Understanding Taqlid

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 70 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (217 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Taqlid by : Mufti Muhammad Sajaad

Download or read book Understanding Taqlid written by Mufti Muhammad Sajaad and published by . This book was released on 2020-03-05 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whether A person should follow one of the four schools or not is an issue that has created much confusion amongst Muslims today. It is hoped this short treatise will serve to dispel much of the misinformation found about this issue and furnish the details for why the Four schools (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali) have such a central role in Sunni Islam.Some key additions have been made to this second edition of the book. Several clear statements establishing Ijma (consensus) of the Umma upon the taqlīd of the four Imams have been now included. Similarly, a word has been added about our responsibility in the UK as ambassadors of Islam. Another addition is the appraisal of some of the texts often cited to argue against taqlīd.

Understanding the Four Madhhabs

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding the Four Madhhabs by : Abdal Hakim Murad

Download or read book Understanding the Four Madhhabs written by Abdal Hakim Murad and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why are there four schools of Islamic Law? It is necessary for Muslims to follow them, or should we take Islam direct from the Qur'an and the Sunna.This short work outlines the answer which the great scholars of the Sharia have given to these questions. Basing itself on the realization that it is binding on every Muslim to tallow the Qur'an and the Sunna, it explains the scholars' view that this is best achieved by following a great Mujtahid, and that amateur efforts to derive the Sharia from the revealed sources will lead to distortions of the Revelation.Divided into two sections, one giving the main argument in straightforward terms, and the other providing detailed notes to back up the argument, this book is necessary reading for every Muslim who wishes to follow the Qur'an and the Sunna accurately and completely.

A Step by Step Analysis Towards Understanding the Origin Meaning and Implications of Taqlid

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Author :
Publisher : Paragon Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1782226133
Total Pages : 110 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (822 download)

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Book Synopsis A Step by Step Analysis Towards Understanding the Origin Meaning and Implications of Taqlid by : Allāma Dr. Sāni Ṣāliḥ Muṣṯapha

Download or read book A Step by Step Analysis Towards Understanding the Origin Meaning and Implications of Taqlid written by Allāma Dr. Sāni Ṣāliḥ Muṣṯapha and published by Paragon Publishing. This book was released on 2018-08-22 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a challenge and a wake-up call on the current Muslim Umma exposing their apparent ineptitude and disregard to the warnings signs lessons and proofs in the Holy Qur’ān and the Aḥādīth of the Holy Apostle. Muslim Ummas' knowledge is abundant but without spiritual leader (an Imām/Caliph). This leads to distorting the Sunnah. Knowledge becomes subsequently not substantiated by action. Opinion has replaced firmness comprehensiveness conclusiveness and grasp of the Universal Message. There is no way out or an alternative to the woes of the Muslim Umma, but to remember Muḥammad Rasūlullah and his Ṣaḥābas and then act upon their examples. There is no Muslim who is not a Muqallid (imitator) of the Holy Apostle for the Sunnah is self explanatory. He is the only one. A Muslim should avoid begging Allah to return him to earth to work righteous deeds other than the deed he had done. Therefore imitating one other than the Holy Apostle is not allowed.

Understanding the Four Madhhabs

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780952085317
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (853 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding the Four Madhhabs by : Abdal Hakim Murad

Download or read book Understanding the Four Madhhabs written by Abdal Hakim Murad and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Role of Taqlid in 
Human Life

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Human Life PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rafed Books
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Role of Taqlid in 
Human Life by : Muhammad Taqī Miṣbaḥ Yazdī

Download or read book The Role of Taqlid in 
Human Life written by Muhammad Taqī Miṣbaḥ Yazdī and published by Rafed Books. This book was released on with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Obligation of Taqlid - The Harms of Abandoning It, with Special Regards to Making Taqlid of an Individual

Download The Obligation of Taqlid - The Harms of Abandoning It, with Special Regards to Making Taqlid of an Individual PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Madrasa Dawatul Haqq
ISBN 13 : 9789388850742
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)

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Book Synopsis The Obligation of Taqlid - The Harms of Abandoning It, with Special Regards to Making Taqlid of an Individual by : Shaykhul Hadith Hadrat Maulana Faz Azmi

Download or read book The Obligation of Taqlid - The Harms of Abandoning It, with Special Regards to Making Taqlid of an Individual written by Shaykhul Hadith Hadrat Maulana Faz Azmi and published by Madrasa Dawatul Haqq. This book was released on 2016-01-09 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today the general trend of thought circulating amongst the masses is that success lies exclusively in the advancements of society. However, this notion cannot be applied across the board. It may be applicable in our worldly affairs, but in regards to religion, which is the basis of a Muslims code of life, this concept is nothing but a false impression. The blueprint of our success has been mapped out by the contemporaries of Nabī (saw) and those who followed suite in their approach and methodology. There will definitely be new challenges in religion which must be dealt with. However, when confronting these obstacles we cannot forget the principles laid out by such great contemporaries. Taqlīd, which might be a new ideology to some of us, has in reality been around from the fourth year of Islām. When the jurists began to witness the degeneration of the Muslim populous, for the protection of this religion from the mass' nafs (base desires), they declared taqlīd incumbent. In this era, where following ones base desires has become the norm and searching for the "easy way out" has become the standard methodology, it has become manifest how important taqlīd is. This was one of the motivating factors for the author to write on this subject matter. This monograph is actually part of a collection of researched topics by the author. This was originally prepared for the scholars in the field of Islāmic studies; therefore, terms and certain portions were not discussed in detail. Consequently, I have, to the best of my ability, explained them in footnotes where explanation is needed. I have written a few lines introducing all the scholars that the author brings forth in this treatise. Where the author quoted from a text ambiguously, I cross-referenced the original text and quoted the content needed for easier understanding. In order for an enhanced understanding of this monograph, special attention should be given to the footnotes.

Obedience, Ijtihad & Taqlid

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781943108046
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Obedience, Ijtihad & Taqlid by : M Mushfiqur Rahman

Download or read book Obedience, Ijtihad & Taqlid written by M Mushfiqur Rahman and published by . This book was released on 2016-09-12 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BOOK DESCRIPTION Ittiba', Ijtihad, and Taqlid are three important concepts that affect one's practice of Islam whether he is a scholar or an ordinary Muslim. Ittiba' is "obedience," or the understanding of whom we should follow and give our obedience to in practicing or living by our religion. Ijtihad is to strive with utmost sincerity in arriving at the truth or the resolution of a problem. And taqlid is "blind imitation" or accepting the opinion or judgment of a person or a group without checking for its validity or evidence, believing that it is always correct. One who engages in taqlid does not consider any contrary opinion even if it may be backed up by authentic evidence from the Sunnah, since he/she believes that his Imam or madhhab is always correct or has the best opinions already. This work shows that Islam teaches us to submit our intellect to none but Allah and accept opinions based on objective evidence regardless of affiliations. It also points out some of the ill effects of taqlid on the ummah. EXCERPTS "A Muslim, by Qur'anic obligation, has a duty to think, and he submits his intellect to none but the Creator of the heavens and the earth, and then, by His authority, to His prophets. Opinions of all other human beings or entities are subject to test for soundness." - From the Introduction "As the knowledge of the Sunnah spreads among people, its spirit will touch and guide all spheres of human life ... More and more people will come to discover the beauty and essence of this religion. Ignorance among common people will give way to better understanding and practice of our religion and what it means to be Muslim while incompetence, superficial knowledge, sectarian mindset, and even lack of basic manners ... will be replaced by genuine scholarship, deeper understanding and insight, generous outlook, and independent thinking and judgment that is free of fear of enmity and sectarian intolerance. The fresh and revitalizing breeze of the Sunnah can bring about such an atmosphere; it is not utopian but a reality that existed among the early Muslims and many today are yearning for its return." - From the Epilogue

Taqlīd

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Author :
Publisher : Fitrah Press
ISBN 13 : 1943108056
Total Pages : 757 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Taqlīd by : M. Mushfiqur Rahman

Download or read book Taqlīd written by M. Mushfiqur Rahman and published by Fitrah Press. This book was released on 2024-04-15 with total page 757 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ittiba', Ijtihad, and Taqlid are three important concepts that affect one’s practice of Islam whether he is a scholar or an ordinary Muslim. Ittiba' is "obedience", or the understanding of whom we should follow and give our obedience to in practicing or living by our religion. Ijtihad is to strive with utmost sincerity in arriving at the truth or the resolution of a problem. And taqlid is "blind imitation" or accepting the opinion or judgment of a person or a group without checking for its validity or evidence, believing that it is always correct. One who engages in taqlid does not consider any contrary opinion even if it may be backed up by authentic evidence from the Sunnah, since he/she believes that his Imam or madhhab is always correct or has the best opinions already. This work shows that Islam teaches us to submit our intellect to none but Allah and accept opinions based on objective evidence regardless of affiliations. It also points out some of the ill effects of taqlid on the ummah.

Obedience, Ijtihad & Taqlid

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781943108046
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Obedience, Ijtihad & Taqlid by : M Mushfiqur Rahman

Download or read book Obedience, Ijtihad & Taqlid written by M Mushfiqur Rahman and published by . This book was released on 2016-09-12 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BOOK DESCRIPTION Ittiba', Ijtihad, and Taqlid are three important concepts that affect one's practice of Islam whether he is a scholar or an ordinary Muslim. Ittiba' is "obedience," or the understanding of whom we should follow and give our obedience to in practicing or living by our religion. Ijtihad is to strive with utmost sincerity in arriving at the truth or the resolution of a problem. And taqlid is "blind imitation" or accepting the opinion or judgment of a person or a group without checking for its validity or evidence, believing that it is always correct. One who engages in taqlid does not consider any contrary opinion even if it may be backed up by authentic evidence from the Sunnah, since he/she believes that his Imam or madhhab is always correct or has the best opinions already. This work shows that Islam teaches us to submit our intellect to none but Allah and accept opinions based on objective evidence regardless of affiliations. It also points out some of the ill effects of taqlid on the ummah. EXCERPTS "A Muslim, by Qur'anic obligation, has a duty to think, and he submits his intellect to none but the Creator of the heavens and the earth, and then, by His authority, to His prophets. Opinions of all other human beings or entities are subject to test for soundness." - From the Introduction "As the knowledge of the Sunnah spreads among people, its spirit will touch and guide all spheres of human life ... More and more people will come to discover the beauty and essence of this religion. Ignorance among common people will give way to better understanding and practice of our religion and what it means to be Muslim while incompetence, superficial knowledge, sectarian mindset, and even lack of basic manners ... will be replaced by genuine scholarship, deeper understanding and insight, generous outlook, and independent thinking and judgment that is free of fear of enmity and sectarian intolerance. The fresh and revitalizing breeze of the Sunnah can bring about such an atmosphere; it is not utopian but a reality that existed among the early Muslims and many today are yearning for its return." - From the Epilogue

On Taqlid

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199937516
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

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Book Synopsis On Taqlid by : Mustafa Abdul Rahman

Download or read book On Taqlid written by Mustafa Abdul Rahman and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-04-25 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abdul-Rahman Mustafa offers a deft new translation of a large extract from the book I'lam al Muwaqqi'in 'An Rabb al 'Alamin, by the thirteenth-century Islamic scholar, Ibn Qayyim al Jawziyya. The I'lam comprises an extensive discussion of the subject of taqlid, or legal imitation. It is one of the most comprehensive treatments of Islamic legal theory and even today serves as a manual for mujtahids and muftis. In the portion of the I'lam Mustafa has translated, Ibn Qayyim introduces the nature of taqlid and divides it into several categories. He then provides an account of a debate between a critic of the view that taqlid of a particular school or a scholar is a religious duty and this critic's interlocutor. Among the topics discussed are the different kinds of taqlid, the differences between taqlid and ittibi', the infallibility of religious scholars, the grounds on which one legal opinion might be preferred over another, and whether or not laymen can be expected to perform ijtihad. Ibn Qayyim's legal theory is a formidable reformulation of traditionalist Hanbalism, a legal-theological tradition that has always maintained a distinctive character in Islamic history and that is now growing more influential due to modern interest in the Wahhabi movement and in Ibn Taymiyya, whose legal and theological thought was edited and refined by his student, Ibn Qayyim. In his introduction to the translation, Mustafa critically reviews the scholarship on taqlid and outlines Ibn Qayyim's legal theory and the importance of taqlid within it. Taqlid continues to generate controversy amongst educated Muslims and particularly academics, as Salafi interpretations of Islam, which are generally 'anti-taqlid,' come into conflict with the generally 'pro-taqlid' stance of traditional schools such as the Hanafis. Mustafa's translation of a classic account of Islamic legal theory and strong critique of the dominant legal culture are timely contributions to an increasingly heated debate.

On Taqlid

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Author :
Publisher : OUP USA
ISBN 13 : 0199937516
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

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Book Synopsis On Taqlid by : Abdul-Rahman Mustafa

Download or read book On Taqlid written by Abdul-Rahman Mustafa and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2013-04-25 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abdul-Rahman Mustafa offers a deft new translation of a large extract from the book I'lam al Muwaqqi'in 'An Rabb al 'Alamin, by the thirteenth-century Islamic scholar, Ibn Qayyim al Jawziyya. The I'lam comprises an extensive discussion of the subject of taqlid, or legal imitation.

The Logical Foundations of Taqlid

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (957 download)

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Book Synopsis The Logical Foundations of Taqlid by : Aria Nakissa

Download or read book The Logical Foundations of Taqlid written by Aria Nakissa and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

ICIIS 2020

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Publisher : European Alliance for Innovation
ISBN 13 : 1631902962
Total Pages : 443 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis ICIIS 2020 by : Asep Saepudin Jahar

Download or read book ICIIS 2020 written by Asep Saepudin Jahar and published by European Alliance for Innovation. This book was released on 2021-04-16 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are delighted to introduce the proceedings of the 3rd International Colloquium on Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies. It is annual event hosted and organised by the Graduate School of State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. It was fully 2 days event 20-21 October 2020 by Virtual (online) mode with 3 keynotes speakers: Prof. Abdel Aziz Moenadil from the University of Ibn Thufail, Maroko, Prof Wael Aly Sayyed from the University of Ain Syams, Cairo, Mesir, and Assoc. Prof. Aria Nakissa, Ph.D. from Harvard University. The proceeding consisted of 41 accepted papers from the total of 81 submission papers. The proceeding consisted of 6 main areas of Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies. They are: Islam and medicine, Islam and Science and Technology, Islam and Psychology, Islam and Education, Quran and Hadits, and Islamic Studies with other various aspects. All papers have been scrutinized by a panel of reviewers who provide critical comments and corrections, and thereafter contributed to the improvement of the quality of the papers. Research in Islamic studies and Muslim societies today also increasingly uses interdisciplinary methods and approaches. In order to produce more objective findings, the researchers looked at the need to combine several methods or approaches to an object of study, so that they had additional considerations needed. These additional considerations add a more comprehensive perspective. In this way, in turn they can come up with better findings. Interdisciplinary Islamic studies dispute that Islam is monolithic, militaristic, and primarily Middle Eastern. We strongly believe that ICIIS conference has become a good forum for all researcher, developers, practitioners, scholars, policy makers, especially post graduate students to discuss their understandings of current processes and findings, as well as to look at possibilities for setting-up new trends in SDG and Islamic Interdisciplinary Studies. We also expect that the future ICIIS conference will be as successful and stimulating, as indicated by the contributions presented in this volume.

Philosophy, Theology and Mysticism in Medieval Islam

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000226239
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Philosophy, Theology and Mysticism in Medieval Islam by : Richard M. Frank

Download or read book Philosophy, Theology and Mysticism in Medieval Islam written by Richard M. Frank and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-08-26 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first volume of the collected major articles of Richard M. Frank, pioneering student of Islamic theology (kalam), contains fifteen essays. It includes his early studies, classic but inaccessible for many in their original publication, on the text and terminology of Graeco-Arabic translations (De anima, Themistius on the Metaphysics, Plotinus in Syriac, 'anniya) and the terminology of early kalam. Other articles deal with Islamic theology and its early development, especially in its relation to philosophy (in particular the kalam of Jahm ibn Safwan and al-Ghazali), and the text and translation of two short dogmatic works by the mystic al-Qushayri. The collection is prefaced by a fascinating autobiographical memoir which traces the intellectual development of the author and the reasoning that led him, from study to study, to his discovery of the way of thinking of the theologians and to an understanding of the essential core of Islamic theology.

The Rise of Critical Islam

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197685005
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (976 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rise of Critical Islam by : Youcef L. Soufi

Download or read book The Rise of Critical Islam written by Youcef L. Soufi and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-04-25 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a richly narrated historical study, Youcef Soufi excavates an Islamic legal culture of critique from the 10th to 13th centuries. Focusing on the practice of munā.zara (disputation), Soufi explores how and why oral debates became a pervasive and revered part of the intellectual legal landscape of Iraq and Persia. Using the life and career of celebrated Iraqi jurist Abū Is.hāq al-Shīrāzī, he traces the formalization of debate gatherings at the dawn of the classical legal schools (al-madhāhib) in the early 10th century and analyzes the wider institutional, social, and discursive conditions that made debate an important feature of any jurist's practice. Pushing back against claims that classical Muslim jurists sought to weed out differences of opinion, The Rise of Critical Islam presents a community committed to the openness, fluidity, and continued exploration of the law. Challenging the view of debate gatherings simply as mechanisms of doctrinal resolution before codification, the study reveals a classical culture where critical debates were part of a continual and personal quest to discover God's law. In uncovering this classical legal culture, Soufi invites readers to question claims about the promise of secular critique in disciplining religious passions and forging human solidarity.

Al-Buwayti, Successor of al-Shafi'i

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Author :
Publisher : Islamic Character Development
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 57 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Al-Buwayti, Successor of al-Shafi'i by : Jumal Ahmad

Download or read book Al-Buwayti, Successor of al-Shafi'i written by Jumal Ahmad and published by Islamic Character Development. This book was released on 2024-06-10 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tasabbahuu bilkiraami wain lam takuunuu mitsalahum, fainnaa alttasabbaha bihim falahun "Be like them. Even if you cannot be exactly like them. Indeed, endeavouring to resemble the noble ones is the key to good fortune." Among the things that motivate us to have high aspirations and great determination is to look at the biographies and histories of the salaf al-shalih scholars. They were perfect examples of knowledge and 'amal. When a seeker of knowledge sees his humbleness, his lack of deeds, then sees how great the deeds and knowledge of the scholars are, he will be motivated to follow their customs, and will be encouraged to resemble their deeds and characteristics. ** Abu Yaqub al-Buwayti, a successor of Muhammad Ibn Idris al-Shafi'i, made an important contribution to the formation of the Shafi'i school of law. He reconstructs the interpretation of al-Shafi'i thought in his Mukhtashar. This book is a modest attempt to present the biography and works of one of the most important scholars of the Shafi'i school of thought. In this second edition, we have expanded in more detail with two Arabic papers for the Master's programme discussing al-Buwayti and his Mukhtashar, and a book and articles by Ahmed El Shamsy such as The Canonization of Islamic Law: A Social and Intellectual History (2013), The First Shāfiʿī: The Traditionalist Legal Thought of Abū Yaʿqūb al-Buwayṭī (2007), Rethinking 'Taqlīd' in the Early Shāfiʿī School (2008). I would like to extend my sincerest apologies for any errors in the letter and my English. I am simply an individual engaged in the pursuit of enhancing my abilities in the realm of da'wah, with the intention of providing assistance to fellow Muslims. I would be most grateful if you could support my work by sharing or purchasing my book. Your kind consideration would be greatly appreciated. ** Content of Book ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PREFACE HIS NAME FROM MALIKI TO SHAFI’I THE SCHOLARS’ PRAISE FOR HIM THE FIRST SHAFI’I CREATEDNESS OF THE QURAN MUKHTASHAR AL-BUWAYTI FORMATION OF SHAFI’ISM TERMINOLOGY OF THE SHAFI’I SCHOOL BIBLIOGRAPHY ABOUT THE AUTHOR Jumal Ahmad/ Islamic Character Development

The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Theology

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Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191615773
Total Pages : 624 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Theology by : Thomas P. Flint

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Theology written by Thomas P. Flint and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2011-03-17 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Philosophical theology is aimed primarily at theoretical understanding of the nature and attributes of God and of God's relationship to the world and its inhabitants. During the twentieth century, much of the philosophical community (both in the Anglo-American analytic tradition and in Continental circles) had grave doubts about our ability to attain any such understanding. In recent years the analytic tradition in particular has moved beyond the biases that placed obstacles in the way of the pursuing questions located on the interface of philosophy and religion. The result has been a rebirth of serious, widely-discussed work in philosophical theology. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Theology attempts both to familiarize readers with the directions in which this scholarship has gone and to pursue the discussion into hitherto under-examined areas. Written by some of the leading scholars in the field, the essays in the Handbook are grouped in five sections. In the first ("Theological Prolegomena"), articles focus on the authority of scripture and tradition, on the nature and mechanisms of divine revelation, on the relation between religion and science, and on theology and mystery. The next section ("Divine Attributes") focuses on philosophical problems connected with the central divine attributes: aseity, omnipotence, omniscience, and the like. In Section Three ("God and Creation"), essays explore theories of divine action and divine providence, questions about petitionary prayer, problems about divine authority and God's relationship to morality and moral standards, and various formulations of and responses to the problem of evil. The fourth section ("Topics in Christian Philosophy") examines philosophical problems that arise in connection with such central Christian doctrines as the trinity, the incarnation, the atonement, original sin, resurrection, and the Eucharist. Finally, Section Five ("Non-Christian Philosophical Theology") introduces readers to work that is being done in Jewish, Islamic, and Chinese philosophical theology.