Using An Idealized Climate Model To Elucidate Physical Mechanisms And Improve Model Representation Of Extratropical Cloud Feedbacks

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Using an Idealized Climate Model to Elucidate Physical Mechanisms and Improve Model Representation of Extratropical Cloud Feedbacks

Author : Michelle Elizabeth Frazer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis Using an Idealized Climate Model to Elucidate Physical Mechanisms and Improve Model Representation of Extratropical Cloud Feedbacks by : Michelle Elizabeth Frazer

Download or read book Using an Idealized Climate Model to Elucidate Physical Mechanisms and Improve Model Representation of Extratropical Cloud Feedbacks written by Michelle Elizabeth Frazer and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite recent advances, the extratropical cloud feedback is at the heart of uncertainty and intermodel spread in climate sensitivity among comprehensive General Circulation Models (GCMs). Here, to shed light on the underlying mechanisms, we use an idealized GCM--the Held-Suarez dynamical core with the addition of passive water vapor and cloud tracers and full cloud microphysics--to cleanly decompose the effects of individual cloud processes.A set of process-level experiments are designed to elucidate the mechanisms of an increase in extratropical liquid water path (LWP) in mixed-phase clouds with warming: higher adiabatic cloud water content, weaker liquid-to-ice conversion through the Bergeron-Findeisen process, and faster melting of ice and snow to rain. Perturbed parameter experiments demonstrate a strong dependence of the LWP feedback on the climatological LWP and independence from the climatological susceptible ice and supercooled liquid fraction.To examine the broader physical controls of extratropical humidity and clouds, separate saturation adjustment and full cloud scheme controls are used to consider the strength of advection-condensation theory. It is found that sub-grid-scale relative humidity distribution assumed within the cloud macrophysics limits isentropic transport of tropical moisture to the polar troposphere. Also, within the model's explicit treatment of cloud microphysics, re-evaporation of hydrometeors moistens and increases clouds in the lower troposphere.To investigate the direct influence of dynamical changes on humidity and clouds, we explore the impacts of altered meridional temperature gradients. We show that predicted extratropical jet shifts with warming have little effect on shortwave cloud radiative effects because they mainly affect cloud fraction, not cloud thickness which is principally connected to absolute temperature change. Overall, the results substantiate the utility of such idealized models for elucidating cloud processes in a systematic manner and highlight key cloud processes to constrain.Additionally, a set of realistic experiments are designed in a comprehensive GCM to study geoengineering using stratospheric aerosols and compare efficacy and impacts of reflecting and absorbing aerosols (sulfate) versus only reflecting aerosols (calcite). We evaluate which regions are better or worse off with geoengineering in a 2xCO2 world in terms of various climate metrics and consider the policy implications.

Demystifying Climate Models

Author : Andrew Gettelman
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662489597
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (624 download)

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Book Synopsis Demystifying Climate Models by : Andrew Gettelman

Download or read book Demystifying Climate Models written by Andrew Gettelman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-09 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book demystifies the models we use to simulate present and future climates, allowing readers to better understand how to use climate model results. In order to predict the future trajectory of the Earth’s climate, climate-system simulation models are necessary. When and how do we trust climate model predictions? The book offers a framework for answering this question. It provides readers with a basic primer on climate and climate change, and offers non-technical explanations for how climate models are constructed, why they are uncertain, and what level of confidence we should place in them. It presents current results and the key uncertainties concerning them. Uncertainty is not a weakness but understanding uncertainty is a strength and a key part of using any model, including climate models. Case studies of how climate model output has been used and how it might be used in the future are provided. The ultimate goal of this book is to promote a better understanding of the structure and uncertainties of climate models among users, including scientists, engineers and policymakers.

Opportunities to Improve Representation of Clouds and Aerosols in Climate Models with Classified Observing Systems

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309443458
Total Pages : 53 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Opportunities to Improve Representation of Clouds and Aerosols in Climate Models with Classified Observing Systems by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Opportunities to Improve Representation of Clouds and Aerosols in Climate Models with Classified Observing Systems written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-08-31 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most significant and uncertain aspects of climate change projections is the impact of aerosols on the climate system. Aerosols influence the climate indirectly by interacting with nearby clouds leading to small changes in cloud cover, thickness, and altitude, which significantly affect Earth's radiative balance. Advancements have been made in recent years on understanding the complex processes and atmospheric interactions involved when aerosols interact with surrounding clouds, but further progress has been hindered by limited observations. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a workshop to discuss the usefulness of the classified observing systems in advancing understanding of cloud and aerosol interactions. Because these systems were not developed with weather and climate modeling as a primary mission objective, many participants said it is necessary for scientists to find creative ways to utilize the data. The data from these systems have the potential to be useful in advancing understanding of cloud and aerosol interactions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Current Trends in the Representation of Physical Processes in Weather and Climate Models

Author : David A. Randall
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811333963
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Current Trends in the Representation of Physical Processes in Weather and Climate Models by : David A. Randall

Download or read book Current Trends in the Representation of Physical Processes in Weather and Climate Models written by David A. Randall and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-31 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the development of physical parameterization over the last 2 to 3 decades and provides a roadmap for its future development. It covers important physical processes: convection, clouds, radiation, land-surface, and the orographic effect. The improvement of numerical models for predicting weather and climate at a variety of places and times has progressed globally. However, there are still several challenging areas, which need to be addressed with a better understanding of physical processes based on observations, and to subsequently be taken into account by means of improved parameterization. And this is all the more important since models are increasingly being used at higher horizontal and vertical resolutions. Encouraging debate on the cloud-resolving approach or the hybrid approach with parameterized convection and grid-scale cloud microphysics and its impact on models’ intrinsic predictability, the book offers a motivating reference guide for all researchers whose work involves physical parameterization problems and numerical models.

A Climate Modelling Primer

Author : Kendal McGuffie
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111868785X
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

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Book Synopsis A Climate Modelling Primer by : Kendal McGuffie

Download or read book A Climate Modelling Primer written by Kendal McGuffie and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-10 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a consequence of recent increased awareness of the social and political dimensions of climate, many non-specialists discover a need for information about the variety of available climate models. A Climate Modelling Primer, Third Edition explains the basis and mechanisms of all types of current physically-based climate models. A thoroughly revised and updated edition, this book assists the reader in understanding the complexities and applicabilities of today’s wide range of climate models. Topics covered include the latest techniques for modelling the coupled biosphere-ocean-atmosphere system, information on current practical aspects of climate modelling and ways to evaluate and exploit the results, discussion of Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs), and interactive exercises based on Energy Balance Model (EBM) and the Daisyworld model. Source codes and results from a range of model types allows readers to make their own climate simulations and to view the results of the latest high resolution models. The accompanying CD contains: A suite of resources for those wishing to learn more about climate modelling. A range of model visualisations. Data from climate models for use in the classroom. Windows and Macintosh programs for an Energy Balance Model. Selected figures from the book for inclusion in presentations and lectures. Suitable for 3rd/4th year undergraduates taking courses in climate modelling, economic forecasting, computer science, environmental science, geography and oceanography. Also of relevance to researchers and professionals working in related disciplines with climate models or who need accessible technical background to climate modelling predictions.

Frontiers of Climate Modeling

Author : J. T. Kiehl
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781139453233
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (532 download)

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Book Synopsis Frontiers of Climate Modeling by : J. T. Kiehl

Download or read book Frontiers of Climate Modeling written by J. T. Kiehl and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-06-30 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The physics and dynamics of the atmosphere and atmosphere-ocean interactions provide the foundation of modern climate models, upon which our understanding of the chemistry and biology of ocean and land surface processes are built. Originally published in 2006, Frontiers of Climate Modeling captures developments in modeling the atmosphere, and their implications for our understanding of climate change, whether due to natural or anthropogenic causes. Emphasis is on elucidating how greenhouse gases and aerosols are altering the radiative forcing of the climate system and the sensitivity of the system to such perturbations. An expert team of authors address key aspects of the atmospheric greenhouse effect, clouds, aerosols, atmospheric radiative transfer, deep convection dynamics, large scale ocean dynamics, stratosphere-troposphere interactions, and coupled ocean-atmosphere model development. The book is an important reference for researchers and advanced students interested in the forces driving the climate system and how they are modeled by climate scientists.

Improving the Scientific Foundation for Atmosphere-Land-Ocean Simulations

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030909609X
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Improving the Scientific Foundation for Atmosphere-Land-Ocean Simulations by : National Research Council

Download or read book Improving the Scientific Foundation for Atmosphere-Land-Ocean Simulations written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-05-12 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Academies' Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (BASC) held a workshop to explore and evaluate current efforts to model physical processes of coupled atmosphere-land-ocean (A-L-O) models. Numerical models of the atmosphere and ocean are central to weather prediction, research, and education. Although great strides have been made over the past few decades in understanding the atmosphere and ocean, modeling capabilities, and numerical A-L-O simulations, some unresolved processes in the models do not adequately represent knowledge of the underlying physics. Moreover, there is evidence that further progress in numerical simulations is being impeded by the slow pace of improvement in the representation of key physical processes in the models and the fact that geophysical flow models are not receiving the attention needed to make these tools more useful and accurate. These models often are used to predict future events, so it is imperative that their underlying physical processes be represented as robustly as possible. During the workshop, the parameterization of physical processes in A-L-O models was addressed, including associated errors, testing, and efforts to improve the use of parameterizations. Participants also examined intellectual and scientific challenges in modeling and highlighted the idea that some of the key impediments to progress in representing physical processes are primarily cultural in nature.

Tropical-Extratropical Climate Interactions on Seasonal-to-Decadal Timescales

Author : Dillon Joseph Amaya
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (111 download)

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Book Synopsis Tropical-Extratropical Climate Interactions on Seasonal-to-Decadal Timescales by : Dillon Joseph Amaya

Download or read book Tropical-Extratropical Climate Interactions on Seasonal-to-Decadal Timescales written by Dillon Joseph Amaya and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decades of research have shown that the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic emissions strongly influences global and regional climate. However, natural variability associated with intrinsic climate modes introduces substantial noise across myriad timescales, posing a significant challenge for the accurate simulation and projection of future climate variability and change. In this dissertation, we utilize state-of-the-art climate model simulations in tandem with modern observational data sets to: 1. Investigate the physical mechanisms governing the evolution of internal climate modes on seasonal-to-decadal timescales, 2. Analyze the impact of those modes on remote climates through ocean-atmosphere teleconnections, and 3. Assess the interplay of internal and forced variability in order to better interpret observed climate trends. We show that the observed cooling of the tropical Pacific Ocean in recent decades primarily stems from a decadal intensification of the equatorial wind-driven ocean circulation during boreal winter. We then provide model evidence that internal variations associated with this decadal cooling superposed with anthropogenic trends to produce a period of accelerated Hadley Cell expansion that strongly mirrors observed trends since 1980. We also consider the influence of extratropical climate variability on tropical climate. Specifically, we develop a novel statistical technique to isolate the spatiotemporal evolution of the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM) in observations. We show that the AMM integrates extratropical atmospheric noise into a deterministic pattern of propagating sea surface temperature (SST), wind, and latent heat flux anomalies. A comparison to CMIP5 reveals that most models tend to poorly simulate the relevant coupled feedbacks. We further explore these mechanisms using a fully-coupled climate model to produce an ensemble of North Pacific SST pacemaker experiments. We find that North Pacific SST has significantly influenced the observed trajectory of observed ENSO variability, particularly the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 El Niños. These interactions are made possible through two physical pathways that arise from the evolution of the Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM). The research presented in this dissertation improves understanding of the physical mechanisms controlling key internal climate modes, and takes a significant step towards quantifying tropical-extratropical interactions.

From Observations to Simulations

Author : Antonello Pasini
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9812774696
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (127 download)

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Book Synopsis From Observations to Simulations by : Antonello Pasini

Download or read book From Observations to Simulations written by Antonello Pasini and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2005 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dynamics of a global economy is being reshaped by the economic emergence of two Asian giants, China and India. How the world's two most populous countries manage globalization as they pursue economic reform and liberalization will impact significantly their societies, the rest of Asia, and the world. This book brings together articles by first rate scholars of China and India to share and discuss their research findings in four areas: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses to Globalization; Social Security and Governance; National Security in the age of Globalization; and Ethnicity and Identity in the New World. The book includes an opening address by Singapore's Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew, from his speech on "Managing Globalization: Lessons from China and India", delivered at the official opening of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy on 4 April 2005.

Clouds and Climate

Author : A. Pier Siebesma
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108882781
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Clouds and Climate by : A. Pier Siebesma

Download or read book Clouds and Climate written by A. Pier Siebesma and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cloud research is a rapidly developing branch of climate science that's vital to climate modelling. With new observational and simulation technologies our knowledge of clouds and their role in the warming climate is accelerating. This book provides a comprehensive overview of research on clouds and their role in our present and future climate, covering theoretical, observational, and modelling perspectives. Part I discusses clouds from three different perspectives: as particles, light and fluid. Part II describes our capability to model clouds, ranging from theoretical conceptual models to applied parameterised representations. Part III describes the interaction of clouds with the large-scale circulation in the tropics, mid-latitudes, and polar regions. Part IV describes how clouds are perturbed by aerosols, the land-surface, and global warming. Each chapter contains end-of-chapter exercises and further reading sections, making this an ideal resource for advanced students and researchers in climatology, atmospheric science, meteorology, and climate change.

The Influence of Cloud Feedbacks on Climate Variability and Change

Author : Katinka Bellomo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis The Influence of Cloud Feedbacks on Climate Variability and Change by : Katinka Bellomo

Download or read book The Influence of Cloud Feedbacks on Climate Variability and Change written by Katinka Bellomo and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the greatest challenges in projections of future climate change is narrowing the uncertainty in the magnitude and sign of cloud feedback. The main limitations are that cloud processes need to be parameterized in climate models, and long-term observations of cloud cover are limited. In this dissertation we address this problem by studying the interplay of cloud feedbacks with atmospheric circulation and Sea Surface Temperature (SST). We first investigate the response of clouds to external radiative forcing by examining changes in cloud cover and their radiative impact in multiple and independent surface and satellite cloud cover datasets. Observed changes in cloud cover and estimated cloud amount feedback from 1954 to 2008 over the Indo-Pacific Ocean are found to be consistent in sign but significantly smaller in amplitude than changes simulated by an ensemble of historical simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) archive over the same period of time. However, climate models are capable of simulating changes in cloud cover of the same strength and pattern as observed, when they are forced with a greater increase in SST. This suggests that observed changes in cloud cover are at least in part forced by anthropogenic emissions. It remains unclear whether observations exhibit unrealistically large trends in cloud cover, or clouds are not sensitive enough to changes in surface temperature in climate models. However, climate models underestimate changes in cloud cover also on shorter and better constrained timescales. The implications of underestimating the strength of a positive cloud feedback is explored using idealized model experiments in the context of internal climate variability. It is found that a positive feedback among cloud cover, SST, and large-scale atmospheric circulation over the subtropical stratocumulus regions affects basin-wide pattern and persistence of SST anomalies in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Collectively, these findings suggest that climate models underestimate the impacts of cloud feedbacks on the persistence of regional and global SST anomalies, thus potentially underestimating climate sensitivity to future climate change.

Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System

Author : Jost Heintzenberg
Publisher : Strungmann Forum Reports
ISBN 13 : 9780262012874
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (128 download)

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Book Synopsis Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System by : Jost Heintzenberg

Download or read book Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System written by Jost Heintzenberg and published by Strungmann Forum Reports. This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than half the globe is covered by visible clouds.

Studies Of Cloud, Convection And Precipitation Processes Using Satellite Observations

Author : William B Rossow
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9811256926
Total Pages : 333 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis Studies Of Cloud, Convection And Precipitation Processes Using Satellite Observations by : William B Rossow

Download or read book Studies Of Cloud, Convection And Precipitation Processes Using Satellite Observations written by William B Rossow and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2022-10-26 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clouds, convection and precipitation processes are central components of Earth's weather and climate. They are produced by atmospheric motions across a very wide range of space-time scales from local weather to long-term global climate variation. They feedback on these motions by perturbing the heating/cooling that drive the atmospheric circulation. These processes also perturb the oceanic circulation and land surface properties that affect the atmospheric circulation.Because of the coupling of the atmosphere-ocean-land system across all scales by cloud, convection and precipitation processes, studying their behaviors requires measurements in space-time variations across all these scales simultaneously. Satellite constellations with global coverage and high time resolution offer the ideal platforms for such observations. This book summarizes some of the latest research using combinations of various satellite observations to study these processes and to evaluate their representations in global weather and climate models.Included with this publication are downloadable electronic slides and accompanying notes of each lecture for students, teachers, and public speakers around the world to be better able to understand cloud, convection and precipitation processes.

Modeling Dynamic Climate Systems

Author : Walter A. Robinson
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461301130
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling Dynamic Climate Systems by : Walter A. Robinson

Download or read book Modeling Dynamic Climate Systems written by Walter A. Robinson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the process of building and using models to comprehend the dynamics of the atmosphere, ocean and climate, the reader will learn how the different components of climate systems function, interact with each other, and vary over time. Topics include the stability of climate, Earths energy balance, parcel dynamics in the atmosphere, the mechanisms of heat transport in the climate system, and mechanisms of climate variability. Special attention is given to the effects of climate change.

Continuous Evaluation of Fast Processes in Climate Models Using Arm Measurements

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 15 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (946 download)

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Book Synopsis Continuous Evaluation of Fast Processes in Climate Models Using Arm Measurements by :

Download or read book Continuous Evaluation of Fast Processes in Climate Models Using Arm Measurements written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under the support of this grant, we investigated the fast process of interaction of clouds, shallow convection, and boundary layer turbulence and their parameterizations. Main accomplishments involve two things. One is the understanding of the physical mechanisms of low cloud feedbacks; the second is the development and evaluation of convection and cloud parameterizations in climate models.

Global Environmental Change

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309174325
Total Pages : 621 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Environmental Change by : National Research Council

Download or read book Global Environmental Change written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-09-14 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How can we understand and rise to the environmental challenges of global change? One clear answer is to understand the science of global change, not solely in terms of the processes that control changes in climate and the composition of the atmosphere, but in how ecosystems and human society interact with these changes. In the last two decades of the twentieth century, a number of such research effortsâ€"supported by computer and satellite technologyâ€"have been launched. Yet many opportunities for integration remain unexploited, and many fundamental questions remain about the earth's capacity to support a growing human population. This volume encourages a renewed commitment to understanding global change and sets a direction for research in the decade ahead. Through case studies the book explores what can be learned from the lessons of the past 20 years and what are the outstanding scientific questions. Highlights include: Research imperatives and strategies for investigators in the areas of atmospheric chemistry, climate, ecosystem studies, and human dimensions of global change. The context of climate change, including lessons to be gleaned from paleoclimatology. Human responses toâ€"and forcing ofâ€"projected global change. This book offers a comprehensive overview of global change research to date and provides a framework for answering urgent questions.

Shallow Clouds, Water Vapor, Circulation, and Climate Sensitivity

Author : Robert Pincus
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319772732
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Shallow Clouds, Water Vapor, Circulation, and Climate Sensitivity by : Robert Pincus

Download or read book Shallow Clouds, Water Vapor, Circulation, and Climate Sensitivity written by Robert Pincus and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-29 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a series of overview articles arising from a workshop exploring the links among shallow clouds, water vapor, circulation, and climate sensitivity. It provides a state-of-the art synthesis of understanding about the coupling of clouds and water vapor to the large-scale circulation. The emphasis is on two phenomena, namely the self-aggregation of deep convection and interactions between low clouds and the large-scale environment, with direct links to the sensitivity of climate to radiative perturbations. Each subject is approached using simulations, observations, and synthesizing theory; particular attention is paid to opportunities offered by new remote-sensing technologies, some still prospective. The collection provides a thorough grounding in topics representing one of the World Climate Research Program’s Grand Challenges. Previously published in Surveys in Geophysics, Volume 38, Issue 6, 2017 The aritcles “Observing Convective Aggregation”, “An Observational View of Relationships Between Moisture Aggregation, Cloud, and Radiative Heating Profiles”, “Implications of Warm Rain in Shallow Cumulus and Congestus Clouds for Large-Scale Circulations”, “A Survey of Precipitation-Induced Atmospheric Cold Pools over Oceans and Their Interactions with the Larger-Scale Environment”, “Low-Cloud Feedbacks from Cloud-Controlling Factors: A Review”, “Mechanisms and Model Diversity of Trade-Wind Shallow Cumulus Cloud Feedbacks: A Review”, “Structure and Dynamical Influence of Water Vapor in the Lower Tropical Troposphere”, “Emerging Technologies and Synergies for Airborne and Space-Based Measurements of Water Vapor Profiles”, “Observational Constraints on Cloud Feedbacks: The Role of Active Satellite Sensors”, and “EUREC4A: A Field Campaign to Elucidate the Couplings Between Clouds, Convection and Circulation” are available as open access articles under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com.