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Unconventional Woodford Shale Characterization Using Seismic Anisotropy
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Book Synopsis Unconventional Woodford Shale Characterization Using Seismic Anisotropy by : Oluwatobiloba Francis Oyebanji
Download or read book Unconventional Woodford Shale Characterization Using Seismic Anisotropy written by Oluwatobiloba Francis Oyebanji and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Investigation of Anisotropy Using AVAZ and Rock Physics Modeling in the Woodford Shale, Anadarko Basin, OK by : Alexander Peter Joseph Lamb
Download or read book An Investigation of Anisotropy Using AVAZ and Rock Physics Modeling in the Woodford Shale, Anadarko Basin, OK written by Alexander Peter Joseph Lamb and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Woodford Shale formation is currently an important unconventional gas resource that extends across parts of the mid-continent of the United States. A resource shale acts as source, seal, and reservoir, and its characterization is vital to successful exploitation and production of hydrocarbons. This work is a surface seismic observation and investigation of the seismic anisotropy present in the Woodford Shale formation in the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma. One of the main causes of anisotropy here is commonly believed to be vertical natural fractures (HTI) and horizontal alignment of clay minerals (VTI). Understanding the natural fracture orientation and density, as well as regional stress orientation, is important to the development of hydraulic fracturing programs in shales, such as the Woodford, producing natural gas. Dipole sonic log measurements in vertical boreholes suggest that the Woodford does possess vertical transverse isotropy (VTI), due possibly to horizontal layering or aligned clay minerals. Further, the borehole logs do not indicate horizontal transverse isotropy (HTI) associated with fracturing in the Woodford interval. An amplitude varying with angle and azimuth (AVAZ) analysis was applied to 3-D surface seismic data in the Anadarko Basin and shows the dipole sonic logs may not be completely characterizing the anisotropy observed in the Woodford. Once this apparent contradiction was discovered, additional work to characterize the fractures in the formation was undertaken. A petrophysical model based on the borehole data of the Woodford Shale was created, combining various techniques to simulate the rock properties and behavior. With a more complete rock physics model, a full stiffness tensor for the rock was obtained. From this model, synthetic seismic data were generated to compare to the field data. Furthermore, analytic equations were developed to relate crack density to AVAZ response. Currently, the application of this AVAZ method shows fracture orientation and relative variations in fracture density over the survey area. This work shows a direction for a quantified fracture density because the synthetic seismic data has a quantified fracture density at its basis. This allowed for a relationship to be established between explicit fracture parameters (such as fracture density) and AVAZ results and subsequently may be used to create regional descriptions of fracture and/or stress orientation and density.
Book Synopsis Sensitivity of Seismic Response to Variations in the Woodford Shale, Delaware Basin, West Texas by : Na Shan
Download or read book Sensitivity of Seismic Response to Variations in the Woodford Shale, Delaware Basin, West Texas written by Na Shan and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Woodford Shale is an important unconventional oil and gas resource. It can act as a source rock, seal and reservoir, and may have significant elastic anisotropy, which would greatly affect seismic response. Understanding how anisotropy may affect the seismic response of the Woodford Shale is important in processing and interpreting surface reflection seismic data. The objective of this study is to identify the differences between isotropic and anisotropic seismic responses in the Woodford Shale, and to understand how these anisotropy parameters and physical properties influence the resultant synthetic seismograms. I divide the Woodford Shale into three different units based on the data from the Pioneer Reliance Triple Crown #1 (RTC #1) borehole, which includes density, gamma ray, resistivity, sonic, dipole sonic logs, part of imaging (FMI) logs, elemental capture spectroscopy (ECS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) data from core samples. Different elastic parameters based on the well log data are used as input models to generate synthetic seismograms. I use a vertical impulsive source, which generates P-P, P-SV and SV-SV waves, and three component receivers for synthetic modeling. Sensitivity study is performed by assuming different anisotropic scenarios in the Woodford Shale, including vertical transverse isotropy (VTI), horizontal transverse isotropy (HTI) and orthorhombic anisotropy. Through the simulation, I demonstrate that there are notable differences in the seismic response between isotropic and anisotropic models. Three different types of elastic waves, i.e., P-P, P-SV and SV-SV waves respond differently to anisotropy parameter changes. Results suggest that multicomponent data might be useful in analyzing the anisotropy for the surface seismic data. Results also indicate the sensitivity offset range might be helpful in determining the location for prestack seismic amplitude analysis. All these findings demonstrate the potentially useful sensitivity parameters to the seismic data. The paucity of data resources limits the evaluation of the anisotropy in the Woodford. However, the seismic modeling with different type of anisotropy assumptions leads to understand what type of anisotropy and how this anisotropy affects the change of seismic data.
Download or read book Shale written by Thomas Dewers and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-10-02 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in theories, methods and applications for shale resource use Shale is the dominant rock in the sedimentary record. It is also the subject of increased interest because of the growing contribution of shale oil and gas to energy supplies, as well as the potential use of shale formations for carbon dioxide sequestration and nuclear waste storage. Shale: Subsurface Science and Engineering brings together geoscience and engineering to present the latest models, methods and applications for understanding and exploiting shale formations. Volume highlights include: Review of current knowledge on shale geology Latest shale engineering methods such as horizontal drilling Reservoir management practices for optimized oil and gas field development Examples of economically and environmentally viable methods of hydrocarbon extraction from shale Discussion of issues relating to hydraulic fracking, carbon sequestration, and nuclear waste storage Book Review: I. D. Sasowsky, University of Akron, Ohio, September 2020 issue of CHOICE, CHOICE connect, A publication of the Association of College and Research Libraries, A division of the American Library Association, Connecticut, USA Shale has a long history of use as construction fill and a ceramic precursor. In recent years, its potential as a petroleum reservoir has generated renewed interest and intense scientific investigation. Such work has been significantly aided by the development of instrumentation capable of examining and imaging these very fine-grained materials. This timely multliauthor volume brings together 15 studies covering many facets of the related science. The book is presented in two sections: an overview and a second section emphasizing unconventional oil and gas. Topics covered include shale chemistry, metals content, rock mechanics, borehole stability, modeling, and fluid flow, to name only a few. The introductory chapter (24 pages) is useful and extensively referenced. The lead chapter to the second half of the book, "Characterization of Unconventional Resource Shales," provides a notably detailed analysis supporting a comprehensive production workflow. The book is richly illustrated in full color, featuring high-quality images, graphs, and charts. The extensive index provides depth of access to the volume. This work will be of special interest to a diverse group of investigators moving forward with understanding this fascinating group of rocks. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through faculty and professionals.
Book Synopsis Anisotropic Seismic Characterization of the Eagle Ford Shale by : Qi Ren
Download or read book Anisotropic Seismic Characterization of the Eagle Ford Shale written by Qi Ren and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quantitative reservoir characterization using integrated seismic data and well log data is important in sweet spot identification, well planning, and reservoir development. The process includes building up the relations between rock properties and elastic properties through rock physics modeling, inverting for elastic properties from seismic data, and inverting for rock properties from both seismic data and rock physics models. Many quantitative reservoir characterization techniques have been developed for conventional reservoirs. However, challenges remain when extending these methods to unconventional reservoirs because of their complexity, such as anisotropy, micro-scale fabric, and thin beds issues. This dissertation focuses on developing anisotropic rock physics modeling method and seismic inversion method that are appliable for unconventional reservoir characterization. The micro-scale fabric, including the complex composition, shape and alignment of clay minerals, pore space, and kerogen, significantly influences the anisotropic elastic properties. I developed a comprehensive three-step rock-physics approach to model the anisotropic elastic properties, accounting for the micro-scale fabric. In addition, my method accounts for the different pressure-dependent behaviors of P-waves and S-waves. The modeling provides anisotropic stiffnesses and pseudo logs of anisotropy parameters. The application of this method on the Upper Eagle Ford Shale shows that the clay content kerogen content and porosity decrease the rock stiffness. The anisotropy increases with kerogen content, but the influence of clay content is more complex. Comparing the anisotropy parameter pseudo logs with clay content shows that clay content increases the anisotropy at small concentrations; however, the anisotropy stays constant, or even slightly decreases, as clay content continues to increase. Thin beds and anisotropy are two important limitation of the application of seismic characterization on unconventional reservoirs. I introduced the geostatistics into stochastic seismic inversion. The geostatistical models, based on well log data, simulate small-scale vertical variations that are beyond seismic resolution. This additional information compensates the seismic data for its band-limited nature. I applied this method on the Eagle Ford Shale, using greedy annealing importance sampling as inversion algorithm. The thin Lower Eagle Ford Formation, which cannot be resolved by conventional inversion method, is clearly resolved in the inverted impedance volume using my method. In addition, because anisotropy is accounted for in the forward modeling, the accuracy of inverted S-impedance is significantly improved.
Book Synopsis Characterization of the Cana-Woodford Shale Using Fractal-based, Stochastic Inversion, Canadian County, Oklahoma by : Barry Michael Borgman
Download or read book Characterization of the Cana-Woodford Shale Using Fractal-based, Stochastic Inversion, Canadian County, Oklahoma written by Barry Michael Borgman and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The past decade has seen a surge in unconventional hydrocarbon exploration and production, driven by advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Even with such advances, reliable models of the subsurface are crucial in all phases of exploitation. This study focuses on the methods used for estimation of the elastic properties (density, velocity, and impedance), which play a key role in targeting reservoir zones ideal for hydraulic fracturing. Well-log data provides high-resolution vertical measurements of elastic properties, but a relatively shallow depth of investigation imposes spatial limitations. Seismic data provides broader horizontal coverage at lower cost, but sacrifices vertical resolution. Thin beds present in many unconventional reservoirs fall below seismic resolution. In addition, the band-limited nature of seismic data results in the absence of low-frequency content of the Earth model, as well as the high-frequency content present in well logs. Seismic inversion is a process that provides estimates of elastic properties given input seismic and well data. Stochastic inversion is a method that uses well-log data as a priori information, with an added aspect of randomness. The method generates many realizations using the same input model and takes an average of those realizations. We implement two separate stochastic inversion algorithms to estimate P-impedance in the Cana-Woodford Shale in west-central Oklahoma. First, we use a fractal-based, very fast simulated annealing algorithm that exploits the fractal characteristics found in well-log data to build a prior model. The method of very fast simulated annealing optimizes our elastic model by searching for the minimum misfit between observed and synthetic seismic traces. Next, we use a principal component analysis (PCA) based stochastic inversion algorithm to invert for impedance at all traces simultaneously. Comparison of the results with traditional deterministic inversion results shows improved vertical resolution while honoring the low-frequency content of the Earth model. The PCA-based inversion results also show improved lateral continuity of the elastic profile along our 2D line. The impedance profile from the PCA-based approach provides a better representation of the vertical and horizontal variability of the reservoir, allowing for improved targeting of frackable zones.
Book Synopsis Anisotropic Analysis and Fracture Characterization of the Haynesville Shale, Panola County, Texas by : Anthony William Barone
Download or read book Anisotropic Analysis and Fracture Characterization of the Haynesville Shale, Panola County, Texas written by Anthony William Barone and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In unconventional resources such as the Haynesville Shale, a proper understanding of natural fracture patterns is essential to enhancing the economic success of petroleum extraction. The spatial density of naturally occurring fracture sets affects drainage area and optimal drilling location(s), and the azimuth of the strike of the predominant fracture set affects the ideal orientation of wells. In the absence of data to directly determine these fracture characteristics, such as Formation Microimaging (FMI) logs, these natural fracture patterns can be analyzed by examining the seismic anisotropy present in the reservoir. Anisotropy introduced from aligned fracture sets creates predictable azimuthal variations in the seismic wavefield. This allows the reservoir anisotropy, and thus the fracturing present in the reservoir, to be studied indirectly through the azimuthal analysis of industry standard 3D seismic data. The work presented here outlines three distinct methodologies, which utilize azimuthal amplitude variations (AVAZ) present in 3D seismic data, to infer fracture characteristics without the need for substantial well log information. Two of these methods have been previously established and assume the reservoir to be characteristic of Horizontally Transverse Isotropic (HTI). The last method is novel and assumes orthorhombic anisotropy when inverting for fracture density and is able to unambiguously invert for fracture azimuth. All methodologies used in this work produced similar results, increasing confidence in the accuracy of these results through statistical repeatability. Fracture density inversion results indicate spatially varying fracture density throughout the area, with a distinct area of higher fracture density present in the Northwestern corner of the area analyzed. Spatially varying fracture density and localized pockets of fracturing is consistent with expectation from analyzing production data and FMI logs from other areas of the Haynesville. Fracture azimuth inversion results showed some variability; however, the novel method presented in this thesis indicates that the azimuth of the predominant fracture set is oriented at a compass bearing of approximately 82 degrees -- rotated slightly counterclockwise from an east-west orientation. Fracture azimuth results agree well with expectations from a regional stress analysis and from examining comparable formations with known fracture patterns in the surrounding area.
Book Synopsis Multi-scale Characterization of the Woodford Shale in West-central Oklahoma by : Nabanita Gupta
Download or read book Multi-scale Characterization of the Woodford Shale in West-central Oklahoma written by Nabanita Gupta and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Sequence Stratigraphy and Seismic Interpretation of the Upper Devonian - Lower Mississippian Woodford Shale in the Cherokee Platform by : Jean David Amorocho Sanchez
Download or read book Sequence Stratigraphy and Seismic Interpretation of the Upper Devonian - Lower Mississippian Woodford Shale in the Cherokee Platform written by Jean David Amorocho Sanchez and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Anisotropic Analysis of Unconventional Reservoirs Using Rock Physics Model by : Ufuk Durmus
Download or read book Anisotropic Analysis of Unconventional Reservoirs Using Rock Physics Model written by Ufuk Durmus and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Comprehensive Reservoir Characterization of the Woodford Shale in Parts of Garfield and Kingfisher Counties, Oklahoma by : Jing Zhang
Download or read book Comprehensive Reservoir Characterization of the Woodford Shale in Parts of Garfield and Kingfisher Counties, Oklahoma written by Jing Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Analyzing AVO/AVAz and Rock Properties to Detect Anisotropy and Optimum Reservoir Characteristics Within the Woodford Shale of the Anadarko Basin by : Leonardo Landivar Baron
Download or read book Analyzing AVO/AVAz and Rock Properties to Detect Anisotropy and Optimum Reservoir Characteristics Within the Woodford Shale of the Anadarko Basin written by Leonardo Landivar Baron and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Multiscale Natural Fracture Characterization Workflow for Unconventional Shale, Woodford and Barnett Shales as Examples by : Jing Zhang
Download or read book Multiscale Natural Fracture Characterization Workflow for Unconventional Shale, Woodford and Barnett Shales as Examples written by Jing Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Integrated Characterization of the Woodford Shale in Southwest Cherokee Platform, Oklahoma by : Esther E. Ali
Download or read book Integrated Characterization of the Woodford Shale in Southwest Cherokee Platform, Oklahoma written by Esther E. Ali and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Seismic Characterization of the Eagle Ford Shale Based on Rock Physics by : Ricardo Zavala-Torres
Download or read book Seismic Characterization of the Eagle Ford Shale Based on Rock Physics written by Ricardo Zavala-Torres and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The findings of this dissertation on seismic characterization of the Eagle Ford Shale based on rock physics using actual well-log data from productive and unproductive wells in Mexico can be immediately and effectively applied to avoid future failures and can be corroborated with current and new locations for exploration and production. It was found that basic sequence stratigraphy techniques developed for unconventional reservoirs can be applied to the case of the Eagle Ford Shale in Mexico. Using well log correlation and petrophysical techniques to estimate reservoir properties, it was concluded that the zone where the horizontal well was drilled at Montanes-1 was located above the condensed sequence, bypassing the pay zone below the maximum flooding surface in the transgressive system track. It is verified that the productive well Emergente-1 was drilled in the correct zone with hydrocarbon saturation at the transgressive system track below the maximum flooding surface. It was found that using mineral assessment methods to compute brittleness, and the proper geosteering analysis is a consistent approach for placement of future horizontals. Based on that, it is concluded that any estimation of rock physics and anisotropic parameters derived from well logs at the source rock interval will be deceiving and will give a false estimation. It was concluded that the isotropic rock physic model known as friable-sand or modified friable-shale (unconsolidated sand or unconsolidated shale), or most recently called “soft-sand model”, was proved to match the data better than any other rock physic model tested to predict velocity and density. The term “non-source rock model” will be used instead for the rock physic model because it is more consistent with the Eagle Ford Shale case analyzed here. For the orientation of maximum horizontal stress, it is concluded by integrating VSP, microseismic and borehole data, that a straight north-south orientation of future horizontals is needed in order to generate the fractures in the straight east-west azimuth correlating with the maximum horizontal stress orientation.
Book Synopsis Characterization of Anisotropy in Organic-rich Shales by : Mehdi Mokhtari
Download or read book Characterization of Anisotropy in Organic-rich Shales written by Mehdi Mokhtari and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Handheld XRF as a Proxy for Onsite Evaluation of Unconventional Targets by : Tyler Jayne Willey
Download or read book Handheld XRF as a Proxy for Onsite Evaluation of Unconventional Targets written by Tyler Jayne Willey and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Woodford shale is recognized as an abundant source rock across Oklahoma and much of the midcontinent (Lambert, 1990), and up to 8% of the world's hydrocarbon reserves are estimated to have been sourced by the Woodford and its equivalents (Fritz et al, 1991). The Woodford shale is far more complex than other Devonian black shales found in North America due to the presence of alternating bands of chert-like amorphous silica and silica-rich shale. Analysis of chert and its possible role in gas generation and storage in shales has been largely overlooked. The goal of this study is to determine if chert size, amounts, or polycrystallinity can be indicators of thermal maturity within the Woodford shale. Handheld XRF analysis was conducted on the whole rock samples, and a mudrock specific sodium bisulfate fusion was used to separate the non-clay fraction. SEM was performed on the resulting separates to study and observe changes in chert fabric, grain-size, and amount. No correlations were observed to indicate that chert is an indicator of thermal maturity within the Woodford shale. Increase in chert growth and amount was also not detected within the size fractions as thermal maturity increases. Handheld XRF proved to be a good proxy for quick, onsite analysis of silica concentrations, as well as the amount of organic matter within drill core. This could be beneficial as hydraulic fracking produces best results in areas of higher silica content, and the wells with the highest organic matter have the highest potential for petroleum accumulations.
