Vertical Integration In The Natural Gas Value Chain

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Vertical Integration in the Natural Gas Value Chain

Author : Svetlana Sailer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783656294047
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Vertical Integration in the Natural Gas Value Chain by : Svetlana Sailer

Download or read book Vertical Integration in the Natural Gas Value Chain written by Svetlana Sailer and published by . This book was released on 2013-09 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2009 in the subject Economy - Theory of Competition, Competition Policy, grade: 1,7, Technical University of Berlin (Institut fur Volkswirtschaftslehre und Wirtschaftsrecht (IVWR)), course: Infrastruktur- und Wettbewerbspolitik, language: English, abstract: This case study analyses the structure and the corporate strategies of the German and European natural gas sector. It shows the determining factors for companies concerning vertical integration and will explain the main theories why companies do vertical integration or hybrid forms like long-term contracts. Our main hypothesis is that especially uncertainty, asset specificity and high transaction costs can increase vertical integration. Along the value chain of the natural gas industry we will test if these determinants still exist and if there are other determinants for vertical integration. In particular we will have a look on the interface between transport and distribution and as well on the interface between extraction and production. We will test the production cost-, neoclassical- and transaction cost approach on these interfaces. In times of globalization, raising energy demand and energy prizes, the supply with natural gas becomes more and more important. Especially the dependency of Western Europe in general and Germany in particular from foreign exports forces the governments to secure energy supply in cooperation with all market participants. For the period of the last 25 years the structure of natural gas markets worldwide changed significantly in technical, institutional and economic settings. The aim of several liberalization processes in the natural gas market by the German government and the European Union was a creation of competitive markets and breaking up monopolistic (vertically integrated) structures in the natural gas industry. (Neumann, Hirschhausen 2006, p.5) Even though there is still vertical integration taking place and some regional markets are nearly mon

Breaking up the Global Value Chain

Author : Torben Pedersen
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1787432432
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (874 download)

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Book Synopsis Breaking up the Global Value Chain by : Torben Pedersen

Download or read book Breaking up the Global Value Chain written by Torben Pedersen and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2017-08-18 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent developments are challenging the traditional separation between advanced and emerging economies as host of knowledge and production-intensive activities, respectively. Authors assess whether the co-location of R&D and manufacturing is critical for development and innovation.

Vertical Natural Gas Transportation Capacity, Upstream Commodity Contracts, and EU Competition Law

Author : Kim Talus
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9041134077
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis Vertical Natural Gas Transportation Capacity, Upstream Commodity Contracts, and EU Competition Law by : Kim Talus

Download or read book Vertical Natural Gas Transportation Capacity, Upstream Commodity Contracts, and EU Competition Law written by Kim Talus and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because the EU depends on a very small number of external suppliers for its natural gas, energy security issues inevitably arise. In theory, competition law should regulate and adjudicate such issues. Yet, because contracts between EU companies and producers are highly sensitive and politically charged, the application of EU competition law to natural gas contracts is far from clear. This important book, drawing on ECJ case law, Commission administrative cases and inquiries, and the full range of relevant legal and economic theory, provides an extremely valuable and detailed study of how EU competition law can be applied to long-term natural gas capacity reservation and commodity contracts. Issues and topics such as the following arise in the course of the analysis: Third Gas Market Directive provisions; Article 102 TFEU cases on strategic under-investment; pre-liberation or "legacy" gas contracts (e.g., with Algeria and Russia); "right of first refusal"; take-or-pay requirement; third-party access; ownership unbundling; effect of elimination of priority access regimes; short-term trading; spot markets; and law and economics of vertical restraints. Focusing on the foreclosing effect of long-term upstream commodity contracts, the author recommends restrictions on the use of capacity reservation contracts, and analyses the efficacy of security of supply as a competition law defence in cases relating to such contracts.

A Tea Reader

Author : Katrina Avila Munichiello
Publisher : Tuttle Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9780804848992
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (489 download)

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Book Synopsis A Tea Reader by : Katrina Avila Munichiello

Download or read book A Tea Reader written by Katrina Avila Munichiello and published by Tuttle Publishing. This book was released on 2017-03-21 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Tea Reader contains a selection of stories that cover the spectrum of life. This anthology shares the ways that tea has changed lives through personal, intimate stories. Read of deep family moments, conquered heartbreak, and peace found in the face of loss. A Tea Reader includes stories from all types of tea people: people brought up in the tea tradition, those newly discovering it, classic writings from long-ago tea lovers and those making tea a career. Together these tales create a new image of a tea drinker. They show that tea is not simply something you drink, but it also provides quiet moments for making important decisions, a catalyst for conversation, and the energy we sometimes need to operate in our lives. The stories found in A Tea Reader cover the spectrum of life, such as the development of new friendships, beginning new careers, taking dream journeys, and essentially sharing the deep moments of life with friends and families. Whether you are a tea lover or not, here you will discover stories that speak to you and inspire you. Sit down, grab a cup, and read on.

Natural Gas: A Commercial Perspective

Author : Andrej Pustišek
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319532499
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Natural Gas: A Commercial Perspective by : Andrej Pustišek

Download or read book Natural Gas: A Commercial Perspective written by Andrej Pustišek and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-21 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses and explains the economics of each stage of the natural gas value chain, including the economic impact of restrictions, rules and decisions that are ostensibly technical in nature, as well as commercially relevant contractual stipulations. Each chapter features several real-world examples illustrating the essential points. Natural gas is broadly considered the (leading) conventional source of primary energy. Complementing renewable energies’ utilization and offering a highly flexible yet relatively clean fuel, the worldwide natural gas markets are expected to grow. Despite the fact that Europe – where a degree of stagnation in natural gas consumption is being observed and is expected to continue – is not following this trend, international natural gas markets are becoming increasingly interdependent. Therefore, any analysis and discussion of natural gas markets at each level has to have an international rather than national focus.

Handbook of Energy Economics and Policy

Author : Alessandro Rubino
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128147121
Total Pages : 692 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Energy Economics and Policy by : Alessandro Rubino

Download or read book Handbook of Energy Economics and Policy written by Alessandro Rubino and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-05-10 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Energy Economics and Policy: Fundamentals and Applications for Engineers and Energy Planners presents energy engineers and managers with analytical skills and concepts that enable them to apply simple economic logic to understand the interrelations between energy technologies, economics, regulation and governance of the industry. Sections cover the origins, types and measurement of energy sources, transportation networks, and regulatory and policy issues on electricity and gas at a global level, new economic and policy issues, including innovation processes in the energy industry and economic and policy implications. Final sections cover state-of-the-art methods for modeling and predicting the dynamics of energy systems. Its unique approach and learning path makes this book an ideal resource for energy engineering practitioners and researchers working to design, develop, plan or deploy energy systems. Energy planners and policymakers will also find this to be a solid foundation on which to base decisions. Presents key-concepts and their interrelation with energy technologies and systems in a clear way for ready application during planning and deployment of energy technologies and systems Includes global case studies covering a wide array of energy sources and regulatory models Explores methodologies for modeling and forecasting the impacts of energy technologies and systems, as well as their costs and possible business models

Value Chain Management in the Chemical Industry

Author : Matthias Kannegiesser
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3790820326
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Value Chain Management in the Chemical Industry by : Matthias Kannegiesser

Download or read book Value Chain Management in the Chemical Industry written by Matthias Kannegiesser and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-06-11 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supply chain management helped companies to manage volumes, fulfil customer demand and optimize costs in production and distribution. Specifically, chemical industry companies with high complexity in production and distribution used supply chain management to steer their operations. Confronted with globalization and increasing raw material and sales price volatility, optimizing supply chain costs is no longer sufficient to ensure the overall profitability of the business. Value chain management takes supply chain management to the next level by integrating all volume and value decisions from sales to procurement. The book presents the value chain management concept and demonstrates how it is applied in a global value chain planning model for commodities in the chemical industry. A comprehensive industry case study illustrates the effects of decision making integration, e.g. the influence of raw material prices or exchange rates on optimal sales, production, distribution and procurement plans as well as overall company profitability.

Economics of Energy Security

Author : Honorata Nyga-Łukaszewska
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003819028
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Economics of Energy Security by : Honorata Nyga-Łukaszewska

Download or read book Economics of Energy Security written by Honorata Nyga-Łukaszewska and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-02-02 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has been a burgeoning interest in energy security in recent years due to the transformation of the energy landscape through deepening market deregulation, rising environmental challenges, growing energy hunger, and significant political changes. Depicting energy security as an evolving concept that absorbs economic and political conditions, this book adopts an economic approach to energy security in the international gas market. Uniquely, the book explores the theoretical assumptions and practical consequences attached to both demand and supply-side security in global energy markets. It investigates why energy exporters are so protective of independence in energy exports. The book also looks at the critically important issue of environmental aspects of energy security, particularly around climate change. It also analyses the potential for a cartel in the international gas market, similarly to the oil industry. This book will be of much interest to readers in energy economics, energy security, energy policy, IR/security studies, and relevant policy-makers.

The Essence of International Management

Author : Andrey Medvedev
Publisher : Walnut Publication
ISBN 13 : 1954399944
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (543 download)

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Book Synopsis The Essence of International Management by : Andrey Medvedev

Download or read book The Essence of International Management written by Andrey Medvedev and published by Walnut Publication. This book was released on 2021-09-01 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why, when, where and how to internationalise are core questions for leaders, managers and their organisations today. This book provides a unique overview of the true essence of international management. As opposed to a conventional product-related country-oriented approach to the international business area, this book intends to follow modern trends in international management with a greater focus on internationalisation of firm’s earnings and costs. The total economic result of international business transactions in the firm takes account of all cross-border inflow and outflow of cash. Modern firms participate in industrial value chains that tend to cross national borders intensively. The firm’s value chain activity exercised in a certain country serves as an appropriate unit of analysis in multinational firms' decision-making. The combination of such analytical units as firm, industry with its value chain, country and modes of foreign and cross-border operations is at the heart of the book's structure. Based on decades of delivering award-winning executive education seminars and projects in numerous countries, the authors address key questions in order to perpetuate an organisation’s as well as an individual’s success in international activities. Numerous case studies from a variety of firms, industries and countries help illustrate options and choices.

Handbook on Climate Change and Technology

Author : Frauke Urban
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1800882114
Total Pages : 563 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook on Climate Change and Technology by : Frauke Urban

Download or read book Handbook on Climate Change and Technology written by Frauke Urban and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2023-12-11 with total page 563 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely Handbook presents the latest knowledge on technological innovation for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Looking beyond technical fixes, it further draws on economics, politics and sociology to explore how modern technology can contribute to effective and socially just sustainability transitions.

Catch-Up and Competitiveness in China

Author : Jin Zhang
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134317913
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (343 download)

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Book Synopsis Catch-Up and Competitiveness in China by : Jin Zhang

Download or read book Catch-Up and Competitiveness in China written by Jin Zhang and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004-07-31 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the role of corporate structure, including the role of corporate headquarters, in the success of large firms. It considers these issues in relation to large global corporations, thereby providing a 'benchmark', which is then used as a contrast in a discussion of corporate structure and the role of corporate headquarters within large Chinese firms, many of which have evolved from former government ministries. It includes a detailed case-study of firms in the crucially important oil and petro-chemical sector. Overall, the book shows what a hugely competitive battle China's emerging 'national champions' face with their global competitors, and puts forward policy implications both for large Chinese firms and for the Chinese government concerning how business systems should be reformed further still in order to construct globally competitive large industrial corporations.

Russian Energy Chains

Author : Margarita M. Balmaceda
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 023155219X
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Russian Energy Chains by : Margarita M. Balmaceda

Download or read book Russian Energy Chains written by Margarita M. Balmaceda and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2021-05-11 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Russia’s use of its vast energy resources for leverage against post-Soviet states such as Ukraine is widely recognized as a threat. Yet we cannot understand this danger without also understanding the opportunity that Russian energy represents. From corruption-related profits to transportation-fee income to subsidized prices, many within these states have benefited by participating in Russian energy exports. To understand Russian energy power in the region, it is necessary to look at the entire value chain—including production, processing, transportation, and marketing—and at the full spectrum of domestic and external actors involved, from Gazprom to regional oligarchs to European Union regulators. This book follows Russia’s three largest fossil-fuel exports—natural gas, oil, and coal—from production in Siberia through transportation via Ukraine to final use in Germany in order to understand the tension between energy as threat and as opportunity. Margarita M. Balmaceda reveals how this dynamic has been a key driver of political development in post-Soviet states in the period between independence in 1991 and Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014. She analyzes how the physical characteristics of different types of energy, by shaping how they can be transported, distributed, and even stolen, affect how each is used—not only technically but also politically. Both a geopolitical travelogue of the journey of three fossil fuels across continents and an incisive analysis of technology’s role in fossil-fuel politics and economics, this book offers new ways of thinking about energy in Eurasia and beyond.

Strategy Praxis

Author : George Tovstiga
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031406923
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

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Book Synopsis Strategy Praxis by : George Tovstiga

Download or read book Strategy Praxis written by George Tovstiga and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-12-30 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces a different approach to thinking about and engaging with strategy in the practice field. The insight-driven, first principles-based approach to strategising and strategic problem-solving developed in this book provides a conceptually rigorous yet pragmatic approach to strategising, and as such the book addresses deficiencies of the current theory-practice gap in the strategy field. In particular, the author introduces and develops a conceptually rigorous approach to the crucial transition stage from strategic analysis to strategic option formation in the strategy process. The book introduces several new concepts such as the firm's unique competing space and its strategic boundaries, the strategic thinking algorithm, and shows how these, when integrated with existing approaches and first-principles thinking, significantly enhance the coherence and effectiveness of strategic problem-solving in practice. Additionally, the book includes supplementary enhancing features throughout the chapters in the form of Praxis Reflections, Praxis Perspectives, and Praxis Cases that tie the concepts and methods presented to real-world strategy practice. This book will appeal not only to strategy practitioners, but also academic researchers and graduate-level students of strategic management.

Environmental Assessment on Energy and Sustainability by Data Envelopment Analysis

Author : Toshiyuki Sueyoshi
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111897929X
Total Pages : 820 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Assessment on Energy and Sustainability by Data Envelopment Analysis by : Toshiyuki Sueyoshi

Download or read book Environmental Assessment on Energy and Sustainability by Data Envelopment Analysis written by Toshiyuki Sueyoshi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-01-29 with total page 820 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduces a bold, new model for energy industry pollution prevention and sustainable growth Balancing industrial pollution prevention with economic growth is one of the knottiest problems faced by industry today. This book introduces a novel approach to using data envelopment analysis (DEA) as a powerful tool for achieving that balance in the energy industries—the world’s largest producers of greenhouse gases. It describes a rigorous framework that integrates elements of the social sciences, corporate strategy, regional economics, energy economics, and environmental policy, and delivers a methodology and a set of strategies for promoting green innovation while solving key managerial challenges to greenhouse gas reduction and business growth. In writing this book the authors have drawn upon their pioneering work and considerable experience in the field to develop an unconventional, holistic approach to using DEA to assess key aspects of sustainability development. The book is divided into two sections, the first of which lays out a conventional framework of DEA as the basis for new research directions. In the second section, the authors delve into conceptual and methodological extensions of conventional DEA for solving problems of environmental assessment in all contemporary energy industry sectors. Introduces a powerful new approach to using DEA to achieve pollution prevention, sustainability, and business growth Covers the fundamentals of DEA, including theory, statistical models, and practical issues of conventional applications of DEA Explores new statistical modeling strategies and explores their economic and business implications Examines applications of DEA to environmental analysis across the complete range of energy industries, including coal, petroleum, shale gas, nuclear energy, renewables, and more Summarizes important studies and nearly 800 peer reviewed articles on energy, the environment, and sustainability Environmental Assessment on Energy and Sustainability by Data Envelopment Analysis is must-reading for researchers, academics, graduate students, and practitioners in the energy industries, as well as government officials and policymakers tasked with regulating the environmental impacts of industrial pollution.

Canadian Energy Policy and the Struggle for Sustainable Development

Author : G. Bruce Doern
Publisher : University of Toronto Press
ISBN 13 : 9780802085610
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (856 download)

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Book Synopsis Canadian Energy Policy and the Struggle for Sustainable Development by : G. Bruce Doern

Download or read book Canadian Energy Policy and the Struggle for Sustainable Development written by G. Bruce Doern and published by University of Toronto Press. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, energy policy has been increasingly linked to concepts of sustainable development. In this timely collection, editor G. Bruce Doern presents an overview of Canadian energy policy, gathering together the top Canadian scholars in the field in an examination of the twenty-year period broadly benchmarked by energy liberalization and free trade in the mid-1980s, and by Canada's ratification of the Kyoto Protocol in 2002. The contributors examine issues including electricity restructuring in the wake of the August 2003 blackout, the implications of the Bush Administration's energy policies, energy security, northern pipelines and Aboriginal energy issues, provincial changes in energy policy, and overall federal-provincial changes in regulatory governance. They also demonstrate that, since per capita energy usage has actually increased in the past several years, sustainable development remains very much a struggle rather than an achievement. When the Kyoto Protocol and its requirements for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are factored in, the Canadian record is especially dubious in basic energy terms. Canadian Energy Policy and the Struggle for Sustainable Development is key to understanding many of the issues in Canada's endeavour to live up to its energy-related environmental responsibilities.

Regulating Gas Supply to Power Markets

Author : Tade Oyewunmi
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9041199098
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis Regulating Gas Supply to Power Markets by : Tade Oyewunmi

Download or read book Regulating Gas Supply to Power Markets written by Tade Oyewunmi and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2018-05-08 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural gas, a vital primary source of energy for the twenty-first century economy, is poised to play a major role in the medium- to long-term outlook of energy systems worldwide. Its supply to power markets for electricity generation and other energy purposes through the stages of exploration, production, gathering, processing, transmission, and distribution have been a key driver in gas commercialisation over the past two to three decades. This book discusses insights from law and economics pertaining to gas and energy supply contracts, regulation, and institutions. It provides an in-depth ‘law-in-context’ analysis of the approaches to developing competitive and secure gas-to-power markets in an increasingly international, interrelated, and interconnected value chain. Recognising a general move towards structural reforms and economic regulation of gas and energy markets globally, the author incisively addresses the following questions: – Is there a single ‘ideal’ model or approach for ensuring effectiveness in the restructuring and regulation of gas supply to power markets? If not, then what constitutes the matrix of models and approaches? – What are the underlying principles, assumptions, and institutional structures that will enhance the modern approaches to developing competitive, secure, and sustainable gas supply to power markets? – What are the factors that determine or affect the effectiveness and efficiency of such approaches and regulatory frameworks? The book critically explores the instrumental role of regulation and organisational institutions in the restructuring and development of gas supply markets. It examines the evolution of economic approaches to regulation, competitiveness, and security of gas supply in the United States and the United Kingdom. It considers the EU as a supranational union of developed economies and Nigeria as a developing economy, in the process of applying these paradigms of economic regulation and restructuring of gas-to-power markets. In a law and policy environment where training and educational centres, lawyers, and public and corporate energy advisors are becoming more concerned about competitiveness and efficiency in gas resource allocation and pricing – and about high-quality governance frameworks for industries that depend on reliable gas supplies – this vital book will be warmly welcomed by lawyers, policymakers, energy consultants, analysts, regulators, corporate investors, academics, and institutions concerned with and engaged in the business of exploration, production, and supply of gas for energy purposes.

Atmospheric Impacts of the Oil and Gas Industry

Author : Eduardo P Olaguer
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128018585
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Atmospheric Impacts of the Oil and Gas Industry by : Eduardo P Olaguer

Download or read book Atmospheric Impacts of the Oil and Gas Industry written by Eduardo P Olaguer and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-11-22 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric Impacts of the Oil and Gas Industry provides the most up-to-date scientific and technological methods available to quantify oil and gas industry emissions and atmospheric impacts in a manner that is relevant to the development of, compliance with, and enforcement of effective policy and regulations. The book offers a concise survey of these methods to facilitate the implementation of solutions that promote sustainable energy production. Part I covers a technical and descriptive summary of air quality and global change issues relevant to the oil and gas industry, with Part II summarizing state-of-the-art methods pertaining to the analysis and solution of the problems identified in the earlier section. Examples of state-of-the-art methods covered include real-time monitoring with chemical ionization mass spectrometry, drone-mounted mini-lasers and gas cells, tomographic remote sensing, inverse modeling of emissions, 3D fluid, chemical, and transport models, and contemporary control technologies, such as flare minimization, oxidation catalysts, and vapor recovery. In addition, field studies, policy-relevant modeling assessments, and regulatory decisions from multiple geographic regions are presented, providing readers best practices from real world applications. - Addresses major environmental issues of concern as a result of the oil and gas industry - Reflects a balanced, objective view that is based on scientific principles - Provides a wide geographical perspective - Presents a rigorous and comprehensive scientific basis for crafting solutions to air quality problems created by the oil and gas industry