Unworthy Republic The Dispossession Of Native Americans And The Road To Indian Territory

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Unworthy Republic: The Dispossession of Native Americans and the Road to Indian Territory

Author : Claudio Saunt
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393609855
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (936 download)

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Book Synopsis Unworthy Republic: The Dispossession of Native Americans and the Road to Indian Territory by : Claudio Saunt

Download or read book Unworthy Republic: The Dispossession of Native Americans and the Road to Indian Territory written by Claudio Saunt and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2020-03-24 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2021 Bancroft Prize and the 2021 Ridenhour Book Prize Finalist for the 2020 National Book Award for Nonfiction Named a Top Ten Best Book of 2020 by the Washington Post and Publishers Weekly and a New York Times Critics' Top Book of 2020 A masterful and unsettling history of “Indian Removal,” the forced migration of Native Americans across the Mississippi River in the 1830s and the state-sponsored theft of their lands. In May 1830, the United States launched an unprecedented campaign to expel 80,000 Native Americans from their eastern homelands to territories west of the Mississippi River. In a firestorm of fraud and violence, thousands of Native Americans lost their lives, and thousands more lost their farms and possessions. The operation soon devolved into an unofficial policy of extermination, enabled by US officials, southern planters, and northern speculators. Hailed for its searing insight, Unworthy Republic transforms our understanding of this pivotal period in American history.

Unworthy Republic

Author : Claudio Saunt
Publisher : National Geographic Books
ISBN 13 : 0393609847
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (936 download)

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Book Synopsis Unworthy Republic by : Claudio Saunt

Download or read book Unworthy Republic written by Claudio Saunt and published by National Geographic Books. This book was released on 2020-03-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In May 1830, the United States formally launched a policy to expel Native Americans from the East to territories west of the Mississippi River. Justified as a humanitarian enterprise, the undertaking was to be systematic and rational, overseen by Washington’s small but growing bureaucracy. But as the policy unfolded over the next decade, thousands of Native Americans died under the federal government’s auspices, and thousands of others lost their possessions and homelands in an orgy of fraud, intimidation, and violence. Unworthy Republic reveals how expulsion became national policy and describes the chaotic and deadly results of the operation to deport 80,000 men, women, and children. Drawing on firsthand accounts and the voluminous records produced by the federal government, Saunt’s deeply researched book argues that Indian Removal, as advocates of the policy called it, was not an inevitable chapter in U.S. expansion across the continent. Rather, it was a fiercely contested political act designed to secure new lands for the expansion of slavery and to consolidate the power of the southern states. Indigenous peoples fought relentlessly against the policy, while many U.S. citizens insisted that it was a betrayal of the nation’s values. When Congress passed the act by a razor-thin margin, it authorized one of the first state-sponsored mass deportations in the modern era, marking a turning point for native peoples and for the United States. In telling this gripping story, Saunt shows how the politics and economics of white supremacy lay at the heart of the expulsion of Native Americans; how corruption, greed, and administrative indifference and incompetence contributed to the debacle of its implementation; and how the consequences still resonate today.

Black, White, and Indian

Author : Claudio Saunt
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780198039181
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Black, White, and Indian by : Claudio Saunt

Download or read book Black, White, and Indian written by Claudio Saunt and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2005-04-21 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deceit, compromise, and betrayal were the painful costs of becoming American for many families. For people of Indian, African, and European descent living in the newly formed United States, the most personal and emotional choices--to honor a friendship or pursue an intimate relationship--were often necessarily guided by the harsh economic realities imposed by the country's racial hierarchy. Few families in American history embody this struggle to survive the pervasive onslaught of racism more than the Graysons. Like many other residents of the eighteenth-century Native American South, where Black-Indian relations bore little social stigma, Katy Grayson and her brother William--both Creek Indians--had children with partners of African descent. As the plantation economy began to spread across their native land soon after the birth of the American republic, however, Katy abandoned her black partner and children to marry a Scottish-Creek man. She herself became a slaveholder, embracing slavery as a public display of her elevated place in America's racial hierarchy. William, by contrast, refused to leave his black wife and their several children and even legally emancipated them. Traveling separate paths, the Graysons survived the invasion of the Creek Nation by U.S. troops in 1813 and again in 1836 and endured the Trail of Tears, only to confront each other on the battlefield during the Civil War. Afterwards, they refused to recognize each other's existence. In 1907, when Creek Indians became U.S. citizens, Oklahoma gave force of law to the family schism by defining some Graysons as white, others as black. Tracking a full five generations of the Grayson family and basing his account in part on unprecedented access to the forty-four volume diary of G. W. Grayson, the one-time principal chief of the Creek Nation, Claudio Saunt tells not only of America's past, but of its present, shedding light on one of the most contentious issues in Indian politics, the role of "blood" in the construction of identity. Overwhelmed by the racial hierarchy in the United States and compelled to adopt the very ideology that oppressed them, the Graysons denied their kin, enslaved their relatives, married their masters, and went to war against each other. Claudio Saunt gives us not only a remarkable saga in its own right but one that illustrates the centrality of race in the American experience.

Facing East from Indian Country

Author : Daniel K. Richter
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674042727
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Facing East from Indian Country by : Daniel K. Richter

Download or read book Facing East from Indian Country written by Daniel K. Richter and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-06-01 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the beginning, North America was Indian country. But only in the beginning. After the opening act of the great national drama, Native Americans yielded to the westward rush of European settlers. Or so the story usually goes. Yet, for three centuries after Columbus, Native people controlled most of eastern North America and profoundly shaped its destiny. In Facing East from Indian Country, Daniel K. Richter keeps Native people center-stage throughout the story of the origins of the United States. Viewed from Indian country, the sixteenth century was an era in which Native people discovered Europeans and struggled to make sense of a new world. Well into the seventeenth century, the most profound challenges to Indian life came less from the arrival of a relative handful of European colonists than from the biological, economic, and environmental forces the newcomers unleashed. Drawing upon their own traditions, Indian communities reinvented themselves and carved out a place in a world dominated by transatlantic European empires. In 1776, however, when some of Britain's colonists rebelled against that imperial world, they overturned the system that had made Euro-American and Native coexistence possible. Eastern North America only ceased to be an Indian country because the revolutionaries denied the continent's first peoples a place in the nation they were creating. In rediscovering early America as Indian country, Richter employs the historian's craft to challenge cherished assumptions about times and places we thought we knew well, revealing Native American experiences at the core of the nation's birth and identity.

West of the Revolution: An Uncommon History of 1776

Author : Claudio Saunt
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 039324430X
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (932 download)

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Book Synopsis West of the Revolution: An Uncommon History of 1776 by : Claudio Saunt

Download or read book West of the Revolution: An Uncommon History of 1776 written by Claudio Saunt and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2014-06-16 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This panoramic account of 1776 chronicles the other revolutions unfolding that year across North America, far beyond the British colonies. In this unique history of 1776, Claudio Saunt looks beyond the familiar story of the thirteen colonies to explore the many other revolutions roiling the turbulent American continent. In that fateful year, the Spanish landed in San Francisco, the Russians pushed into Alaska to hunt valuable sea otters, and the Sioux discovered the Black Hills. Hailed by critics for challenging our conventional view of the birth of America, West of the Revolution “[coaxes] our vision away from the Atlantic seaboard” and “exposes a continent seething with peoples and purposes beyond Minutemen and Redcoats” (Wall Street Journal).

Katrina

Author : Andy Horowitz
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674246764
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis Katrina by : Andy Horowitz

Download or read book Katrina written by Andy Horowitz and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-07 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Bancroft Prize Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities Book of the Year A Publishers Weekly Book of the Year “The main thrust of Horowitz’s account is to make us understand Katrina—the civic calamity, not the storm itself—as a consequence of decades of bad decisions by humans, not an unanticipated caprice of nature.” —Nicholas Lemann, New Yorker Hurricane Katrina made landfall in New Orleans on August 29, 2005, but the decisions that caused the disaster can be traced back nearly a century. After the city weathered a major hurricane in 1915, its Sewerage and Water Board believed that developers could safely build housing near the Mississippi, on lowlands that relied on significant government subsidies to stay dry. When the flawed levee system failed, these were the neighborhoods that were devastated. The flood line tells one important story about Katrina, but it is not the only story that matters. Andy Horowitz investigates the response to the flood, when policymakers made it easier for white New Orleanians to return home than for African Americans. He explores how the profits and liabilities created by Louisiana’s oil industry have been distributed unevenly, prompting dreams of abundance and a catastrophic land loss crisis that continues today. “Masterful...Disasters have the power to reveal who we are, what we value, what we’re willing—and unwilling—to protect.” —New York Review of Books “If you want to read only one book to better understand why people in positions of power in government and industry do so little to address climate change, even with wildfires burning and ice caps melting and extinctions becoming a daily occurrence, this is the one.” —Los Angeles Review of Books

Knowledge Justice

Author : Sofia Y. Leung
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262043505
Total Pages : 359 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowledge Justice by : Sofia Y. Leung

Download or read book Knowledge Justice written by Sofia Y. Leung and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2021-04-13 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black, Indigenous, and Peoples of Color--reimagine library and information science through the lens of critical race theory. In Knowledge Justice, Black, Indigenous, and Peoples of Color scholars use critical race theory (CRT) to challenge the foundational principles, values, and assumptions of Library and Information Science and Studies (LIS) in the United States. They propel CRT to center stage in LIS, to push the profession to understand and reckon with how white supremacy affects practices, services, curriculum, spaces, and policies.

A New Order of Things

Author : Claudio Saunt
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis A New Order of Things by : Claudio Saunt

Download or read book A New Order of Things written by Claudio Saunt and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

This Benevolent Experiment

Author : Andrew John Woolford
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 0803284411
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis This Benevolent Experiment by : Andrew John Woolford

Download or read book This Benevolent Experiment written by Andrew John Woolford and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2015-09 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Choice Outstanding Academic Title, 2017 At the end of the nineteenth century, Indigenous boarding schools were touted as the means for solving the "Indian problem" in both the United States and Canada. With the goal of permanently transforming Indigenous young people into Europeanized colonial subjects, the schools were ultimately a means for eliminating Indigenous communities as obstacles to land acquisition, resource extraction, and nation-building. Andrew Woolford analyzes the formulation of the "Indian problem" as a policy concern in the United States and Canada and examines how the "solution" of Indigenous boarding schools was implemented in Manitoba and New Mexico through complex chains that included multiple government offices with a variety of staffs, Indigenous peoples, and even nonhuman actors such as poverty, disease, and space. The genocidal project inherent in these boarding schools, however, did not unfold in either nation without diversion, resistance, and unintended consequences. Inspired by the signing of the 2007 Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement in Canada, which provided a truth and reconciliation commission and compensation for survivors of residential schools, This Benevolent Experiment offers a multilayered, comparative analysis of Indigenous boarding schools in the United States and Canada. Because of differing historical, political, and structural influences, the two countries have arrived at two very different responses to the harm caused by assimilative education.

This Affair of Louisiana

Author : Alexander DeConde
Publisher : New York : Scribner
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis This Affair of Louisiana by : Alexander DeConde

Download or read book This Affair of Louisiana written by Alexander DeConde and published by New York : Scribner. This book was released on 1976 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Unscripted America

Author : Sarah Rivett
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190492562
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Unscripted America by : Sarah Rivett

Download or read book Unscripted America written by Sarah Rivett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1664, French Jesuit Louis Nicolas arrived in Quebec. Upon first hearing Ojibwe, Nicolas observed that he had encountered the most barbaric language in the world--but after listening to and studying approximately fifteen Algonquian languages over a ten-year period, he wrote that he had "discovered all of the secrets of the most beautiful languages in the universe." Unscripted America is a study of how colonists in North America struggled to understand, translate, and interpret Native American languages, and the significance of these languages for theological and cosmological issues such as the origins of Amerindian populations, their relationship to Eurasian and Biblical peoples, and the origins of language itself. Through a close analysis of previously overlooked texts, Unscripted America places American Indian languages within transatlantic intellectual history, while also demonstrating how American letters emerged in the 1810s through 1830s via a complex and hitherto unexplored engagement with the legacies and aesthetic possibilities of indigenous words. Unscripted America contends that what scholars have more traditionally understood through the Romantic ideology of the noble savage, a vessel of antiquity among dying populations, was in fact a palimpsest of still-living indigenous populations whose presence in American literature remains traceable through words. By examining the foundation of the literary nation through language, writing, and literacy, Unscripted America revisits common conceptions regarding "early america" and its origins to demonstrate how the understanding of America developed out of a steadfast connection to American Indians, both past and present.

The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory

Author : Bradley R. Clampitt
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 080327887X
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory by : Bradley R. Clampitt

Download or read book The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory written by Bradley R. Clampitt and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2015-09-23 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Indian Territory the Civil War is a story best told through shades of gray rather than black and white or heroes and villains. Since neutrality appeared virtually impossible, the vast majority of territory residents chose a side, doing so for myriad reasons and not necessarily out of affection for either the Union or the Confederacy. Indigenous residents found themselves fighting to protect their unusual dual status as communities distinct from the American citizenry yet legal wards of the federal government. The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory is a nuanced and authoritative examination of the layers of conflicts both on and off the Civil War battlefield. It examines the military front and the home front; the experiences of the Five Nations and those of the agency tribes in the western portion of the territory; the severe conflicts between Native Americans and the federal government and between Indian nations and their former slaves during and beyond the Reconstruction years; and the concept of memory as viewed through the lenses of Native American oral traditions and the modern evolution of public history. These carefully crafted essays by leading scholars such as Amanda Cobb-Greetham, Clarissa Confer, Richard B. McCaslin, Linda W. Reese, and F. Todd Smith will help teachers and students better understand the Civil War, Native American history, and Oklahoma history.

A True History of the United States

Author : Daniel A. Sjursen
Publisher : Steerforth Press / Truth to Power
ISBN 13 : 1586422537
Total Pages : 690 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (864 download)

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Book Synopsis A True History of the United States by : Daniel A. Sjursen

Download or read book A True History of the United States written by Daniel A. Sjursen and published by Steerforth Press / Truth to Power. This book was released on 2021-06-01 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Thought-provoking—a must read for [everyone] seeking a firm grasp of accurate American history." —Kirkus (starred review) Brilliant, readable, and raw. Maj. (ret.) Danny Sjursen, who served combat tours in Iraq and Afghanistan and later taught history at West Point, delivers a true epic and the perfect companion to Howard Zinn’s A People’s History of the United States. Sjursen shifts the lens and challenges readers to think critically and to apply common sense to their understanding of our nation's past—and present—so we can view history as never before. A True History of the United States was inspired by a course that Sjursen taught to cadets at West Point, his alma mater. With chapter titles such as "Patriots or Insurgents?" and "The Decade That Roared and Wept", A True History is accurate with respect to the facts and intellectually honest in its presentation and analysis. Essential reading for every American with a conscience. Meticulously researched, Sjursen provides a more complete sense of history and encourages readers to view our country objectively. Sjursen’s powerful storytelling reveals balanced portraits of key figures and the role they played. "Sjursen exposes the dominant historical narrative as at best myth, and at times a lie . . . He brings out from the shadows those who struggled, often at the cost of their own lives, for equality and justice. Their stories, so often ignored or trivialized, give us examples of who we should emulate and who we must become." —Chris Hedges, author of Empire of Illusion and America: The Farewell Tour

Invisible Men

Author : Donn Rogosin
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 9780803259690
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (596 download)

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Book Synopsis Invisible Men by : Donn Rogosin

Download or read book Invisible Men written by Donn Rogosin and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2007-03-01 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Negro baseball leagues were a thriving sporting and cultural institution for African Americans from their founding in 1920 until Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in 1947. Rogosin's narrative pulls the veil off these "invisible men" and gives us a glorious chapter in American history.

Murder at the Mission

Author : Blaine Harden
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0525561684
Total Pages : 481 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

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Book Synopsis Murder at the Mission by : Blaine Harden

Download or read book Murder at the Mission written by Blaine Harden and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2022-04-26 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Finalist for the 2022 Will Rogers Medallion Award “Terrific.” –Timothy Egan, The New York Times “A riveting investigation of both American myth-making and the real history that lies beneath.” –Claudio Saunt, author of Unworthy Republic From the New York Times bestselling author of Escape From Camp 14, a “terrifically readable” (Los Angeles Times) account of one of the most persistent “alternative facts” in American history: the story of a missionary, a tribe, a massacre, and a myth that shaped the American West In 1836, two missionaries and their wives were among the first Americans to cross the Rockies by covered wagon on what would become the Oregon Trail. Dr. Marcus Whitman and Reverend Henry Spalding were headed to present-day Washington state and Idaho, where they aimed to convert members of the Cayuse and Nez Perce tribes. Both would fail spectacularly as missionaries. But Spalding would succeed as a propagandist, inventing a story that recast his friend as a hero, and helped to fuel the massive westward migration that would eventually lead to the devastation of those they had purportedly set out to save. As Spalding told it, after uncovering a British and Catholic plot to steal the Oregon Territory from the United States, Whitman undertook a heroic solo ride across the country to alert the President. In fact, he had traveled to Washington to save his own job. Soon after his return, Whitman, his wife, and eleven others were massacred by a group of Cayuse. Though they had ample reason - Whitman supported the explosion of white migration that was encroaching on their territory, and seemed to blame for a deadly measles outbreak - the Cayuse were portrayed as murderous savages. Five were executed. This fascinating, impeccably researched narrative traces the ripple effect of these events across the century that followed. While the Cayuse eventually lost the vast majority of their territory, thanks to the efforts of Spalding and others who turned the story to their own purposes, Whitman was celebrated well into the middle of the 20th century for having "saved Oregon." Accounts of his heroic exploits appeared in congressional documents, The New York Times, and Life magazine, and became a central founding myth of the Pacific Northwest. Exposing the hucksterism and self-interest at the root of American myth-making, Murder at the Mission reminds us of the cost of American expansion, and of the problems that can arise when history is told only by the victors.

The Black Butterfly

Author : Lawrence T. Brown
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421439883
Total Pages : 379 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis The Black Butterfly by : Lawrence T. Brown

Download or read book The Black Butterfly written by Lawrence T. Brown and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2021-01-26 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The best-selling look at how American cities can promote racial equity, end redlining, and reverse the damaging health- and wealth-related effects of segregation. Winner of the IPPY Book Award Current Events II by the Independent Publisher The world gasped in April 2015 as Baltimore erupted and Black Lives Matter activists, incensed by Freddie Gray's brutal death in police custody, shut down highways and marched on city streets. In The Black Butterfly—a reference to the fact that Baltimore's majority-Black population spreads out like a butterfly's wings on both sides of the coveted strip of real estate running down the center of the city—Lawrence T. Brown reveals that ongoing historical trauma caused by a combination of policies, practices, systems, and budgets is at the root of uprisings and crises in hypersegregated cities around the country. Putting Baltimore under a microscope, Brown looks closely at the causes of segregation, many of which exist in current legislation and regulatory policy despite the common belief that overtly racist policies are a thing of the past. Drawing on social science research, policy analysis, and archival materials, Brown reveals the long history of racial segregation's impact on health, from toxic pollution to police brutality. Beginning with an analysis of the current political moment, Brown delves into how Baltimore's history influenced actions in sister cities such as St. Louis and Cleveland, as well as Baltimore's adoption of increasingly oppressive techniques from cities such as Chicago. But there is reason to hope. Throughout the book, Brown offers a clear five-step plan for activists, nonprofits, and public officials to achieve racial equity. Not content to simply describe and decry urban problems, Brown offers up a wide range of innovative solutions to help heal and restore redlined Black neighborhoods, including municipal reparations. Persuasively arguing that, since urban apartheid was intentionally erected, it can be intentionally dismantled, The Black Butterfly demonstrates that America cannot reflect that Black lives matter until we see how Black neighborhoods matter.

Sophonisba Breckinridge

Author : Anya Jabour
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252051521
Total Pages : 419 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Sophonisba Breckinridge by : Anya Jabour

Download or read book Sophonisba Breckinridge written by Anya Jabour and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2019-09-16 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sophonisba Breckinridge's remarkable career stretched from the Civil War to the Cold War. She took part in virtually every reform campaign of the Progressive and New Deal eras and became a nationally and internationally renowned figure. Her work informed women’s activism for decades and continues to shape progressive politics today. Anya Jabour's biography rediscovers this groundbreaking American figure. After earning advanced degrees in politics, economics, and law, Breckinridge established the University of Chicago's School of Social Service Administration, which became a feminist think tank that promoted public welfare policy and propelled women into leadership positions. In 1935, Breckinridge’s unremitting efforts to provide government aid to the dispossessed culminated in her appointment as an advisor on programs for the new Social Security Act. A longtime activist in international movements for peace and justice, Breckinridge also influenced the formation of the United Nations and advanced the idea that "women’s rights are human rights." Her lifelong commitment to social justice created a lasting legacy for generations of progressive activists.