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Use Of A Dual Task Paradigm To Examine The Effects Of Age On Mobility And Cognitive Performances
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Book Synopsis Use of a Dual Task Paradigm to Examine the Effects of Age on Mobility and Cognitive Performances by : Anuprita Kanitkar
Download or read book Use of a Dual Task Paradigm to Examine the Effects of Age on Mobility and Cognitive Performances written by Anuprita Kanitkar and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increase in the aging population has become one of the most important problems of our society in last few decades. As people grow older, they are at risk of falling and consequent injuries due to the effects of aging. A fall may be the first indication of an undetected illness related to the effects of aging. This study demonstrates the effects of aging on balance, spatio-temporal gait parameters, gaze stability, and cognitive skills under single task conditions and during dual-tasks conditions. In the present study, we included following three groups: Group 1: 30 young healthy adults (aged 20 ± 3 years); Group 2: 30 adults (aged 61.4 ± 4.4 years); Group 3: 30 older adults (aged 75 ± 4.5 years). A computer game based rehabilitation platform has been developed and was used for the single and dual task performance in standing and during treadmill walking. We observed that there was a significant age effect while dual tasking on standing balance, spatial and temporal gait parameters, gaze performance, and cognitive task performance. To conclude, this study shows a vast decline in walking and standing balance and ability to divide attention during dual tasking between the age groups 55-70 years and 71- 85 years and compares both these age groups with the more normative, healthy, young and athletic, 20-30 years old population.
Book Synopsis Motor-cognitive Dual Task Performance by : Erika C. S. Künstler
Download or read book Motor-cognitive Dual Task Performance written by Erika C. S. Künstler and published by . This book was released on 2020* with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although an inherent part of everyday life, motor-cognitive dual-tasking - the ability to perform a cognitive and motor task simultaneously - still has many open questions. The mechanisms underlying these abilities are not well understood, and terms such as "attention" often make no clear distinction between various attentional sub-processes. This is especially true of the age-related decline in dual-tasking abilities, in which the visual task demands have been shown to become increasingly exigent. Two studies are presented in this dissertation. Study 1 introduced a novel paradigm to objectively measure motor-cognitive dual-task performance, whilst Study 2 used this new paradigm to investigate the impact of the aging process and of the cognitive load of a task on dual-tasking abilities. These studies combined a simple, continuous, and repetitive motor task with a whole report task based on the Theory of Visual Attention (TVA). This measures different parametric estimates of attentional performance, and shows how these were affected by a concurrent motor task. Each task was carried out separately as a single task, as well as simultaneously in a dual-task condition. Study 1 demonstrated that the visual processing rate and visual short-term memory (VSTM) storage capacity showed a dual-task-related decline in middle-aged adults. Study 2 indicated that older adults performing a simple motor task showed similar declines in performance as younger adults who carried out a more complex motor task. Taken together, the studies show that even a relatively simple motor task utilises a central attentional capacity, suggesting that motor-cognitive dual-tasking is conducted in a capacity sharing manner. Furthermore, the VSTM appears to be the constraining mechanism which underlies dual-tasking ability, and it is this central capacity which is negatively impacted in a qualitatively similar manner by both increased age in older adults, as well as by the task load in younger adults.
Book Synopsis The Intersection of Cognitive, Motor, and Sensory Processing in Aging: Links to Functional Outcomes by : Jeannette R. Mahoney
Download or read book The Intersection of Cognitive, Motor, and Sensory Processing in Aging: Links to Functional Outcomes written by Jeannette R. Mahoney and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-10-07 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Pilot Study written by Akshata Nayak and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A growing body of literature suggests that aging causes restrictions in mobility, gaze, and cognitive functions, increasing the risk of falls and adverse health events. A novel Dual-Task Treadmill walking (DT-TW) program was designed to train balance, gaze, cognition, and gait simultaneously. Eleven healthy community-dwelling older adults (age 70-80 yrs) were recruited to play a variety of computer games while standing on a sponge surface and walking on a treadmill. Data on centre of pressure (COP) excursion for core balance, spatio-temporal gait variability parameters, head tracking performances, and neuropsychological tests were collected pre and post intervention. A significant improvement in balance, gaze, cognition, and gait performance was observed under dual-task conditions. The study thus concludes that DT-TW is a novel intervention program which combines interactive games with exercises to train dual-task abilities in community dwelling older adults.
Book Synopsis Effect of Secondary Motor and Cognitive Tasks on Timed Up and Go Test in Older Adults by : Anuradha Mukherjee
Download or read book Effect of Secondary Motor and Cognitive Tasks on Timed Up and Go Test in Older Adults written by Anuradha Mukherjee and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: Changes in gait due to simultaneous performance of an attention-demanding dual task, such as walking while talking on the phone, may be caused by competing demands for attentional resources. As dual-tasking during gait is common, assessment of this paradigm is becoming highly important for mobility research. The objective of this study is to examine changes in gait and verbal response while performing a timed up and go test (TUG) with a concurrent cognitive task of counting backwards and a motor task of carrying a meal tray in order to understand the role of cognitive factors in gait-related balance control. Significance: Exploring the influence of attention processes on gait may represent an efficient way to- 1) improve the assessment of the falling risk among older adults, 2) help in promoting healthy senile life by focusing on cognitive development, and 3) improve post fall rehabilitation interventions by inclusion of cognitive tasks in addition to improving musculoskeletal impairments. Methods: Community dwelling healthy older adult volunteers participated in a timed get up and go (TUG) test while their movements were recorded by a 3D motion analysis system and force plates. Statistical Analysis: Multiple one-way repeated measures ANOVAs were performed for each of the kinematic and kinetic variables to examine differences across task conditions. Post hoc tests with Bonferroni corrections were conducted for significant main outcome variables. T tests were performed to assess cognitive skills. Results: The study successfully examined 15 healthy older adults between ages 65 and 88, scores of> 25 on MMSE test on their performance of dual task conditions in an attempt to get an insight into their gait and dynamic balance control system. We found that the most complex task situation of carrying the food tray and counting backward had the most adverse effect on gait performance in healthy older adults that resulted in 24% more time required to complete the TUG task, about 12% slowing of gait, 40% increase in double support time and a 10% decrease in the generation of medio-lateral ground reaction force, with conservation of cognitive task performance. However, balance control parameters like center of mass excursion and velocity in the frontal plane remained unaffected. Conclusions: Gait is an attention-demanding task, and a concurrent cognitive or motor task disrupts walking performance in community-dwelling older adults.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Dual-Task Training on Dual-Task Skills in Older Adults by : Deborah Jehu
Download or read book The Effects of Dual-Task Training on Dual-Task Skills in Older Adults written by Deborah Jehu and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well established that aging is associated with numerous health concerns, including poor balance. Deteriorations in attention demand also place older adults at a greater risk for falls. Emerging experiments have explored the impact of dual-task training programs and have improved dual-tasking in older adults. However, it is unknown whether these performance-related improvements are a function of the intervention itself or the repeated exposure to the testing protocol. Study 1 explored the implications of repeated administration, once per week for 5 weeks, of a protocol involving standing postural sway while concurrently performing reaction time (RT) tasks in older adults. Results revealed that postural sway was stable across testing sessions whereas the difficult RT task gradually improved over time. Study 2 examined the influence of repeated exposure, once per week for 5 weeks, of a protocol involving negotiating a series of obstacles while performing RT tasks in older adults. Participants walked significantly faster with repeated exposure and gradually improved RT. Study 3 investigated the impact of repeated exposure, once per week for 5 weeks, to three functional mobility measures in older adults. It also examined the influence of a 12-week balance and mobility training (BMT) program as well as a 12-week balance and mobility plus cognitive training (BMT+C) program on functional mobility in older adults. Functional mobility served to be stable over time. Both the BMT and BMT+C groups significantly improved functional mobility and sustained these improvements at the 12-week follow-up, while no changes were observed in the control group. No differences between the BMT and BMT+C groups emerged. Experiment 4 examined the influence of BMT and BMT+C on postural sway and RT in older adults. Participants in both training groups significantly improved RT and sustained these improvements at the follow-up, while no changes were observed in the control group. No changes to postural control were shown in any group. No differences between the BMT and BMT+C groups emerged. Experiment 5 examined the influence of BMT and BMT+C on negotiating a series of obstacles while performing RT tasks in older adults. Both the BMT and BMT+C groups significantly improved RT and sustained these improvements at the follow-up, while no changes were observed in the control group. All groups showed faster time to completion of the obstacle series. No differences between the BMT and BMT+C groups emerged. Collectively, these findings suggest that BMT and BMT+C significantly improve functional mobility and divided attention, and sustain these improvements over time. Although some improvements were observed after repeated exposure over 5 weeks, no changes in the control group were observed. Therefore, the improvements exhibited from BMT and BMT+C are likely not a function of repeated exposure to the testing protocol, as participants may be more susceptible to performance-related improvements when the testing sessions are close in proximity. Altogether, these findings propose that, whether or not cognitive training is included, attention demanding dual-task training not only improves functional mobility and RT, but also sustains these improvements over time in older adults. These results may be used to improve the prescription of exercise in older adults.
Book Synopsis Adaptive Gait and Postural Control: From Physiological to Pathological Mechanisms, Towards Prevention and Rehabilitation by : Helena Blumen
Download or read book Adaptive Gait and Postural Control: From Physiological to Pathological Mechanisms, Towards Prevention and Rehabilitation written by Helena Blumen and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-04-06 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cognition and mobility with aging or neurological conditions: Assessment and intervention strategies by : Maud Ranchet
Download or read book Cognition and mobility with aging or neurological conditions: Assessment and intervention strategies written by Maud Ranchet and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-01-05 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cognitive-Motor Interference in Multi-Tasking Research by : Karen Zentgraf
Download or read book Cognitive-Motor Interference in Multi-Tasking Research written by Karen Zentgraf and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-11-20 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effect of a Novel Dual-task Exercise Program for Balance, Mobility, Gaze, and Cognition Skills in Community Dwelling Older Adults by : Rehab Alhasani
Download or read book The Effect of a Novel Dual-task Exercise Program for Balance, Mobility, Gaze, and Cognition Skills in Community Dwelling Older Adults written by Rehab Alhasani and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Multitasking: Executive Functioning in Dual-Task and Task Switching Situations by : Tilo Strobach
Download or read book Multitasking: Executive Functioning in Dual-Task and Task Switching Situations written by Tilo Strobach and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-03-27 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multitasking refers to performance of multiple tasks. The most prominent types of multitasking are situations including either temporal overlap of the execution of multiple tasks (i.e., dual tasking) or executing multiple tasks in varying sequences (i.e., task switching). In the literature, numerous attempts have aimed at theorizing about the specific characteristics of executive functions that control interference between simultaneously and/or sequentially active component of task-sets in these situations. However, these approaches have been rather vague regarding explanatory concepts (e.g., task-set inhibition, preparation, shielding, capacity limitation), widely lacking theories on detailed mechanisms and/ or empirical evidence for specific subcomponents. The present research topic aims at providing a selection of contributions on the details of executive functioning in dual-task and task switching situations. The contributions specify these executive functions by focusing on (1) fractionating assumed mechanisms into constituent subcomponents, (2) their variations by age or in clinical subpopulations, and/ or (3) their plasticity as a response to practice and training.
Book Synopsis Current State of Postural Research - Beyond Automatic Behavior by : Emily Keshner
Download or read book Current State of Postural Research - Beyond Automatic Behavior written by Emily Keshner and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-01-16 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Aging and Skilled Performance by : Wendy A. Rogers
Download or read book Aging and Skilled Performance written by Wendy A. Rogers and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-03-05 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term "skill" encompasses an array of topics and issues. For example, individuals are skilled in a variety of domains such as chess, typing, air traffic control, or knitting; researchers study skill in a variety of ways, including speed of acquisition, accuracy of performance, and retention over time; and there are a variety of approaches to the study of skill such as computer modeling or experimental analysis. Contributing to the understanding of whether, how, when, and why skills may decline as a function of age is the goal of this volume. This book is based on the Aging and Skill Conference sponsored by the Center for Applied Cognitive Research on Aging. The broad focus of the conference was to discuss cognitive theories underlying age-related skill acquisition, transfer, and retention and to discuss applications of these theories to such issues as age-adaptive training, compensatory strategies and devices, and utilization of new and existing technology. The contributors were asked to discuss the cognitive theory relevant to their topic, explain how the theory informs the field about aging, examine where gaps exist among general cognitive theory in this area and theories of aging, and demonstrate the practical relevance of the theory to enhancing or enabling activities of daily living--for work, home, or leisure--for older adults. This is the first book to focus exclusively on aging and skill. It covers a range of abilities, provides the theoretical basis for the current status of age-related differences in skill, and offers direct evidence of the applicability of research on proficiency to aspects of daily living. Each chapter was written either by an expert in the field of aging, or by an expert in the field of skill--many expert in both areas.
Book Synopsis Cognitive Aging by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Cognitive Aging written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-07-21 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For most Americans, staying "mentally sharp" as they age is a very high priority. Declines in memory and decision-making abilities may trigger fears of Alzheimer's disease or other neurodegenerative diseases. However, cognitive aging is a natural process that can have both positive and negative effects on cognitive function in older adults - effects that vary widely among individuals. At this point in time, when the older population is rapidly growing in the United States and across the globe, it is important to examine what is known about cognitive aging and to identify and promote actions that individuals, organizations, communities, and society can take to help older adults maintain and improve their cognitive health. Cognitive Aging assesses the public health dimensions of cognitive aging with an emphasis on definitions and terminology, epidemiology and surveillance, prevention and intervention, education of health professionals, and public awareness and education. This report makes specific recommendations for individuals to reduce the risks of cognitive decline with aging. Aging is inevitable, but there are actions that can be taken by individuals, families, communities, and society that may help to prevent or ameliorate the impact of aging on the brain, understand more about its impact, and help older adults live more fully and independent lives. Cognitive aging is not just an individual or a family or a health care system challenge. It is an issue that affects the fabric of society and requires actions by many and varied stakeholders. Cognitive Aging offers clear steps that individuals, families, communities, health care providers and systems, financial organizations, community groups, public health agencies, and others can take to promote cognitive health and to help older adults live fuller and more independent lives. Ultimately, this report calls for a societal commitment to cognitive aging as a public health issue that requires prompt action across many sectors.
Download or read book הנותן ליעף כח written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Age-related Differences in Cognitive Plasticity of Executive Control Mechanisms by : Ramzi Houdeib
Download or read book Age-related Differences in Cognitive Plasticity of Executive Control Mechanisms written by Ramzi Houdeib and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent literature suggests that executive function (EF) is not a unitary construct but one that involves many executive control mechanisms (ECM), such as updating and divided attention. Some posit that cognitive training helps improve EF in younger (YA) and older (OA) adults, but transfer effects, which refer to improvements in an untrained task, remain somewhat limited. This study examined the age-related differences in transfer effects following cognitive training of ECM by comparing two training paradigms designed to involved distinct ECM. Thirty-three YA and 42 OA were randomly assigned to a n-back (NB) or dual-task (DT) training group for three weeks. Pre/post-training assessment involved the trained task and their respective transfer tasks. Age was used as a between-subject factor, while session (pre/post) and task condition (low, medium, high load), as within-subjects factors. Both training groups improved on their respective trained tasks and transfer task involving the same ECM (near-transfer). Transfer effects were also observed in a transfer task involving a different ECM (far-transfer). The DT group improved in the DT-transfer and one of the two NB tasks. The NB group improved in the NB-transfer and both DT tasks. Age-related differences in transfer were observed for the DT group, with the dual-task cost and 3-back accuracy of YA improving on the DT-transfer task and N-back task respectively, while OA only improved on the 1-back and 2-back. Overall, the results suggest that OA and YA benefited from ECM training and that these benefits generalized to untrained tasks tapping the same and other ECM.
Book Synopsis Effect of Aging on Measures of Visual Attention Using Dual Tasks and Visual Search by : Raiju Jacob Babu
Download or read book Effect of Aging on Measures of Visual Attention Using Dual Tasks and Visual Search written by Raiju Jacob Babu and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Canada, as baby boomers age, there will be an increase in the percentage of seniors within the general population (Statistics Canada, 2006). Seniors often have difficulty in performing certain everyday tasks and have greater risk of having health issues. As such, it becomes increasingly important to understand factors that pose difficulty for this group of people. As people get older, many visual functions such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and glare are known to deteriorate (Haegerstrom-Portnoy, 2005). However, when considering activities that aid mobility such as driving and walking, vision related variables are not the only ones that create difficulty for older individuals. A sensory variable such as attention, in conjunction with vision, has been shown in previous studies to be a good predictor of difficulties encountered by the elderly (McGwin, Owsley, & Ball, 1998; Owsley, McGwin, Sloane, Stalvey, & Wells, 2001). Moreover, inattention and distraction seem to be common causes of automobile accidents as well as falls. The work load imposed on the working memory can impact distractibility and inattention. In mobility related activities such as driving and walking, individuals perceive objects that are increasing in size. Experiments were designed to investigate the factors that affect the perception of targets that are enlarging in size. Size matching of expanding targets to a previously presented static target, was investigated in a group of younger participants with normal vision using central or peripheral vision. The results show that size estimates differ depending on whether the target appears in the central visual field or in the periphery. The participants respond faster to targets that appear in the periphery compared to those in the centre/midline. In the subsequent set of experiments we compared the performance of younger and older participants using a dual task paradigm where individuals had to perform two tasks concurrently, one of which was to match the size of an enlarging target. Attention was modulated in the dual tasks by varying the difficulty of the secondary task. It has been found that older individuals have difficulty processing multiple visual tasks or performing multiple tasks in general (Pashler, 1994a, 1994b, 1998; Verhaeghen et al., 2003). Compared to younger individuals, older individuals were found to have greater performance difficulty in the highly demanding dual tasks. These results are compared to those observed in studies of psychological refractory period effects. The differences between the young and older individuals are discussed with respect to limited capacity and bottle neck models of attention. Furthermore, eye movement measures in the dual tasks seem to provide evidence of difficulty in task switching for the older observers. The thesis also investigated the functional field of view of younger and older individuals. By assessing the functional field of view (FFOV) using a method employed earlier by Coeckelbergh et al., (2004a), significant overall age related differences were found. Multiple characteristics of what might affect the FFOV as measured by the attended field of view (AFOV) were also investigated (e.g., impact of a pop out distracter and divided attention). It was found that differences between the two age groups occurred in all conditions. The presence of irrelevant distracters had a greater impact on the older individuals compared to the younger group, whereas divided attention or the presence of the pop out distracter did not affect either age group. Attention processing seemed to be similar for both the younger and older individuals and, therefore, the differences between the age groups appear to be at a quantitative level rather than a qualitative level.
