Uncover the Roots of Challenging Behavior

Download Uncover the Roots of Challenging Behavior PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Free Spirit Professional(tm)
ISBN 13 : 9781631981753
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (817 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Uncover the Roots of Challenging Behavior by : Michelle Salcedo

Download or read book Uncover the Roots of Challenging Behavior written by Michelle Salcedo and published by Free Spirit Professional(tm). This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Book for educators on how to reduce behavior problems and nurture the growth of all learners in early childhood classrooms. This book guides early childhood teachers to analyze their classroom elements, routines, and responses to children in order to address problem behaviors. Digital content included" --

Uncover the Roots of Challenging Behavior

Download Uncover the Roots of Challenging Behavior PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Free Spirit Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1631982885
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Uncover the Roots of Challenging Behavior by : Michelle Salcedo

Download or read book Uncover the Roots of Challenging Behavior written by Michelle Salcedo and published by Free Spirit Publishing. This book was released on 2019-01-28 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teach social skills and enrich classrooms to reduce problem behaviors and nurture growth. When teachers create environments that teach skills rather than punish individual actions, they reduce behavior problems and nurture the growth of all learners. This book expertly guides early childhood teachers to analyze their classroom elements, routines, and responses to children. Much like gardeners who adjust soil, water, or fertilizer to help flowers bloom, educators of young children must look beyond challenging behaviors to what a child’s actions are communicating about her learning environment or home life. Digital content includes all forms from the book along with a PDF presentation. A free PLC/Book Study Guide for use with communities of practice is available at freespirit.com/PLC.

A Practical Guide to Mental Health & Learning Disorders for Every Educator

Download A Practical Guide to Mental Health & Learning Disorders for Every Educator PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Free Spirit Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1631983423
Total Pages : 499 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Practical Guide to Mental Health & Learning Disorders for Every Educator by : Myles L. Cooley

Download or read book A Practical Guide to Mental Health & Learning Disorders for Every Educator written by Myles L. Cooley and published by Free Spirit Publishing. This book was released on 2020-02-17 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An updated edition of an indispensable resource offers practical strategies for teaching and supporting students with mental health and learning disorders. Covering topics including PTSD, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and many others, this accessible, ready-to-use reference explains how each disorder or difficulty might be exhibited in the classroom and offers straightforward suggestions for what to do (and what not to do). Using clear, jargon-free language, the book helps all educators—whether in inclusive classrooms, general education settings, or other environments—recognize mental health issues and learning disabilities that are often observed in students. Fully revised and updated to correspond to the DSM-5, this edition addresses newly diagnosed disorders, as well as incorporating the latest research and interventions for existing disorders. The book also includes current information about educational practices such as creating a culturally responsive classroom and supporting students’ social-emotional learning. Digital content includes customizable forms from the book. A free downloadable PLC/Book Study Guide is available at freespirit.com/PLC.

Finding Your Way Through Conflict

Download Finding Your Way Through Conflict PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Free Spirit Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1631984969
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Finding Your Way Through Conflict by : Chris Amirault

Download or read book Finding Your Way Through Conflict written by Chris Amirault and published by Free Spirit Publishing. This book was released on 2021-07-12 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn how to engage in and resolve conflict productively to improve work relationships and create a more equitable community for children. Conflicts are inevitable, often hard to navigate, and can quickly multiply and become unmanageable. And resolving conflict requires self-reflection, understanding, and vulnerability. But knowing how to tackle difficult conversations will strengthen relationships, create a more equitable community, and improve the impact educators have on the young children they work with. The first of its kind, Finding Your Way Through Conflict specifically focuses on conflict in early childhood education settings and gives concrete steps and strategies to help manage and resolve it productively. Authors Chris Amirault, Ph.D., and Christine M. Snyder, M.A., have decades of experience in early childhood education programs and conflict resolution. Built on their expertise and their own experiences, the book’s conflict scenarios are engaging and authentic, empowering educators to get in and out of conflict in a variety of personal, organization, and cultural contexts. Some of these scenarios include: The Discombobulated Team: The children’s artwork you posted in the classroom yesterday is gone. Who took it down—and why? The Intent/Impact Disagreement: You were only trying to help! So why is that parent offended? The Unexpected Disaster: Your team planned every aspect of that difficult parent meeting for days. So why was it such a catastrophe? A free PLC/Book Study Guide is available at freespirit.com/plc.

Big Conversations with Little Children

Download Big Conversations with Little Children PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Free Spirit Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1631986333
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Big Conversations with Little Children by : Lauren Starnes

Download or read book Big Conversations with Little Children written by Lauren Starnes and published by Free Spirit Publishing. This book was released on 2022-04-15 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Be prepared to respond to a wide range of potentially tough questions and sensitive concerns posed by young children. To work with young children is to constantly expect the unexpected. Tough questions are part of early childhood educators’ regular interactions with children and families. Based on children’s actual questions, Big Conversations with Little Children is readily accessible with guidelines for having difficult conversations with children, individually or as a classroom or group, and with families. The book provides guidance on how to approach specific topics related to: family, such as unemployment, divorce, and incarceration illness and death, such as loss of an unborn child, major illness in a child, and death of a pet social issues, such as racism, family structures, and gender fluidity upheaval and violence, such as natural disaster, terror events, and school shootings Fully based in developmentally appropriate practice, Big Conversations with Little Children helps educators support young children in a way that preserves their dignity and innocence when they encounter world and social events in addition to honoring the family’s preferred approach. An expert in the field of early childhood education, author Dr. Lauren Starnes empowers educators and families to answer sensitive or tough questions children pose, respond to their worries and concerns, and be prepared for an ongoing dialogue. Digital content includes family take-home information sheets for each topic.

Create an Emotion-Rich Classroom

Download Create an Emotion-Rich Classroom PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Free Spirit Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1631986589
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Create an Emotion-Rich Classroom by : Lindsay N. Giroux

Download or read book Create an Emotion-Rich Classroom written by Lindsay N. Giroux and published by Free Spirit Publishing. This book was released on 2022-10-11 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strategies and activity ideas to support emotional development in children. What is an emotion-rich classroom? Similar to how a print-rich environment exposes children to a variety of printed materials, an emotion-rich one intentionally surrounds children with a wide range of social emotional learning experiences and supportive interactions. Create an Emotion-Rich Classroom provides frameworks for planning and implementing strategies to support emotional development in children. This practical and easy-to-use resource helps early childhood educators develop the emotional literacy of the young children in their classrooms. Readers learn how to: increase children’s emotional vocabulary model how to recognize and cope with various emotions support self-regulation and reduce challenging behaviors discuss emotions in others and in storybook characters support and engage families in fostering emotional skills at home Experienced in emotional development in children and early childhood education, author Lindsay N. Giroux, M.Ed., shows readers how to effectively weave social and emotional instruction into the fabric of the school day. Create an Emotion-Rich Classroom focuses on individual skills, making social and emotional instruction specific and measurable. With consistently structured chapters, this book is easy to use and rich in ideas and strategies. Digital content includes checklists, planning sheets, and other materials to support educators as they build an emotion-rich classroom. A free downloadable PLC/Book Study Guide is available.

Gentle Hands and Other Sing-Along Songs for Social-Emotional Learning

Download Gentle Hands and Other Sing-Along Songs for Social-Emotional Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Free Spirit Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1631982117
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gentle Hands and Other Sing-Along Songs for Social-Emotional Learning by : Amadee Ricketts

Download or read book Gentle Hands and Other Sing-Along Songs for Social-Emotional Learning written by Amadee Ricketts and published by Free Spirit Publishing. This book was released on 2018-12-19 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Engage children with familiar songs featuring new, colorful lyrics that teach valuable social-emotional skills. La, la, la! Shake up your story time with these twelve sing-along songs based on classic tunes kids already know and love. This beautifully illus­trated songbook teaches important social-emotional skills for everyday life. Favorite songs like “Frère Jacques” and “B-I-N-G-O” get turned on their heads with new, easy-to-remember lyrics offering lessons on how to manage anger, asking for help, what to do when you’re afraid, being a good friend, when to use a quiet voice, and many others! Digital content includes downloadable sheet music for all songs.

Social and Emotional Learning for Advanced Children in Early Childhood

Download Social and Emotional Learning for Advanced Children in Early Childhood PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000816842
Total Pages : 77 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social and Emotional Learning for Advanced Children in Early Childhood by : Bronwyn MacFarlane

Download or read book Social and Emotional Learning for Advanced Children in Early Childhood written by Bronwyn MacFarlane and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-12-30 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book illuminates the complexities of social and emotional learning (SEL) during early childhood and provides readers with supportive tools to enhance and advance social and emotional skills among young children within their homes and classrooms. Affective development is critical to childhood development – this guide gives parents and educators concrete strategies to support students’ social skills, relationship development, and positive mental health. Expertly blending theory with practice, Social and Emotional Learning for Advanced Children in Early Childhood: Birth to 8 presents vital background information, real-life examples, diverse case studies, discussion questions, and action steps for implementing SEL into any early childhood environment. By including both what is understood about social and emotional development in early childhood as well as the proven methods and approaches for working with young children, this comprehensive guide is a must read for all adults striving to make a positive impact in early childhood development.

Trauma-Responsive Strategies for Early Childhood

Download Trauma-Responsive Strategies for Early Childhood PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Redleaf Press
ISBN 13 : 160554664X
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (55 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Trauma-Responsive Strategies for Early Childhood by : Katie Statman-Weil

Download or read book Trauma-Responsive Strategies for Early Childhood written by Katie Statman-Weil and published by Redleaf Press. This book was released on 2020-09-01 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trauma-Responsive Strategies for Early Childhood offers an overview of trauma and its impact on young children, as well as specific strategies and techniques educators and administrators can use to create classroom and school communities that improve the quality of care for this vulnerable population. The authors have synthesized research-based information in an accessible way. Focusing on the four different domains of cognitive, language, physical, and social-emotional, the authors use vignettes to explore how trauma can be expressed in the classroom and what teachers can do about it.

When Life Gives You Pears

Download When Life Gives You Pears PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Grand Central Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1538751038
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (387 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis When Life Gives You Pears by : Jeannie Gaffigan

Download or read book When Life Gives You Pears written by Jeannie Gaffigan and published by Grand Central Publishing. This book was released on 2019-10-01 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Big Sick meets Dad is Fat in this funny and heartfelt New York Times bestselling memoir from writer, director, wife, and mother, Jeannie Gaffigan, as she reflects on the life-changing impact of her battle with a pear-sized brain tumor. In 2017, Jeannie's life came to a crashing halt when she was diagnosed with a life-threatening brain tumor. As the mother of 5 kids -- 6 if you include her husband -- sat in the neurosurgery department in star-covered sweats too whimsical for the seriousness of the situation, all she could think was "Am I going to die?" Thankfully, Jeannie and her family were able to survive their time of crisis, and now she is sharing her deeply personal journey through this miraculous story: the challenging conversations she had with her children; how she came to terms with feeling powerless and ferociously crabby while bedridden and unable to eat for a month; and how she ultimately learned, re-learned and re re-learned to be more present in life. With sincerity and hilarity, Jeannie invites you into her heart (and brain) during this trying time, emphasizing the importance of family, faith and humor as keys to her recovery and leading a more fulfilling life.

The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind

Download The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
ISBN 13 : 0547527543
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (475 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind by : Julian Jaynes

Download or read book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind written by Julian Jaynes and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. This book was released on 2000-08-15 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: National Book Award Finalist: “This man’s ideas may be the most influential, not to say controversial, of the second half of the twentieth century.”—Columbus Dispatch At the heart of this classic, seminal book is Julian Jaynes's still-controversial thesis that human consciousness did not begin far back in animal evolution but instead is a learned process that came about only three thousand years ago and is still developing. The implications of this revolutionary scientific paradigm extend into virtually every aspect of our psychology, our history and culture, our religion—and indeed our future. “Don’t be put off by the academic title of Julian Jaynes’s The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Its prose is always lucid and often lyrical…he unfolds his case with the utmost intellectual rigor.”—The New York Times “When Julian Jaynes . . . speculates that until late in the twentieth millennium BC men had no consciousness but were automatically obeying the voices of the gods, we are astounded but compelled to follow this remarkable thesis.”—John Updike, The New Yorker “He is as startling as Freud was in The Interpretation of Dreams, and Jaynes is equally as adept at forcing a new view of known human behavior.”—American Journal of Psychiatry

Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8

Download Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309324882
Total Pages : 587 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 by : National Research Council

Download or read book Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-07-23 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children are already learning at birth, and they develop and learn at a rapid pace in their early years. This provides a critical foundation for lifelong progress, and the adults who provide for the care and the education of young children bear a great responsibility for their health, development, and learning. Despite the fact that they share the same objective - to nurture young children and secure their future success - the various practitioners who contribute to the care and the education of children from birth through age 8 are not acknowledged as a workforce unified by the common knowledge and competencies needed to do their jobs well. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 explores the science of child development, particularly looking at implications for the professionals who work with children. This report examines the current capacities and practices of the workforce, the settings in which they work, the policies and infrastructure that set qualifications and provide professional learning, and the government agencies and other funders who support and oversee these systems. This book then makes recommendations to improve the quality of professional practice and the practice environment for care and education professionals. These detailed recommendations create a blueprint for action that builds on a unifying foundation of child development and early learning, shared knowledge and competencies for care and education professionals, and principles for effective professional learning. Young children thrive and learn best when they have secure, positive relationships with adults who are knowledgeable about how to support their development and learning and are responsive to their individual progress. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 offers guidance on system changes to improve the quality of professional practice, specific actions to improve professional learning systems and workforce development, and research to continue to build the knowledge base in ways that will directly advance and inform future actions. The recommendations of this book provide an opportunity to improve the quality of the care and the education that children receive, and ultimately improve outcomes for children.

Trauma-Informed Practices for Early Childhood Educators

Download Trauma-Informed Practices for Early Childhood Educators PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351393723
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Trauma-Informed Practices for Early Childhood Educators by : Julie Nicholson

Download or read book Trauma-Informed Practices for Early Childhood Educators written by Julie Nicholson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-09 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trauma-Informed Practices for Early Childhood Educators guides child care providers and early educators working with infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and early elementary aged children to understand trauma as well as its impact on young children’s brains, behavior, learning, and development. The book introduces a range of trauma-informed teaching and family engagement strategies that readers can use in their early childhood programs to create strength-based environments that support children’s health, healing, and resiliency. Supervisors and coaches will learn a range of powerful trauma-informed practices that they can use to support workforce development and enhance their quality improvement initiatives.

Communities in Action

Download Communities in Action PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309452961
Total Pages : 583 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Communities in Action by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.

The Sense of an Ending

Download The Sense of an Ending PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0307957330
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (79 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Sense of an Ending by : Julian Barnes

Download or read book The Sense of an Ending written by Julian Barnes and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2011-10-05 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BOOKER PRIZE WINNER • NATIONAL BESTSELLER • A novel that follows a middle-aged man as he contends with a past he never much thought about—until his closest childhood friends return with a vengeance: one of them from the grave, another maddeningly present. A novel so compelling that it begs to be read in a single setting, The Sense of an Ending has the psychological and emotional depth and sophistication of Henry James at his best, and is a stunning achievement in Julian Barnes's oeuvre. Tony Webster thought he left his past behind as he built a life for himself, and his career has provided him with a secure retirement and an amicable relationship with his ex-wife and daughter, who now has a family of her own. But when he is presented with a mysterious legacy, he is forced to revise his estimation of his own nature and place in the world.

Why Study History?

Download Why Study History? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : London Publishing Partnership
ISBN 13 : 1913019055
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Why Study History? by : Marcus Collins

Download or read book Why Study History? written by Marcus Collins and published by London Publishing Partnership. This book was released on 2020-05-27 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Considering studying history at university? Wondering whether a history degree will get you a good job, and what you might earn? Want to know what it’s actually like to study history at degree level? This book tells you what you need to know. Studying any subject at degree level is an investment in the future that involves significant cost. Now more than ever, students and their parents need to weigh up the potential benefits of university courses. That’s where the Why Study series comes in. This series of books, aimed at students, parents and teachers, explains in practical terms the range and scope of an academic subject at university level and where it can lead in terms of careers or further study. Each book sets out to enthuse the reader about its subject and answer the crucial questions that a college prospectus does not.

Overcoming Your Child's Fear of Dogs

Download Overcoming Your Child's Fear of Dogs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Gatekeeper Press
ISBN 13 : 1662900600
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (629 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Overcoming Your Child's Fear of Dogs by : Stefani M. Cohen

Download or read book Overcoming Your Child's Fear of Dogs written by Stefani M. Cohen and published by Gatekeeper Press. This book was released on 2020-05-05 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ★★★★★ "A must read for anyone who wants to help a child overcome their fear of dogs." - Amazon Customer ★★★★★ "Amazing step by step guide!" T. _________________ Based on decades of experience as a therapist, parenting coach and mother of a child who was afraid of dogs, I developed the Overcoming Fear of Dogs (OFOD) protocol. This is a step-by-step guide for parents (therapists will find it helpful as well) based on exposure therapy using a live dog. ◆ This book provides an easy to understand tool for parents to help their child overcome the fear of dogs. By using exposure therapy and my specifically designed exercises, parents will gradually increase their child's exposure to a real dog and thereby decrease their child's fear and resistance. This book helps parents understand how and why their child is afraid of dogs and most importantly how to help their child face the fear and overcome it. ◆ When a child has a strong fear of dogs it is important to address this fear as soon as possible. There is much to gain when children are able to overcome their fears. They develop self-confidence and self-esteem and feel empowered. Children who face their fears learn coping skills and self-control, two of the biggest predictors of success later in life. In addition, they learn to speak up and ask for help. ◆ By using the method in this book children will become more aware of their feelings and learn to express them clearly. • Mindfulness and relaxation exercises are included in the book to help this develop. • Anxiety and fear create the feeling of being out of control. ◆ My method helps kids feel in control and ""take back the leash"" when interacting with dogs. Most children do not outgrow this fear and they need to have supervised brief and positive experiences with dogs in order to feel safe and in control when interacting with them. Dogs are everywhere these days and it is impossible to avoid them. Kids who are afraid of dogs suffer socially and emotionally. They avoid sleepovers and play dates where a dog is in residence. They often refuse to go to a park in case they might encounter a dog. Some children will even endanger themselves by running into the street to avoid a dog. Children are afraid of things they don't understand and this book provides education for parents and children about dogs. The book includes information on how dogs communicate as well as how to ""read"" dogs and know when it is safe to interact with them and when it is best to stay away. ◆ My ultimate goal is to enable children to feel comfortable around dogs so their lives aren't disrupted by the fear of them. While the book is designed for parents of children aged 5-12 my method can be used with older children and adults.