When The Rivers Run Dry

Download When The Rivers Run Dry full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online When The Rivers Run Dry ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

When the Rivers Run Dry

Author : Fred Pearce
Publisher : Beacon Press
ISBN 13 : 9780807085738
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (857 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis When the Rivers Run Dry by : Fred Pearce

Download or read book When the Rivers Run Dry written by Fred Pearce and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this groundbreaking book, veteran science correspondent Fred Pearce travels to more than thirty countries to examine the current state of crucial water sources. Deftly weaving together the complicated scientific, economic, and historic dimensions of the world water crisis, he provides our most complete portrait yet of this growing danger and its ramifications for us all. "A strong-and scary-case that a worldwide water shortage is the most fearful looming environmental crisis. With a drumbeat of facts both horrific (thousands of wells in India and Bangladesh are poisoned by fluoride and arsenic) and fascinating (it takes 20 tons of water to make one pound of coffee), the former New Scientist news editor documents a "kind of cataclysm" already affecting many of the world"s great rivers." -Publishers Weekly, starred review "Oil we can replace. Water we can"t-which is why this book is both so ominous and so important." -Bill McKibben, author of The End of Nature

When the Rivers Run Dry

Author : Fred Pearce
Publisher : Portobello Books
ISBN 13 : 1846276497
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (462 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis When the Rivers Run Dry by : Fred Pearce

Download or read book When the Rivers Run Dry written by Fred Pearce and published by Portobello Books. This book was released on 2018-08-30 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We cannot live without water. But with 7.5 billion people competing for this single unevenly-distributed resource, the planet is drying up. In When the Rivers Run Dry, Fred Pearce explores the growing world water crisis, from Kent to Kenya. His powerful reportage takes us to places where waterways are turning to sand before they reach the ocean; where fields are parched and crops no longer grow; where once fertile ground has turned to desert; where wars are fought over access to water and cultures are dying out. But he offers us hope for the future - if we can radically revolutionise the way we treat water, and take personal responsibility for the water we use. This landmark work, from a respected and accomplished scientist, will transform the way we view the water in our reservoirs and rivers, and change the way we treat the water in our taps.

A River Runs through It and Other Stories

Author : Norman MacLean
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022647223X
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (264 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis A River Runs through It and Other Stories by : Norman MacLean

Download or read book A River Runs through It and Other Stories written by Norman MacLean and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2017-05-03 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New York Times–bestselling classic set amid the mountains and streams of early twentieth-century Montana, “as beautiful as anything in Thoreau or Hemingway” (Chicago Tribune). When Norman Maclean sent the manuscript of A River Runs Through It and Other Stories to New York publishers, he received a slew of rejections. One editor, so the story goes, replied, “it has trees in it.” Today, the title novella is recognized as one of the great American tales of the twentieth century, and Maclean as one of the most beloved writers of our time. The finely distilled product of a long life of often surprising rapture—for fly-fishing, for the woods, for the interlocked beauty of life and art—A River Runs Through It has established itself as a classic of the American West filled with beautiful prose and understated emotional insights. Based on Maclean’s own experiences as a young man, the book’s two novellas and short story are set in the small towns and mountains of western Montana. It is a world populated with drunks, loggers, card sharks, and whores, but also one rich in the pleasures of fly-fishing, logging, cribbage, and family. By turns raunchy and elegiac, these superb tales express, in Maclean’s own words, “a little of the love I have for the earth as it goes by.” “Maclean’s book—acerbic, laconic, deadpan—rings out of a rich American tradition that includes Mark Twain, Kin Hubbard, Richard Bissell, Jean Shepherd, and Nelson Algren.” —New York Times Book Review Includes a new foreword by Robert Redford, director of the Academy Award–winning film adaptation

Rivers of Power

Author : Laurence C. Smith
Publisher : Little, Brown Spark
ISBN 13 : 0316411981
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (164 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Rivers of Power by : Laurence C. Smith

Download or read book Rivers of Power written by Laurence C. Smith and published by Little, Brown Spark. This book was released on 2020-04-21 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An "eye-opening, sometimes alarming, and ultimately inspiring" natural history of rivers and their complex and ancient relationship with human civilization (Elizabeth Kolbert, Pulitzer Prize-winning author of The Sixth Extinction). Rivers, more than any road, technology, or political leader, have shaped the course of human civilization. They have opened frontiers, founded cities, settled borders, and fed billions. They promote life, forge peace, grant power, and can capriciously destroy everything in their path. Even today, rivers remain a powerful global force -- one that is more critical than ever to our future. In Rivers of Power, geographer Laurence C. Smith explores the timeless yet underappreciated relationship between rivers and civilization as we know it. Rivers are of course important in many practical ways (water supply, transportation, sanitation, etc). But the full breadth of their influence on the way we live is less obvious. Rivers define and transcend international borders, forcing cooperation between nations. Huge volumes of river water are used to produce energy, raw commodities, and food. Wars, politics, and demography are transformed by their devastating floods. The territorial claims of nations, their cultural and economic ties to each other, and the migrations and histories of their peoples trace back to rivers, river valleys, and the topographic divides they carve upon the world. And as climate change, technology, and cities transform our relationship with nature, new opportunities are arising to protect the waters that sustain us. Beautifully told and expansive in scope, Rivers of Power reveals how and why rivers have so profoundly influenced our civilization and examines the importance this vast, arterial power holds for the future of humanity. "As fascinating as it is beautifully written."---Jared Diamond, Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Guns, Germs, and Steel, Collapse, and Upheaval

Now Is the Time to Open Your Heart

Author : Alice Walker
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 1588363961
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (883 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Now Is the Time to Open Your Heart by : Alice Walker

Download or read book Now Is the Time to Open Your Heart written by Alice Walker and published by Random House. This book was released on 2004-04-20 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pulitzer Prize–winning author of The Color Purple, Possessing the Secret of Joy, and The Temple of My Familiar now gives us a beautiful new novel that is at once a deeply moving personal story and a powerful spiritual journey. In Now Is the Time to Open Your Heart, Alice Walker has created a work that ranks among her finest achievements: the story of a woman’s spiritual adventure that becomes a passage through time, a quest for self, and a collision with love. Kate has always been a wanderer. A well-published author, married many times, she has lived a life rich with explorations of the natural world and the human soul. Now, at fifty-seven, she leaves her lover, Yolo, to embark on a new excursion, one that begins on the Colorado River, proceeds through the past, and flows, inexorably, into the future. As Yolo begins his own parallel voyage, Kate encounters celibates and lovers, shamans and snakes, memories of family disaster and marital discord, and emerges at a place where nothing remains but love. Told with the accessible style and deep feeling that are its author’s hallmarks, Now Is the Time to Open Your Heart is Alice Walker’s most surprising achievement.

The Colorado River

Author : Peter McBride
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781565796461
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (964 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Colorado River by : Peter McBride

Download or read book The Colorado River written by Peter McBride and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Follows the Colorado River's 1450-mile journey from its headwaters high in the Colorado Rockies to its dried-up delta touching the Sea of Cortez, discussing its historical, geographical, and environmental significance.

Unquenchable

Author : Robert Jerome Glennon
Publisher : Island Press
ISBN 13 : 1597266396
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (972 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Unquenchable by : Robert Jerome Glennon

Download or read book Unquenchable written by Robert Jerome Glennon and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2010-04-19 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the middle of the Mojave Desert, Las Vegas casinos use billions of gallons of water for fountains, pirate lagoons, wave machines, and indoor canals. Meanwhile, the town of Orme, Tennessee, must truck in water from Alabama because it has literally run out. Robert Glennon captures the irony—and tragedy—of America’s water crisis in a book that is both frightening and wickedly comical. From manufactured snow for tourists in Atlanta to trillions of gallons of water flushed down the toilet each year, Unquenchable reveals the heady extravagances and everyday inefficiencies that are sucking the nation dry. The looming catastrophe remains hidden as government diverts supplies from one area to another to keep water flowing from the tap. But sooner rather than later, the shell game has to end. And when it does, shortages will threaten not only the environment, but every aspect of American life: we face shuttered power plants and jobless workers, decimated fi sheries and contaminated drinking water. We can’t engineer our way out of the problem, either with traditional fixes or zany schemes to tow icebergs from Alaska. In fact, new demands for water, particularly the enormous supply needed for ethanol and energy production, will only worsen the crisis. America must make hard choices—and Glennon’s answers are fittingly provocative. He proposes market-based solutions that value water as both a commodity and a fundamental human right. One truth runs throughout Unquenchable: only when we recognize water’s worth will we begin to conserve it.

The Rivers Run Dry

Author : Sibella Giorello
Publisher : Raleigh Harmon Novel
ISBN 13 : 9781595545336
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (453 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Rivers Run Dry by : Sibella Giorello

Download or read book The Rivers Run Dry written by Sibella Giorello and published by Raleigh Harmon Novel. This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geologist and FBI special agent Raleigh Harmon investigates the case of a college girl who disappeared while hiking in Seattle, while trying to cope with coworkers who want to see her fail and her mother's unstable mental state.

Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run

Author : David Brower
Publisher : Harper San Francisco
ISBN 13 : 9780062514301
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (143 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run by : David Brower

Download or read book Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run written by David Brower and published by Harper San Francisco. This book was released on 1996-03 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Water Follies

Author : Robert Jerome Glennon
Publisher : Island Press
ISBN 13 : 1597267872
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (972 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Water Follies by : Robert Jerome Glennon

Download or read book Water Follies written by Robert Jerome Glennon and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2012-09-26 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Santa Cruz River that once flowed through Tucson, Arizona is today a sad mirage of a river. Except for brief periods following heavy rainfall, it is bone dry. The cottonwood and willow trees that once lined its banks have died, and the profusion of birds and wildlife recorded by early settlers are nowhere to be seen. The river is dead. What happened? Where did the water go. As Robert Glennon explains in Water Follies, what killed the Santa Cruz River -- and could devastate other surface waters across the United States -- was groundwater pumping. From 1940 to 2000, the volume of water drawn annually from underground aquifers in Tucson jumped more than six-fold, from 50,000 to 330,000 acre-feet per year. And Tucson is hardly an exception -- similar increases in groundwater pumping have occurred across the country and around the world. In a striking collection of stories that bring to life the human and natural consequences of our growing national thirst, Robert Glennon provides an occasionally wry and always fascinating account of groundwater pumping and the environmental problems it causes. Robert Glennon sketches the culture of water use in the United States, explaining how and why we are growing increasingly reliant on groundwater. He uses the examples of the Santa Cruz and San Pedro rivers in Arizona to illustrate the science of hydrology and the legal aspects of water use and conflicts. Following that, he offers a dozen stories -- ranging from Down East Maine to San Antonio's River Walk to Atlanta's burgeoning suburbs -- that clearly illustrate the array of problems caused by groundwater pumping. Each episode poses a conflict of values that reveals the complexity of how and why we use water. These poignant and sometimes perverse tales tell of human foibles including greed, stubbornness, and, especially, the unlimited human capacity to ignore reality. As Robert Glennon explores the folly of our actions and the laws governing them, he suggests common-sense legal and policy reforms that could help avert potentially catastrophic future effects. Water Follies, the first book to focus on the impact of groundwater pumping on the environment, brings this widespread but underappreciated problem to the attention of citizens and communities across America.

Where the River Flows

Author : Sean W. Fleming
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691191824
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Where the River Flows by : Sean W. Fleming

Download or read book Where the River Flows written by Sean W. Fleming and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2019-08-06 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rivers are essential to every aspect of civilization, yet how many understand how they work? Fleming takes readers on a journey along our planet's waterways, providing a scientist's reflections on the profound interrelationships that rivers have with landscapes, ecosystems, and societies.

Rivers

Author : Michael Farris Smith
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1451699441
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (516 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Rivers by : Michael Farris Smith

Download or read book Rivers written by Michael Farris Smith and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2013-09-10 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For fans of Cormac McCarthy and Annie Proulx, “a wonderfully cinematic story” (The Washington Post) set in the post-Katrina South after violent storms have decimated the region. It had been raining for weeks. Maybe months. He had forgotten the last day that it hadn’t rained, when the storms gave way to the pale blue of the Gulf sky, when the birds flew and the clouds were white and sunshine glistened across the drenched land. The Gulf Coast has been brought to its knees. Years of catastrophic hurricanes have so punished and depleted the region that the government has drawn a new boundary ninety miles north of the coastline. Life below the Line offers no services, no electricity, and no resources, and those who stay behind live by their own rules—including Cohen, whose wife and unborn child were killed during an evacuation attempt. He buried them on family land and never left. But after he is ambushed and his home is ransacked, Cohen is forced to flee. On the road north, he is captured by Aggie, a fanatical, snake-handling preacher who has a colony of captives and dangerous visions of repopulating the barren region. Now Cohen is faced with a decision: continue to the Line alone, or try to shepherd the madman’s prisoners across the unforgiving land with the biggest hurricane yet bearing down—and Cohen harboring a secret that poses the greatest threat of all. Eerily prophetic in its depiction of a Southern landscape ravaged by extreme weather, Rivers is a masterful tale of survival and redemption in a world where the next devastating storm is never far behind.“This is the kind of book that lifts you up with its mesmerizing language then pulls you under like a riptide” (The Atlanta Journal-Constitution).

The Land Grabbers

Author : Fred Pearce
Publisher : Beacon Press
ISBN 13 : 0807003255
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Land Grabbers by : Fred Pearce

Download or read book The Land Grabbers written by Fred Pearce and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2012-05-29 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How Wall Street, Chinese billionaires, oil sheiks, and agribusiness are buying up huge tracts of land in a hungry, crowded world. An unprecedented land grab is taking place around the world. Fearing future food shortages or eager to profit from them, the world’s wealthiest and most acquisitive countries, corporations, and individuals have been buying and leasing vast tracts of land around the world. The scale is astounding: parcels the size of small countries are being gobbled up across the plains of Africa, the paddy fields of Southeast Asia, the jungles of South America, and the prairies of Eastern Europe. Veteran science writer Fred Pearce spent a year circling the globe to find out who was doing the buying, whose land was being taken over, and what the effect of these massive land deals seems to be. The Land Grabbers is a first-of-its-kind exposé that reveals the scale and the human costs of the land grab, one of the most profound ethical, environmental, and economic issues facing the globalized world in the twenty-first century. The corporations, speculators, and governments scooping up land cheap in the developing world claim that industrial-scale farming will help local economies. But Pearce’s research reveals a far more troubling reality. While some mega-farms are ethically run, all too often poor farmers and cattle herders are evicted from ancestral lands or cut off from water sources. The good jobs promised by foreign capitalists and home governments alike fail to materialize. Hungry nations are being forced to export their food to the wealthy, and corporate potentates run fiefdoms oblivious to the country beyond their fences. Pearce’s story is populated with larger-than-life characters, from financier George Soros and industry tycoon Richard Branson, to Gulf state sheikhs, Russian oligarchs, British barons, and Burmese generals. We discover why Goldman Sachs is buying up the Chinese poultry industry, what Lord Rothschild and a legendary 1970s asset-stripper are doing in the backwoods of Brazil, and what plans a Saudi oil billionaire has for Ethiopia. Along the way, Pearce introduces us to the people who actually live on, and live off of, the supposedly “empty” land that is being grabbed, from Cambodian peasants, victimized first by the Khmer Rouge and now by crony capitalism, to African pastoralists confined to ever-smaller tracts. Over the next few decades, land grabbing may matter more, to more of the planet’s people, than even climate change. It will affect who eats and who does not, who gets richer and who gets poorer, and whether agrarian societies can exist outside corporate control. It is the new battle over who owns the planet.

Texas Aquatic Science

Author : Rudolph A. Rosen
Publisher : Texas A&M University Press
ISBN 13 : 1623491932
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (234 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Texas Aquatic Science by : Rudolph A. Rosen

Download or read book Texas Aquatic Science written by Rudolph A. Rosen and published by Texas A&M University Press. This book was released on 2014-12-29 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This classroom resource provides clear, concise scientific information in an understandable and enjoyable way about water and aquatic life. Spanning the hydrologic cycle from rain to watersheds, aquifers to springs, rivers to estuaries, ample illustrations promote understanding of important concepts and clarify major ideas. Aquatic science is covered comprehensively, with relevant principles of chemistry, physics, geology, geography, ecology, and biology included throughout the text. Emphasizing water sustainability and conservation, the book tells us what we can do personally to conserve for the future and presents job and volunteer opportunities in the hope that some students will pursue careers in aquatic science. Texas Aquatic Science, originally developed as part of a multi-faceted education project for middle and high school students, can also be used at the college level for non-science majors, in the home-school environment, and by anyone who educates kids about nature and water. To learn more about The Meadows Center for Water and the Environment, sponsors of this book's series, please click here.

Blue Covenant

Author : Maude Barlow
Publisher : The New Press
ISBN 13 : 1595586377
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (955 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Blue Covenant by : Maude Barlow

Download or read book Blue Covenant written by Maude Barlow and published by The New Press. This book was released on 2009-05-01 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A cautionary account of climate change and the global water supply. “You will not turn on the tap in the same way after reading this book.” —Robert Redford In a book hailed by Publishers Weekly as a “passionate plea for access-to-water activism,” Blue Covenant addresses an environmental crisis that—together with global warming—poses one of the gravest threats to our survival. How did the world’s most vital resource become imperiled? And what must we do to pull back from the brink? In “stark and nearly devastating prose”, world-renowned activist and bestselling author Maude Barlow—who is featured in the acclaimed documentary Flow—discusses the state of the world’s water. Barlow examines how water companies are reaping vast profits from declining supplies, and how ordinary people from around the world have banded together to reclaim the public’s right to clean water, creating a grassroots global water justice movement. While tracing the history of international battles for the right to water, she documents the life-and-death stakes involved in the fight and lays out the actions that we as global citizens must take to secure a water-just world for all (Booklist). “Sounds the water alarm with conviction and authority.” —Kirkus Reviews “This book proves that water deserves another destiny.” —Eduardo Galeano “Blue Covenant will inspire civil society movements around the world.” —Vandana Shiva

Where the River Runs

Author : Fleur McDonald
Publisher : Allen & Unwin
ISBN 13 : 1760637807
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (66 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Where the River Runs by : Fleur McDonald

Download or read book Where the River Runs written by Fleur McDonald and published by Allen & Unwin. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Fleur McDonald has a wonderful way with telling rural stories in a special way ... A great summer read.' Samstillreading on Suddenly One Summer Ten years ago, thirty-year-old Chelsea Taylor left the small country town of Barker and her family's property to rise to the top as a concert pianist. With talent, ambition and a determination to show them all at home, Chelsea thought she had it made. Yet here she was, back in Barker, with her four-year-old daughter, Aria, readying herself to face her father, Tom. The father who'd shouted down the phone ten years ago never to come home again. With an uneasy truce developing, Chelsea and Aria settle into the rhythm of life on the land with Tom and Cal, the farmhand, who seems already to have judged Chelsea badly. Until a shocking discovery is made on the riverbed and Detective Dave Burrows, the local copper, has to tear back generations of family stories to reveal the secrets of the past. Chelsea just wants a relationship with her dad but will he ever want that too? Or will his memory lapses mean they'll never get that opportunity? Praise for Fleur McDonald 'Drawing on her own experiences with rural Australia, Fleur has used these skills to weave a moving tale.' Highlife Magazine 'A rural novel of courage, family and survival ... McDonald weaves the varying threads together strongly.' Aussie Reviews

Where the Water Goes

Author : David Owen
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0698189906
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (981 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Where the Water Goes by : David Owen

Download or read book Where the Water Goes written by David Owen and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2017-04-11 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Wonderfully written…Mr. Owen writes about water, but in these polarized times the lessons he shares spill into other arenas. The world of water rights and wrongs along the Colorado River offers hope for other problems.” —Wall Street Journal An eye-opening account of where our water comes from and where it all goes. The Colorado River is an essential resource for a surprisingly large part of the United States, and every gallon that flows down it is owned or claimed by someone. David Owen traces all that water from the Colorado’s headwaters to its parched terminus, once a verdant wetland but now a million-acre desert. He takes readers on an adventure downriver, along a labyrinth of waterways, reservoirs, power plants, farms, fracking sites, ghost towns, and RV parks, to the spot near the U.S.–Mexico border where the river runs dry. Water problems in the western United States can seem tantalizingly easy to solve: just turn off the fountains at the Bellagio, stop selling hay to China, ban golf, cut down the almond trees, and kill all the lawyers. But a closer look reveals a vast man-made ecosystem that is far more complex and more interesting than the headlines let on. The story Owen tells in Where the Water Goes is crucial to our future: how a patchwork of engineering marvels, byzantine legal agreements, aging infrastructure, and neighborly cooperation enables life to flourish in the desert—and the disastrous consequences we face when any part of this tenuous system fails.