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Author : Catherine E. Lang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781569004401
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)
Download or read book Upper-extremity Task-specific Training After Stroke Or Disability written by Catherine E. Lang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Catherine E. Lang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781569003497
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)
Download or read book Upper-extremity Task-specific Training After Stroke Or Disability written by Catherine E. Lang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Promotes client-centered care, encouraging practitioners to match clients' motor capabilities, goals, and interests to specific, challenging tasks. Comprehensive and practical, this manual guides allied health practitioners in every aspect of task-specific training"--
Author : Khader Almhdawi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (755 download)
Download or read book Effects of Occupational Therapy Task-oriented Approach in Upper Extremity Post-stroke Rehabilitation written by Khader Almhdawi and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Prue Elizabeth Morgan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (224 download)
Download or read book The Efficacy of Task Specific Training of the Upper Limb After Acute Stroke written by Prue Elizabeth Morgan and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Glen Gillen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 786 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Stroke Rehabilitation written by Glen Gillen and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2nd edition remains the only comprehensive evidence-based text on the Occupational Therapy management of the stroke patient. The book is based on the most up-to-date research on stroke rehabilitation and presents its content in a holistic fashion, combining aspects of background medical information, samples of functionally based evaluations, and treatment techniques and interventions. There are chapters on specific functional aspects of living after stroke, such as driving, sexuality, mobility and gait, and self-care. Instructor resources are available; please contact your Elsevier sales representative for details. Case studies are featured in every chapter to help the reader understand how concepts apply to the real world. 2 chapters that feature the true stories of stroke victims, presenting occupational therapy situations from the point of view of the patient. Key terms, chapter objectives, and review questions help students better understand and remember important information. 7 new chapters make this text more comprehensive than ever! Psychological Aspects of Stroke Rehabilitation Improving Participation and Quality of Life Through Occupation The Task-Oriented Approach to Stroke Rehabilitation Approaches to Motor Control Dysfunction: An Evidence-Based Review Vestibular Rehabilitation and Stroke How Therapists Think: Exploring Clinician's Reasoning When Working With Clients Who Have Cognitive and Perceptual Problems Following Stroke A Survivor's Perspective II: Stroke Reflects the current terminology and categorization used by the WHO and the new AOTA Practice Framework so students will be equipped with the latest standards when they enter the workforce. Updated medication chart presents the latest drugs used in stroke rehabilitation.
Author : Thomas Platz
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030585050
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)
Download or read book Clinical Pathways in Stroke Rehabilitation written by Thomas Platz and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-14 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book focuses on practical clinical problems that are frequently encountered in stroke rehabilitation. Consequences of diseases, e.g. impairments and activity limitations, are addressed in rehabilitation with the overall goal to reduce disability and promote participation. Based on the available best external evidence, clinical pathways are described for stroke rehabilitation bridging the gap between clinical evidence and clinical decision-making. The clinical pathways answer the questions which rehabilitation treatment options are beneficial to overcome specific impairment constellations and activity limitations and are well acceptable to stroke survivors, as well as when and in which settings to provide rehabilitation over the course of recovery post stroke. Each chapter starts with a description of the clinical problem encountered. This is followed by a systematic, but concise review of the evidence (RCTs, systematic reviews and meta-analyses) that is relevant for clinical decision-making, and comments on assessment, therapy (training, technology, medication), and the use of technical aids as appropriate. Based on these summaries, clinical algorithms / pathways are provided and the main clinical-decision situations are portrayed. The book is invaluable for all neurorehabilitation team members, clinicians, nurses, and therapists in neurology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, and related fields. It is a World Federation for NeuroRehabilitation (WFNR) educational initiative, bridging the gap between the rapidly expanding clinical research in stroke rehabilitation and clinical practice across societies and continents. It can be used for both clinical decision-making for individuals and as well as clinical background knowledge for stroke rehabilitation service development initiatives.
Author : Robert Joseph Sanchez
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (635 download)
Download or read book Passive and Active Orthoses for Upper Extremity Movement Training After Stroke written by Robert Joseph Sanchez and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Nurdiana binti Nordin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (19 download)
Download or read book Towards Automated Disability Assessment of Upper Limb Movement After Stroke written by Nurdiana binti Nordin and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Movement quality assessment has been integral to appraise physical therapy in upper limb rehabilitation after stroke. The outlook is attractive because it provides a non-invasive insight to movement quality for the purpose of benchmarking the level of impairment before the rehabilitation begins and measuring the extent of recovery afterwards. However, a clinically acceptable measurement technique has been limited to laboratory setup with complex subject preparation. The attachment of numerous retro-reflective markers is time consuming and requires careful palpation on bare skin to record movements. The recorded marker positions need to be manually labeled in post-processing to interpret the movements according to accepted clinical model. This laboratory setup would require a highly skilled bio-mechanics' scientist and therapist to locate the anatomical landmarks and to analyze the kinematics data. Furthermore, the cost and complexity of the setup limits the amount of assessment replication. Recently, off-the-shelf marker-less motion capture becomes available and provides plausible joint estimation in form of skeletal data in real-time. This feature is particularly attractive especially for upper limb assessment due to multiple joints required to be monitored over time. Moreover, it trades off cost, complexity and accuracy of the assessment. Multiple researches have reported acceptable accuracy in joint angles estimation in various task similar to the existing stroke assessment task. These reports had inspired this research towards automating the kinematic disability assessment for stroke patients. Firstly, an extensive literature review was conducted in the beginning of this research to discover the gaps in current kinematic assessment. It revealed the importance of determining the extent of compensation in stroke patients which was overlooked when assessing end-point movement. Particularly, reaching and drawing assessment tasks which were ubiquitous in evaluating robotic rehabilitation outcomes lack the compensatory movement measure. Kinematic result of patient's hand movement can be misleading if the extent of joint coordination and torso compensation are not taken into account. While previous studies in marker based setting have provided a number of parameters to determine the extent of compensation during assessment, such similar work in marker-less setting was non-existent. Therefore, this research investigated the use of marker-less motion capture to determine the extent of compensation in existing clinically-accepted assessment tasks to provide further insight to the outcomes of the assessment. The excessive movement of the torso when performing assessment tasks that require arm-forearm coordination is typical in stroke patients. Therefore, a three dimensional measurement model which explains the adaptation of this compensatory strategy is essential to determine the extent of motor recovery. A Torso Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Frame model was developed utilizing Kinect's joint prediction as a proposal to assess torso orientation over time. By re-orientating and aligning the axes to the clinically accepted torso orientation model, all the independent torso angles can be decomposed and reported as parameters to represent compensatory behavior. The Torso PCA Frame model was first evaluated by parametrizing its distribution in the assessment session as attributes to predict normal and compensatory behavior in artificial stroke movement setting. Healthy participants were fitted with elbow brace to limit arm-forearm coordination which may artificially induce compensatory torso movements to complete the task.They performed gross movements typical in stroke assessment and their torso distribution over the session were recorded. Results show that the accuracy of the Torso PCA Frame model was at 98.7% and were suitable as parameters to delineate compensation in that setting. To perform comparison with clinically accepted data, the Torso PCA Frame model was then evaluated by comparing the torso angle with marker-based clinical model and Kinect's intrinsic chest orientation to assess the torso movement. Healthy participants were recruited to perform circle tracing (CT) and point-to-point (PTP) planar tasks in simultaneous setting of marker-based and marker-less system. Results showed that the torso angles computed using Torso PCA Frame model were insignificantly different to clinical measures in PTP task (0.103±0.881° in forward bending, 1.631±1.456° in lateral flexion and −3.488±2.765° in axial rotation) but forward bending was significantly different in CT task (3.700±0.473°). Extended evaluation also shows that the mean of axial rotation angles were significantly similar across both tasks (F2,18 =1.800, p=.194 in PTP task and F2,18 =1.876, p=.182 ) in marker-based and marker-less setting. Torso PCA frame model was evaluated afterwards against healthy participants which were fitted with elbow brace and strapped across the chest to emulate the limited coordination of stroke patients. Five participants were randomly chosen to emulate this behavior and the results showed that the forward bending angles were significantly different between normal and artificial stroke participants in PTP task (−7.532±4.171° ,p=.001) but not in CT task (−.261±4.172° , p=.899). To investigate the usability of Torso PCA Frame model to detect torso compensation, the Torso PCA model was evaluated in stroke participants to assess their movements performing circle and point-to-point tracing. Results showed that forward bending and lateral flexion were significantly different between normal and stroke patients in both tasks (−12.130± 4.211° , p
Author : Birgit Inger Molier
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789036532969
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (329 download)
Download or read book Influence of Augmented Feedback on Learning Upper Extremity Tasks After Stroke written by Birgit Inger Molier and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : G. Uswatte
Publisher : Ios PressInc
ISBN 13 : 9781586036591
Total Pages : 74 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (365 download)
Download or read book Constraint-induced Movement Therapy written by G. Uswatte and published by Ios PressInc. This book was released on 2006 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Constraint-Induced Movement therapy (CI therapy) is a behavioral approach to neurorehabilitation based on a program of neuroscience experiments conducted with monkeys. Evidence has accumulated to support the efficacy of CI therapy for rehabilitating hemiparetic arm use in individuals with chronic stroke. This book addresses the related topics.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Task-specific Training Methods to Improve the Upper Limb Function in Stroke Survivors written by and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Lauren Rachel Wengerd
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (116 download)
Download or read book Advancing Rehabilitation Research Through Characterization of Conventional Occupational Therapy for Adult Stroke Survivors with Upper Extremity Hemiparesis written by Lauren Rachel Wengerd and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stroke remains a leading cause of long-term disability in the United States. While significant medical advances have led to decreased stroke mortality rates, incidence of stroke has remained roughly the same. This has resulted in an increased number of stroke survivors living with upper extremity (UE) hemiparesis requiring occupational therapy (OT). Despite a significant increase in the number of stroke rehabilitation trials over the past decade, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis found insufficient evidence that any experimental interventions were superior to conventional rehabilitation for improving UE motor function post-stroke. While it may be true that novel interventions are no more effective than conventional rehabilitation, an equally probable reason is the large disparities in dosage, frequency, and interventions used across control groups in clinical trials. In the stroke rehabilitation literature, control interventions are often referred to as standard care or conventional rehabilitation. Concerningly, the majority of stroke rehabilitation trials lack an empirically based rationale for how control interventions are comparable to standard care rehabilitation. Inadequate descriptions of, and rationales for, control interventions across stroke rehabilitation trials are significant barriers to the advancement of evidence-based practice. Without a true understanding of `standard care’ in real-world practice, there is no way to know if the control intervention is truly comparable. There is an urgent need to characterize `standard care’ rehabilitation to inform control intervention development and improve interpretability of clinical trial results. The purpose of this study was to investigate current practices of occupational therapy practitioners in outpatient rehabilitation settings to address upper extremity hemiparesis in adult stroke survivors. In Chapter 2, a cross-sectional e-mail survey was sent to OT practitioners across the United States to determine current practice patterns of therapists working in outpatient stroke rehabilitation nationwide. The results of this study (n=269) revealed that stretching, bilateral upper extremity training, strength training, weightbearing, manual therapy and task-oriented training were used by more than 85% of OT practitioners in our sample. Poor patient compliance (84%), medical complexity (64%), and spasticity (63%) were the most commonly reported barriers to patients meeting their OT goals in outpatient rehabilitation. Chapters 3 and 4 present the results of a video-based observational study of outpatient OT sessions at an academic medical center. The Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System (RTSS) was used to analyze 30 OT treatment sessions. The average total session time was 52 ± 4.7 minutes with 36.2 ± 7.4 minutes of active time and 15.8 ± 7.1 minutes of inactive time per session. Interventions in the RTSS categories of `Skills and Habits’ (e.g., task-oriented activities) and `Organ Function’ (e.g., stretching, weightbearing) were used in the majority of OT sessions with `Skills and Habits’ activities accounting for 59% of active time and `Organ Function’ activities accounting for 35% of active time. After removing outliers, an average of 150.2 ± 85.2 UE repetitions occurred per session. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) was commonly used as an adjuvant to task-oriented activities and knowledge of performance was provided often during treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that task-oriented training is commonly used by OT practitioners to address UE hemiparesis and musculoskeletal interventions are often used to mitigate spasticity in preparation for task-oriented activities. Future research will include video observation and analysis of OT practice sessions across multiple practice settings, as well as analyzing our remaining survey data across multiple practice settings (e.g., inpatient rehabilitation, skilled nursing facilities) to describe similarities and differences with the current findings
Author : Hien Nguyen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)
Download or read book Understanding the Underlying Mechanism of Upper Extremity Functional Impairment Following Stroke written by Hien Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stroke is the leading cause of severe long-term disability in numerous nations worldwide. There areapproximately 800,000 cases of stroke annually in the US, and many stroke patients are left with serves impairments that severely affect the function of their arm and hand. Impairments in the upper extremity (UE) inhibit the individual's ability to perform daily activities. The recovery of upper extremity is known to be slow and limited even after prolonged periods of rehabilitation. Proper understanding of the underlying mechanisms of UE functional impairment is vital for rehabilitation strategies. The functional impairment after stroke occurs due to the emergence of various muscle-level deficits, such as muscle weakness, hypotonia, or abnormal muscle co-contraction. The functional impairment across patients is not only accounted for by the level of muscle impairments but also closely related to behavioral maladaptation (i.e., 'learned' nonuse). Understanding the decision-making process of individual subjects, including kinematic changes and response rate, will lead to more effective techniques to promote the impaired arm use among stroke survivors. In order to form fruitful techniques to encourage the use of the impaired arm in stroke survivors, it is crucial to understand the individual decision-making process of the subject, including kinematic changes and response rate.Subsequently, this research investigated the exploration of the lucid mechanisms underlyingupper extremity functional impairment following stroke. Building on the premises of previous research and development regarding the mechanism of UE, this doctoral project is the combination of three projects: (1) The findings and comparison of the functional impact of the involuntary interaction between the distal and proximal upper extremity movements in stroke survivors versus control subjects, (2) The investigation on how the decision-making process impact stroke patients during reaching movements, and (3) The examination on how the increase in effort associated with the less-impaired arm use effect the arm choice of stroke survivors.The findings from this research are essential for the knowledge of underlying mechanism ofimpaired-arm following stroke. The outcome of this study is expected to be immensely beneficial in providing preliminary support and practical guidance when the treatment approach is administered for upper extremity training of stroke patients, as well as in assisting therapists to construct efficacious treatment session to recuperate the vulnerable sections of the human arm and therefore promote activities of daily living (ADL's).
Download or read book EFFICACY OF TASK-SPECIFIC TRAINING ON MOBILITY AND EXERCISE CAPACITY OF PEOPLE WITH STROKE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL. written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: The main disability post-stroke is motor impairment, leading to a significant reduction in mobility. Therefore, post-stroke subjects become more inactive, contributing to their physical deconditioning and reduced exercise capacity. Task-specific training has several benefits for post-stroke subjects. However, most studies use tasks focused only in upper or lower limbs. Purpose: To investigate the effects of a task-specific training focused on upper and lower limbs, on mobility and exercise capacity of post-stroke subjects. Methods: Ethical commitment from Brazil approved the present study (1.373.837). A randomized controlled trial (NCT02937480) with blinded assessments were carried-out. Eligible participants were randomized to control (stretching, memory exercises, and health orientations) or experimental (task-specific training program) group. Thirty-six intervention sessions of 60-minutes, three times/week were offered. Mobility was assessed with the Timed-Up and Go test (TUG) and Test du2019u00c9valuation des Membres Supu00e9rieurs de Personnes Agu00e9es (TEMPA). Exercise capacity was assessed with the Shuttle Walk Test (SWT). Baseline and postinteru00acvention assessment were performed. Intent-to-treat analysis was performed. Descriptive statistics, Student's t-test and two-way ANOVA were used for analysis (u03b1=5%). Results: Forty-five individuals participated in the study (control group: n=22;57u00b114 years, 41u00b148 months post-stroke; experimental group: n=23;58u00b116 years, 48u00b172 months post-stroke). There was interaction neither between-group differences (0.64u2264pu22640.85). There was a significant within-group difference in TUG (TUG time decreased;p=0.017) and SWT (distance increased;p=0.043). Conclusion: Task-specific training focused on both upper and lower limbs did not demonstrate superior effects than stretching program on mobility and exercise capacity in post-stroke subjects. Both groups improved mobility and exercise capacity after intervention.
Author : Stacey Lynn DeJong
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (759 download)
Download or read book Effects of Movement Context on Reach-grasp-lift Motion and Grip Force After Stroke written by Stacey Lynn DeJong and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Loss of upper extremity function after stroke is a significant problem resulting in enormous personal, societal, and economic costs. Neurophysiological discoveries over several decades have revealed great potential for use-dependent neural adaptation, and have revitalized the search for training strategies that optimize recovery. Although task-specific repetitive practice is recognized as a key stimulus to promote upper extremity function after stroke, choices of what to practice and how to practice remain challenging and poorly guided by evidence. This research was inspired by evidence in healthy individuals, that movement can be altered by characteristics of the task and the environment, together referred to as the movement context. The purpose of this research was to determine whether motor performance of the paretic upper extremity is affected by two specific movement context variations: 1) preferred speed versus fast, and 2) unilateral versus bilateral. Using electromagnetic motion tracking and pressure sensor quantification of grip force, we assessed upper extremity task performance in people with post-stroke hemiparesis. To evaluate effects of movement speed, we compared paretic-limb performance of a reach-grasp-lift task at a self-selected preferred speed to the same task performed as fast as possible. People with hemiparesis were able to move faster than their preferred speed, and when they did, movement quality was better. Reach paths were straighter, finger movements were more efficient, and the fingers opened wider. To evaluate effects of the bilateral movement context, we compared paretic-limb performance of a reach-grasp-lift-release task unilaterally versus bilaterally. We found no immediate improvement in the bilateral context. We further explored effects of the bilateral movement context by measuring maximal and submaximal grip force capacity using grip dynamometers. Unlike healthy controls and unlike the non-paretic side, the paretic side of people with hemiparesis produced more maximal force in the bilateral condition. In a submaximal task, however, the bilateral condition did not enhance the paretic side's contribution. These results suggest that emphasizing speed during post-stroke rehabilitation may be worthwhile, that the bilateral movement context has little immediate impact on task performance, and that the paretic limb may benefit from the bilateral condition only at high force levels.
Author : Richard L. Harvey, MD
Publisher : Demos Medical Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1935281054
Total Pages : 817 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (352 download)
Download or read book Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation written by Richard L. Harvey, MD and published by Demos Medical Publishing. This book was released on 2008-11-20 with total page 817 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Doody's Core Title 2012 Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation is the new gold standard comprehensive guide to the management of stroke patients. Beginning with detailed information on risk factors, epidemiology, prevention, and neurophysiology, the book details the acute and long-term treatment of all stroke-related impairments and complications. Additional sections discuss psychological issues, outcomes, community reintegration, and new research. Written by dozens of acknowledged leaders in the field, and containing hundreds of tables, graphs, and photographic images, Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation features: The first full-length discussion of the most commonly-encountered component of neurorehabilitation Multi-specialty coverage of issues in rehabilitation, neurology, PT, OT, speech therapy, and nursing Focus on therapeutic management of stroke related impairments and complications An international perspective from dozens of foremost authorities on stroke Cutting edge, practical information on new developments and research trends Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation is a valuable reference for clinicians and academics in rehabilitation and neurology, and professionals in all disciplines who serve the needs of stroke survivors.
Author : Qinyin Qiu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 127 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (933 download)
Download or read book Upper Extremity Rehabilitation Using Interactive Virtual Environments written by Qinyin Qiu and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stroke affects more than 700,000 people annually in the U.S. It is the leading cause of major disability. Recovery of upper extremity function remains particularly resistant to intervention, with 80% to 95% of persons demonstrating residual upper extremity impairments lasting beyond six months after the stroke. The NJIT Robot Assistive Virtual Rehabilitation (NJIT-RAVR) system has been developed to study optimal strategies for rehabilitation of arm and hand function. Several commercial available devices, such as HapticMaster[trademark symbol], Cyberglove[trademark symbol], , trakSTAR[trademark symbol], and Cybergrasp[trademark symbol], have been integrated and 11 simulations were developed to allow users to interact with virtual environments. Visual interfaces used in these simulations were programmed either in Virtools or in C++ using the Open GL library. Stereoscopic glasses were used to enhance depth perception and to present movement targets to the subjects in a 3-dimensional stereo working space. Adaptive online and offline algorithms were developed that provided appropriate task difficulty to optimize the outcomes. A pilot study was done on four stroke patients and two children with cerebral palsy to demonstrate the usability of this robot-assisted VR system. The RAVR system performed well without unexpected glitches during two weeks of training. No subjects experienced side effects such as dizziness, nausea or disorientation while interacting with the virtual environment. Each subject was able to finish the training, either with or without robotic adaptive assistance. To investigate optimal therapeutic approaches, forty stroke subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: Hand and Arm training Together (HAT) and Hand and Arm training Separately (HAS). Each group was trained in similar virtual reality training environments for three hours a day, four days a week for two weeks. In addition, twelve stroke subjects participated as a control group. They received conventional rehabilitation training of similar intensity and duration as the HAS and HAT groups. Clinical outcome measurements included the Jebsen Test of Hand Function, the Wolf Motor Function Test, and the ReachGrasp test. Secondary outcome measurements were calculated from kinematic and kinetic data collected during training in real time at 100 Hz. Both HAS and HAT groups showed significant improvement in clinical and kinematic outcome measurements. Clinical improvement compared favorably to the randomized clinical trials reported in the literature. However, there was no significant improvement difference between the two groups. Subjects from the control group improved in clinical measurements and in the ReachGrasp test. Compared to the control group, the ReachGrasp test showed a larger increase in movement speed during reaching and in the efficiency of lifting an object from the table in the combined HAS and HAT group. The NJIT-RAVR system was further modified to address the needs of children with hemiplegia due to Cerebral Palsy. Thirteen children with cerebral palsy participated in the total of nine sessions of one hour training that lasted for three weeks. Nine of the children were trained using the RAVR system alone, and another four had training with the combined Constraint-Induced Movement therapy and RAVR therapy. As a group, the children demonstrated improved performance across measurements of the Arm Range of Motion (AROM), motor function, kinematics and motor control. While subjects' responses to the games varied, they performed each simulation while maintaining attention sufficient to improve in both robotic task performance and in measures of motor function.
