to it. Some images inside the book are unavailable due to digital copyright restrictions.

Computer Fraud Casebook

Author : Joseph T. Wells
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470488921
Total Pages : 531 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Computer Fraud Casebook by : Joseph T. Wells

Download or read book Computer Fraud Casebook written by Joseph T. Wells and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-01-23 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This one-of-a-kind collection consists of actual cases written by fraud examiners out in the field. These cases were hand selected from hundreds of submissions and together form a comprehensive picture of the many types of computer fraud how they are investigated, across industries and throughout the world. Topics included are email fraud, on-line auction fraud, security breaches, counterfeiting, and others.

Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and Misinformation Online

Author : Chiluwa, Innocent E.
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522585370
Total Pages : 677 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and Misinformation Online by : Chiluwa, Innocent E.

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and Misinformation Online written by Chiluwa, Innocent E. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-06-28 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growing amount of false and misleading information on the internet has generated new concerns and quests for research regarding the study of deception and deception detection. Innovative methods that involve catching these fraudulent scams are constantly being perfected, but more material addressing these concerns is needed. The Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and Misinformation Online provides broad perspectives, practices, and case studies on online deception. It also offers deception-detection methods on how to address the challenges of the various aspects of deceptive online communication and cyber fraud. While highlighting topics such as behavior analysis, cyber terrorism, and network security, this publication explores various aspects of deceptive behavior and deceptive communication on social media, as well as new methods examining the concepts of fake news and misinformation, character assassination, and political deception. This book is ideally designed for academicians, students, researchers, media specialists, and professionals involved in media and communications, cyber security, psychology, forensic linguistics, and information technology.

Greetings in Jesus Name!

Author : Michael Berry
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781905128082
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Greetings in Jesus Name! by : Michael Berry

Download or read book Greetings in Jesus Name! written by Michael Berry and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Corporate Fraud Exposed

Author : H. Kent Baker
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1789734193
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis Corporate Fraud Exposed by : H. Kent Baker

Download or read book Corporate Fraud Exposed written by H. Kent Baker and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2020-10-09 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corporate Fraud Exposed uncovers the motivations and drivers of fraud including agency theory, executive compensation, and organizational culture. It delves into the consequences of fraud for various firm stakeholders, and its spillover effects on other corporations, the political environment, and financial market participants.

Spam

Author : Finn Brunton
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 026252757X
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Spam by : Finn Brunton

Download or read book Spam written by Finn Brunton and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2015-01-30 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What spam is, how it works, and how it has shaped online communities and the Internet itself. The vast majority of all email sent every day is spam, a variety of idiosyncratically spelled requests to provide account information, invitations to spend money on dubious products, and pleas to send cash overseas. Most of it is caught by filters before ever reaching an in-box. Where does it come from? As Finn Brunton explains in Spam, it is produced and shaped by many different populations around the world: programmers, con artists, bots and their botmasters, pharmaceutical merchants, marketers, identity thieves, crooked bankers and their victims, cops, lawyers, network security professionals, vigilantes, and hackers. Every time we go online, we participate in the system of spam, with choices, refusals, and purchases the consequences of which we may not understand. This is a book about what spam is, how it works, and what it means. Brunton provides a cultural history that stretches from pranks on early computer networks to the construction of a global criminal infrastructure. The history of spam, Brunton shows us, is a shadow history of the Internet itself, with spam emerging as the mirror image of the online communities it targets. Brunton traces spam through three epochs: the 1970s to 1995, and the early, noncommercial computer networks that became the Internet; 1995 to 2003, with the dot-com boom, the rise of spam's entrepreneurs, and the first efforts at regulating spam; and 2003 to the present, with the war of algorithms—spam versus anti-spam. Spam shows us how technologies, from email to search engines, are transformed by unintended consequences and adaptations, and how online communities develop and invent governance for themselves.

The Nigerian Prince

Author : John Ellsworth
Publisher : Subjudica House Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Nigerian Prince by : John Ellsworth

Download or read book The Nigerian Prince written by John Ellsworth and published by Subjudica House Press. This book was released on 2021-11-28 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Commander Bowditch warned the Pleasant Manor Home about his mother. They didn't listen. They allowed 84-year-old Ethel Bowditch Internet access. Ten minutes after going online, she had an email address set up. "No email makes for lonely, lonely," she said to no one. The following day she found in her junk email file an email from Barrister Amobi Nzelu. He was writing on behalf of a Nigerian prince who desperately needed Ethel's help in removing 250 million dollars from the United Kingdom. Her help would consist of sending him what money she had to show proof that he had other funds. Ethel jumped at the chance to help. Would $1.2 million help? She wanted to know. She just happened to have that in her account. Enter Commander Bowditch, her son, spit-n-polish newly retired from the United States Navy. Checking in on his mother, he learns of her transfer of assets. To put it nicely, he comes unglued. A trip to Nigeria follows. The book is a modern-day thriller told in a wry tone that is deadly serious when need be. In the end, it is Boko Haram that must be dealt with. This is the deadly serious part. One more character should be noted at this point, and his name is Marcel Rainford, the same Marcel from the Thaddeus Murfee and Michael Gresham books. He comes to Commander Bowditch on loan, prepared to do whatever it takes to retrieve Ethel's money from the jungle-dwelling Nigerian terrorists. The Nigerian Prince is being released by John Ellsworth in ten installments 14 days apart. The books will sell for $1.99 each and be collected into one volume at the end, which you will obtain FREE by sending your email to John Ellsworth, along with your certified review or proof of purchase, whichever you prefer. The single volume will contain photographs, four more stories, and personal news about John Ellsworth and his new publishing company, Subjudica House Press. All in all, the value is a great one. Single episodes will publish every other Friday, so start reading now and be ready for Episode 2!

Spam Kings

Author : Brian S. McWilliams
Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
ISBN 13 : 0596804504
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (968 download)

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Book Synopsis Spam Kings by : Brian S. McWilliams

Download or read book Spam Kings written by Brian S. McWilliams and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2005 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looks at a variety of spam entrepreneurs and how anti-spam activists are trying to stop their activities.

Black Money and Economic Crimes

Author : Dr. A.K. Saxena
Publisher : K.K. Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Black Money and Economic Crimes by : Dr. A.K. Saxena

Download or read book Black Money and Economic Crimes written by Dr. A.K. Saxena and published by K.K. Publications. This book was released on 2021-08-03 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the modern economic system, Black Money refers to funds earned in the black market, on which income and other taxes have not been paid. The total amount of black money deposited in foreign banks by Indians is unknown, but one estimate by an expert reveals that the black money held by Indians, in foreign banks is more than all the black money, hoarded by people in the rest of the world, combined together. While official numbers are not available, Swiss banking personnel have also said that the largest depositors of illegal foreign money in Switzerland are Indians. Black Money is an economic term, hard to define, accurately. Black Money is also sometimes used for payments to evade tax. However, this is a mild form of black money. This money in fact is obtained, illegally and is partially suppressed. A popular way for criminals to launder black money in property is to set up complex structures. In this way, they try to see that the money flows out. This book on this subject should certainly prove to be an asset for all scholars, researchers and social activists Table of Contents Preface....................................... ix Introduction............................... 1 Definition of Black Money • Birth of Black Money • Burning Topic • Use of Black Money • Controlling Black Money • Roots and Causes of Black Money • Black Money Scenario • Another Definition • Mid-form of Black Money • Art of Spending • Repentance Scheme • Black Money in Swiss Banks • The Modus Operandi • Mauritius Route • Non-sufficient Funds • Implementation Black Money in India..................... 33 An Overview • Sources of Black Money • Parallel Economy • Political and Administrative Corruption • Indian Politics and Black Money • Remedy to Corruption • Failed Policies • Current Scene • Baba Ramdev and his Individual “Satyagraha” • Industries and Black Money • Poverty, Industrial Scam and Corruption • Illicit Means Adopted • Tax Information Exchange Agreement • Economics of Corruption • Remittance Services • Cybercrime • White-collar Crimes • Terrorist Financing • Human Trafficking • Court Cases Impact of Black Money on Indian Economy 71 Effects and Aftereffects • Other Effects • Various Causes of Black Money • Effects of Black Income • Impact on Common Man • Inflation • Speculative Investments • Major Tax Havens • State of Indian Economy Indian Government’s Actions against Black Money................................ 81 Law against Black Money • Income Tax Department’s Role • Various Measures Undertaken Money Laundering........................ 95 Disguising Illegal Sources • General Aspects • Methods • Enforcement • Laws by Region • Locations • Castle Bank and Trust • FIMACO • Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act • Legislative History • Money Laundering Control Act • Money Mule • Nugan Hand Bank • Founding • Parcel Mule Scam • Russian Mafia Unlawful Transactions................. 129 Cheque Fraud • Types of Cheque Fraud • Bad Cheque Writing • Cheque Kiting • Bad Cheque Restitution Programme • Methods • Circular Kiting • ChexSystems • Services • Overdraft • Shared Cheque Authorisation Network Black Marketing........................... 155 Background • Transportation Providers • Modern Examples Insider Trading............................ 169 Definition of Insider • Legal Insider Trading • Illegal Insider Trading • Liability for Insider Trading • Tracking Insider Trades • Common Law Menace of Corruption................... 181 Etymology • Areas of Corruption • Corrupt Activities • Bid Rigging • Bribery • Cartel • Collusion • Cronyism Corruption in India....................... 207 An Overview • The Background • Politics • Bureaucracy • Land and Property • Income Tax Department • Judiciary • Armed Forces • Medicine • Religious Institutions • Education • Protectors against Corruption • Socioeconomic Issues • Economic Issues • Violence Organized Crimes......................... 223 The Background • Theoretical Background • Critical Criminology and Sociology • Models of Organised Crime • Individual Difference • Violence The Scams.................................... 249 Lottery Scam • Charity Scams • Fraud Recovery Scams • Pet-Scams • Rental Scams • Attorney Collection Scams Controlling Financial Crimes......... 255 Various Organisations • Directorate General of Economic Enforcement • Directorate of Revenue Intelligence • Economic Intelligence Council • Various Members • Financial Crimes Enforcement Network • Hawala • Financial Transaction Centre • Guardia di Finanza • Different Roles • Anti-drug Operations • Chiasso Financial Smuggling Case • Unit Awards • Special Departments • Mobile Phone Financial Services • Market Abuse • Market Manipulation • Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera • Department of Customs and Special Taxes • Territorial Services • Armament and Equipment • Slush Fund • the United States Secret Service • Uniformed Division • United Nations Convention against Corruption Anti-corruption movement in India. 299 Background • India against Corruption Movement • August Protests • Vote Bank against Corruption • Political Support • Jan Lokpal Bill • Use of Cyberspace • Government’s Response • Political Response to Jantar Mantar Protests • Ramlila Ground Protests • Police Action against Demonstration • Aftermath of the Protests • Civil Society Response • Suo Moto Cognisance by the Supreme Court • Protest Timeline Laws in Various Countries............. 327 International Laws • Indian Laws against Corruption • The Acts • The Amended Act • Patronage • Ecclesiastical • Price-Fixing • Criticism on Legislation Bibliography................................ 345 Index.......................................... 363

Encyclopedia of White-Collar and Corporate Crime

Author : Lawrence M. Salinger
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1452276161
Total Pages : 1212 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (522 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of White-Collar and Corporate Crime by : Lawrence M. Salinger

Download or read book Encyclopedia of White-Collar and Corporate Crime written by Lawrence M. Salinger and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2013-06-14 with total page 1212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the first edition of the Encyclopedia of White Collar and Corporate Crime was produced in 2004, the number and severity of these crimes have risen to the level of calamity, so much so that many experts attribute the near-Depression of 2008 to white-collar malfeasance, namely crimes of greed and excess by bankers and financial institutions. Whether the perpetrators were prosecuted or not, white-collar and corporate crime came near to collapsing the U.S. economy. In the 7 years since the first edition was produced we have also seen the largest Ponzi scheme in history (Maddoff), an ecological disaster caused by British Petroleum and its subcontractors (Gulf Oil Spill), and U.S. Defense Department contractors operating like vigilantes in Iraq (Blackwater). White-collar criminals have been busy, and the Second Edition of this encyclopedia captures what has been going on in the news and behind the scenes with new articles and updates to past articles.

Purchasing Scams and How to Avoid Them

Author : Trevor Kitching
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351783637
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis Purchasing Scams and How to Avoid Them by : Trevor Kitching

Download or read book Purchasing Scams and How to Avoid Them written by Trevor Kitching and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-01 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title was first published in 2001. Purchasing scams are not a high profile topic in the boardroom or indeed in the purchasing department - victims don’t like to talk about their experience. They don’t want to admit that they were gullible enough to be fooled by a fake invoice or a plausible appeal for a bogus charity. And yet scams cost companies thousands of pounds every year! Purchasing Scams and How to Avoid Them provides a comprehensive and practical guide to avoiding scams in the first place: any initiative in relation to scams must focus on prevention rather than cure. It contains descriptions of all of the most common scams including bogus directories, over-priced office consumables and business consultants who are too good to be true. It also describes how the infamous and ubiquitous Nigeria scam works. Advice is given on how to avoid each and, most importantly, how to establish a purchasing function that will provide effective defences against the perpetrators of such operations.