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Us Iraq Withdrawal Status Of Forces Agreement
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Book Synopsis U. S. -Iraq Withdrawal/Status of Forces Agreement by : R. Chuck Mason
Download or read book U. S. -Iraq Withdrawal/Status of Forces Agreement written by R. Chuck Mason and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010-10 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. has been involved in military operations in Iraq since March of 2003. Congress has several tools by which to exercise oversight regarding negotiation, form, conclusion, and implementation of agreements by the U.S. The agreements with Iraq were negotiated and concluded as executive agreements and entered into force on Jan. 1, 2009, and yet there remain many unanswered questions about the specific terms within the Status of Forces Agreements (SOFA). This report discusses the historical legal framework governing U.S. military operations in Iraq and then provides a general background as to the content of agreements traditionally considered SOFAs. Also discusses specific aspects of the SOFA.
Book Synopsis U.S.-Iraq Withdrawal/Status of Forces Agreement by :
Download or read book U.S.-Iraq Withdrawal/Status of Forces Agreement written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. has been involved in military operations in Iraq since March of 2003. The legal framework under which the U.S. has operated includes H.J. Res. 114 (P.L. 107-243), multiple Security Council Resolutions, as well as orders under the Coalition Provisional Authority. The U.N. Security Council extended the mandate for the multinational forces through December 31, 2008. On November 26, 2007, U.S. President George W. Bush and Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri Kamel Al-Maliki signed a Declaration of Principles for a Long-Term Relationship of Cooperation and Friendship Between the Republic of Iraq and the United States of America. Pursuant to this Declaration, the parties pledged to begin as soon as possible, with the aim to achieve, before July 31, 2008, agreements between the two governments with respect to the political, cultural, economic, and security spheres. Among other things, the Declaration proclaims the parties intention to enter an agreement that would commit the United States to provide security assurances to Iraq, arm and train Iraqi security forces, and confront Al Qaeda and other terrorist entities within Iraqi territory. On November 17, 2008, after months of negotiations, U.S. Ambassador to Iraq Ryan Crocker and Iraq Foreign Minister Hoshyar Zebari signed two documents: (1) the Strategic Framework Agreement for a Relationship of Friendship and Cooperation between the United States and the Republic of Iraq, and (2) the Agreement Between the United States of America and Republic of Iraq On the Withdrawal of United States Forces from Iraq and the Organization of Their Activities during Their Temporary Presence in Iraq. The second agreement is commonly referred to as the SOFA between the United States and Iraq and is incorporated by reference into the larger strategic agreement.
Book Synopsis U.S.-Iraw Withdrawal/Status of Forces Agreement by : Chuck R. Mason
Download or read book U.S.-Iraw Withdrawal/Status of Forces Agreement written by Chuck R. Mason and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report begins by discussing the historical legal framework governing U.S. military operations in Iraq. The report then provides a general background as to the contents of agreements traditionally considered Status of Forces Agreements (SOFAs). Finally, the report discusses specific aspects of the SOFA, highlighting issues that may require continued congressional oversight.
Book Synopsis U.S.-Iraq Withdrawal/status of Force Agreement by : R. Chuck Mason
Download or read book U.S.-Iraq Withdrawal/status of Force Agreement written by R. Chuck Mason and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Status of Forces Agreement by : R. Chuck Mason
Download or read book Status of Forces Agreement written by R. Chuck Mason and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010-10 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. has been party to multilateral and bilateral agreements addressing the status of U.S. armed forces while present in a foreign country. This report discusses these agreements, commonly referred to as Status of Forces Agreements (SOFAs), which generally establish the framework under which U.S. military personnel operate in a foreign country, addressing how the domestic laws of the foreign jurisdiction shall be applied toward U.S. personnel while in that country. A SOFA may include many provisions, but the most common issue addressed is which country may exercise criminal jurisdiction over U.S. personnel. The U.S. is currently party to more than 100 agreements that may be considered SOFAs. Includes a list of current agreements.
Book Synopsis Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) by : R. Chuck Mason
Download or read book Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) written by R. Chuck Mason and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Withdrawal of U.S. Forces from Iraq by : Congressional Budget Congressional Budget Office
Download or read book Withdrawal of U.S. Forces from Iraq written by Congressional Budget Congressional Budget Office and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-11-18 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: President Obama has announced that all U.S. combat operations for the war in Iraq-also called Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)-will cease by the end of August 2010. According to the timeline described by Administration officials, the approximately 128,000 U.S. military personnel currently in Iraq would remain there through the Iraqi elections scheduled for January 2010. After that, U.S. forces would decline to no more than 50,000 troops by the end of August 2010. In accordance with the Status of the Forces Agreement signed by Iraq and the United States in November 2008, the remaining 50,000 U.S. troops must leave the country by the end of December 2011. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that to comply with that timeline, the Administration will need to withdraw military personnel from Iraq in two stages: one between the Iraqi election and August 2010, when almost 80,000 U.S. troops would be removed over a period of seven months, and the other before the end of calendar year 2011, when 50,000 troops will need to be withdrawn. CBO estimated two broad categories of costs under the Administration's plan and under several alternatives. Some of those costs-which the Department of Defense (DoD) calls operations costs-including incremental military personnel costs attributable to the war in Iraq and costs for fuel, transportation, and maintenance of equipment in Iraq, would decrease proportionately with the number of service members in the country. Such costs, therefore, would be essentially zero by fiscal year 2013 when, under the Administration's plan, no U.S. forces would remain in Iraq. CBO estimated other costs, for activities that DoD labels "equipment reconstitution," that would not decrease proportionately with the number of troops: costs to repair equipment that is used in the war and returned to the United States and costs to replace equipment lost in the conduct of the war. CBO estimates that costs for operations and equipment reconstitution under the Administration's plan would total $51 billion in 2010 and would decline to $3 billion by 2013.
Book Synopsis U.S.-Iraq Strategic Framework and Status of Forces Agreement: Congressional Response by :
Download or read book U.S.-Iraq Strategic Framework and Status of Forces Agreement: Congressional Response written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On November 26, 2007, President Bush and Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al Maliki co-signed the Declaration of Principles for a Long-Term Relationship of Cooperation and Friendship Between the Republic of Iraq and the United States of America, which set out a number of issues concerning, among other things, a security agreement between the United States and Iraq. Since the announcement, the Administration has announced that there will be two agreements negotiated, a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) providing the legal basis between the two countries for the continued presence and operation of U.S. armed forces in Iraq once the U.N. Security Council mandate expires on December 31, 2008, and a Strategic Framework agreement (together with the SOFA, the Iraq Agreements or Agreements) to cover the overall bilateral relationship between the two countries. Several Members of Congress responded with demands that Congress be involved in creating the planned Agreements, from negotiation to implementation, and took action to ensure such involvement. Congress has proposed numerous pieces of legislation that would increase its role in creating these Agreements, from calling for executive-branch consultation and reporting to requiring formal congressional approval. It has also conducted multiple hearings that have concerned the proposed Agreements, receiving clarification on many important issues from Administration officials and experts. This has also equipped Congress with information pertinent to deciding what further action can be taken to involve Congress more in the agreement-making process. Several options remain available to Congress regarding the Iraq Agreements.
Book Synopsis Withdrawal of U.S. Forces from Iraq by :
Download or read book Withdrawal of U.S. Forces from Iraq written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In February 2009, President Obama described his strategy for ending the war in Iraq and announced that all U.S. combat operations there would cease by the end of August 2010. Based on that timeline, the size of the U.S. military force in Iraq would decrease from roughly 140,000 troops in the spring of 2009 to no more than 50,000 by the end of August 2010. In accordance with the Status of the Forces Agreement signed by Iraq and the United States in November 2008, the remaining 50,000 U.S. troops must leave Iraq by the end of December 2011. In response to your request, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has estimated the future costs under the Administration's plan for conducting military operations in Iraq and for the repair and replacement of equipment used or lost in Iraq. Moreover, as you requested, CBO examined three options under which forces would be withdrawn sooner than under the Administration's plan and starting from two different dates. To reflect the possibility that conditions might delay the planned withdrawal, CBO also analyzed a fourth option, which would provide for a slower schedule for withdrawing military personnel than that planned by the Administration. Finally, CBO compared the costs under the four options with those of the Administration's plan.
Download or read book A Sense of Duty written by Chris Jenks and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) between the U.S. and Iraq entered force on January 1, 2009 and established the legal framework by which U.S. personnel continue to operate in Iraq. The SOFA followed lengthy and contentious negotiations, which many commentators claim that Iraq “won,” extracting significant concessions from the U.S. in the process. While that may true in some areas, the opposite seems to be the case in one of the most contentious areas of this or any SOFA - criminal jurisdiction over service members. This article examines the criminal jurisdiction article of the Iraq SOFA and posits that the purported grant to Iraq of primary jurisdiction over U.S. service members is illusory if not an outright nullity. Lost amidst politically charged issues like troop withdrawal dates and contractor impunity, the SOFA departs from long standing U.S. practice of a jurisdictional framework based on whether there is a nexus between a service member's acts or omissions and their official duties. Instead, the Iraq SOFA utilizes a jurisdictional construct predicated on U.S. service member duty status. Thus, while the SOFA purports to grant Iraq the primary right of jurisdiction over U.S. service members in certain circumstances, the grant is limited to crimes committed outside duty status. But U.S. service members, even those committing crimes, always have a duty status so the required predicate for Iraq to exercise jurisdiction will never be met. In the years following the U.S invasion of Iraq, U.S. service members have committed a number of serious and high profile crimes against Iraqis, including rape and murder. Prior to the SOFA, Iraq did not have primary jurisdiction over the U.S. service members who committed such crimes. After the SOFA, and seemingly in direct contradiction to lofty SOFA language about Iraq's sovereign right to enforce its own criminal law, Iraq still lacks primary jurisdiction over U.S. service members, even for rape and murder of Iraqis. The article concludes that with U.S. troops scheduled to be in Iraq until at least the end of 2011, the likelihood of a U.S. service member committing a violent crime against Iraqis, and bringing much attention to the duty status jurisdictional construct in the process, is high. In the short term, this will almost inevitably create difficulties for the U.S. in its relationship with Iraq. In the long term, the U.S. may have protected its service members from an Iraqi judicial system perceived as not capable of providing due process and a fair trial but the linguistic mechanism for accomplishing that will make future security agreement negotiations with other countries that much more difficult.
Book Synopsis Policy Options and the U.S. Withdrawal from Iraq: An Analysis of the Way Ahead by :
Download or read book Policy Options and the U.S. Withdrawal from Iraq: An Analysis of the Way Ahead written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has become a cliche to remark on the overfull plate of the new administration, and certainly Iraq is a large part of that meal. Of all the seriously daunting and immediate international problems facing the newly elected U.S. President, none is more important to get his arms around quickly than the situation in Iraq. The picture is a little distorted as President Obama takes over, due to the supposed certitudes of the recently signed Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA); however, there are crucial decisions to be made, and made quickly, by the incoming American leadership. After nearly five years of fighting-first an organized army, then a rapidly concentrated popular insurgency, overlapped with a foreign-fed extremist terror movement, and finally a vicious civil war pitting Shi'a militia groups, some actively supported by Iran, against Sunni groups-Iraq is experiencing a pronounced lull in the fighting. By this summer, violence was down in Iraq 80 percent from the previous summer.1 As early as September 2007, General Petraeus could say in testimony to the U.S. Congress, "The military objectives of the surge are, in large measure, being met."2 A year later, retired General Barry McCaffrey returning from his most recent trip to Iraq, declared, ". . . the bottom line is a dramatic and growing momentum for economic and security stability which is unlikely to be reversible."3 This, of course, is welcome after so much suffering by the Iraqi people and such manifest sacrifice on the part of United States and other coalition forces in that devastated country.
Book Synopsis Agreement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Iraq on the Withdrawal of United States Forces from Iraq and the Organization of Their Activities During Their Temporary Presence in Iraq by : United States. Department of State
Download or read book Agreement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Iraq on the Withdrawal of United States Forces from Iraq and the Organization of Their Activities During Their Temporary Presence in Iraq written by United States. Department of State and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Agreement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Iraq on the Withdrawal of United States Forces from Iraq and the Organization of Their Activities During Their Temporary Presence in Iraq by : United States. President (2001-2009 : Bush)
Download or read book Agreement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Iraq on the Withdrawal of United States Forces from Iraq and the Organization of Their Activities During Their Temporary Presence in Iraq written by United States. President (2001-2009 : Bush) and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Transition and Withdrawal by : Katelyn K. Tietzen-Wisdom
Download or read book Transition and Withdrawal written by Katelyn K. Tietzen-Wisdom and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Nearly three years after the U.S.-led coalition overthrew Saddam Hussein and the Ba'thist regime, Sunni insurgents and Shi'a militants drove Iraq toward the brink of civil war. To prevent the collapse of the nascent Iraqi government, in early 2007 President George W. Bush ordered the deployment of five additional U.S. Army brigades. This surge campaign sought to protect the Iraqi population, degrade enemy capabilities, and restore stability. Aided by Iraqi governmental and tribal forces, American efforts significantly reduced violence and it appeared that the country was finally on the road to recovery by the fall of 2008. Given the improved conditions, the Bush and Maliki administrations began transitioning security responsibilities to the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF). The United States and Iraq signed a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), which called for all U.S. forces to depart the country no later than 31 December 2011. The U.S. Army shifted from combat to stability operations by focusing on advising and assisting the ISF. To mark this transition, Operation IRAQI FREEDOM gave way to Operation NEW DAWN in September 2010. The progress of the ISF and security in Iraq remained uneven, however, and the American and Iraqi governments struggled to negotiate the terms of a new SOFA that would allow for the continued presence of U.S. forces. Uncertainty over whether they would reach an agreement complicated the advisory mission. U.S. Army units trained their ISF counterparts while carrying out drawdown tasks, including handing American equipment and bases over to the Iraqis. With Washington and Baghdad leadership at an impasse, in October 2011 President Barack H. Obama ordered the withdrawal of American forces. The U.S. Army departed Iraq by mid-December, leaving behind only a small contingent of personnel housed at the U.S. embassy in Baghdad. After eight years of war, the Iraqis were on their own"--
Download or read book Status of Forces Agreements written by and published by . This book was released on 1955 with total page 947 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Considers legislation to revise the NATO Status of Forces Agreements and similar agreements.
Book Synopsis The Iraq Study Group Report by : Iraq Study Group (U.S.)
Download or read book The Iraq Study Group Report written by Iraq Study Group (U.S.) and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2006-12-06 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the findings of the bipartisan Iraq Study Group, which was formed in 2006 to examine the situation in Iraq and offer suggestions for the American military's future involvement in the region.
Book Synopsis Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA): What Is It, and How Has It Been Utilized?. by :
Download or read book Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA): What Is It, and How Has It Been Utilized?. written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States has been party to multilateral and bilateral agreements addressing the status of U.S. armed forces while present in a foreign country. These agreements, commonly referred to as Status of Forces Agreements (SOFAs), generally establish the framework under which U.S. military personnel operate in a foreign country, addressing how the domestic laws of the foreign jurisdiction shall be applied toward U.S. personnel while in that country. Formal requirements concerning form, content, length, or title of a SOFA do not exist. A SOFA may be written for a specific purpose or activity, or it may anticipate a longer-term relationship and provide for maximum flexibility and applicability. It is generally a stand-alone document concluded as an executive agreement. A SOFA may include many provisions, but the most common issue addressed is which country may exercise criminal jurisdiction over U.S. personnel. Other provisions that may be found in a SOFA include, but are not limited to, the wearing of uniforms, taxes and fees, carrying of weapons, use of radio frequencies, licenses, and customs regulations. SOFAs are often included, along with other types of military agreements, as part of a comprehensive security arrangement with a particular country. A SOFA itself does not constitute a security arrangement; rather, it establishes the rights and privileges of U.S. personnel present in a country in support of the larger security arrangement. SOFAs may be entered based on authority found in previous treaties and congressional actions or as sole executive agreements. The United States is currently party to more than 100 agreements that may be considered SOFAs. A list of current agreements included at the end of this report is categorized in tables according to the underlying source of authority, if any, for each of the SOFAs.
