U. S. Grant and the American Military Tradition

Download U. S. Grant and the American Military Tradition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Open Road Media
ISBN 13 : 1504024222
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis U. S. Grant and the American Military Tradition by : Bruce Catton

Download or read book U. S. Grant and the American Military Tradition written by Bruce Catton and published by Open Road Media. This book was released on 2015-11-03 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concise biography of the legendary Union general and controversial US president from “one of America’s foremost Civil War authorities” (Kirkus Reviews). Pulitzer Prize–winning historian Bruce Catton explores the life and legacy of one of the nation’s most misunderstood heroes: Ulysses S. Grant. In this classic work, Grant emerges as a complicated figure whose accomplishments have all too often been downplayed or overlooked. Catton begins with Grant’s youth and his service as a young lieutenant under General Zachary Taylor in the Mexican-American War. He recounts Grant’s subsequent disgrace, from his forced resignation for drinking to his failures as a citizen farmer and salesman. He then chronicles his redemption during the Civil War, as Grant rose from the rank of an unknown solider to commanding general of the US Army and savior of the Union. U. S. Grant and the American Military Tradition details all of his signature campaigns: From Fort Henry, Shiloh, and the Siege of Vicksburg to Robert E. Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House, Grant won national renown. Then, as a two-term president, Grant achieved a number of underrated successes that must figure into any telling of his life. From Grant’s childhood in Ohio to his final days in New York, this succinct and illuminating biography is required reading for anyone interested in American history.

George Washington and the American Military Tradition

Download George Washington and the American Military Tradition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Georgia Press
ISBN 13 : 0820324000
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis George Washington and the American Military Tradition by : Don Higginbotham

Download or read book George Washington and the American Military Tradition written by Don Higginbotham and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 1987-10-01 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In George Washington and the American Military Tradition, Don Higginbotham investigates the interplay of militiaman and professional soldier, of soldier and legislator, that shaped George Washington’s military career and ultimately fostered the victory that brought independence to our nation. Higginbotham then explores the legacy of Washington’s success, revealing that the crucial blending of civil and military concerns characteristic of the Revolution has been variously regarded and only seldom repeated by later generations of American soldiers. Washington’s training, between 1753 and 1755, included frontier command in the Virginia militia, adjunct service to the British regulars during the French and Indian War, and increasing civil service in the Virginia House of Burgesses and Continental Congress. The result of this combination of pursuits was Washington’s concern for the citizen behind the soldier, his appreciation of both frontier tactics and professional discipline, and his sensitivity to political conflict and consensus in thirteen colonies in forming a new, united nation. When, in 1775, Washington accepted command of the Continental Army from the Continental Congress, he possessed political and military experience that enabled him, by 1783, to translate the Declaration of Independence into victory over the British. Yet, Higginbotham notes, the legacy of Washington’s success has sometimes been overlooked by generals concerned with professional training and a permanent military establishment, and therefore apt to revere foreign heros such as Jomini, Napoleon, and Bismarck more than Washington. Other leaders, most notably the World War II chief of staff, George Marshall, have recognized and implemented Washington’s unique understanding of civil and military coordination. In times almost wholly dominated by a military agenda, Washington’s and Marshall’s steady subordination of soldier to citizen, of strategy to legislation, recalls the careful consensus of thirteen colonies in 1776.

Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant ...

Download Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant ... PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : New York, C. L. Webster & Company
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 606 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant ... by : Ulysses Simpson Grant

Download or read book Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant ... written by Ulysses Simpson Grant and published by New York, C. L. Webster & Company. This book was released on 1885 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Faced with failing health and financial ruin, the Civil War's greatest general and former president wrote his personal memoirs to secure his family's future - and won himself a unique place in American letters. Devoted almost entirely to his life as a soldier, Grant's Memoirs traces the trajectory of his extraordinary career - from West Point cadet to general-in-chief of all Union armies. For their directness and clarity, his writings on war are without rival in American literature, and his autobiography deserves a place among the very best in the genre.

American Ulysses

Download American Ulysses PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Random House Trade Paperbacks
ISBN 13 : 0812981251
Total Pages : 866 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (129 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis American Ulysses by : Ronald C. White

Download or read book American Ulysses written by Ronald C. White and published by Random House Trade Paperbacks. This book was released on 2017-06-06 with total page 866 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • From the author of A. Lincoln, a major new biography of one of America’s greatest generals—and most misunderstood presidents Winner of the William Henry Seward Award for Excellence in Civil War Biography • Finalist for the Gilder-Lehrman Military History Book Prize In his time, Ulysses S. Grant was routinely grouped with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln in the “Trinity of Great American Leaders.” But the battlefield commander–turned–commander-in-chief fell out of favor in the twentieth century. In American Ulysses, Ronald C. White argues that we need to once more revise our estimates of him in the twenty-first. Based on seven years of research with primary documents—some of them never examined by previous Grant scholars—this is destined to become the Grant biography of our time. White, a biographer exceptionally skilled at writing momentous history from the inside out, shows Grant to be a generous, curious, introspective man and leader—a willing delegator with a natural gift for managing the rampaging egos of his fellow officers. His wife, Julia Dent Grant, long marginalized in the historic record, emerges in her own right as a spirited and influential partner. Grant was not only a brilliant general but also a passionate defender of equal rights in post-Civil War America. After winning election to the White House in 1868, he used the power of the federal government to battle the Ku Klux Klan. He was the first president to state that the government’s policy toward American Indians was immoral, and the first ex-president to embark on a world tour, and he cemented his reputation for courage by racing against death to complete his Personal Memoirs. Published by Mark Twain, it is widely considered to be the greatest autobiography by an American leader, but its place in Grant’s life story has never been fully explored—until now. One of those rare books that successfully recast our impression of an iconic historical figure, American Ulysses gives us a finely honed, three-dimensional portrait of Grant the man—husband, father, leader, writer—that should set the standard by which all future biographies of him will be measured. Praise for American Ulysses “[Ronald C. White] portrays a deeply introspective man of ideals, a man of measured thought and careful action who found himself in the crosshairs of American history at its most crucial moment.”—USA Today “White delineates Grant’s virtues better than any author before. . . . By the end, readers will see how fortunate the nation was that Grant went into the world—to save the Union, to lead it and, on his deathbed, to write one of the finest memoirs in all of American letters.”—The New York Times Book Review “Ronald White has restored Ulysses S. Grant to his proper place in history with a biography whose breadth and tone suit the man perfectly. Like Grant himself, this book will have staying power.”—The Wall Street Journal “Magisterial . . . Grant’s esteem in the eyes of historians has increased significantly in the last generation. . . . [American Ulysses] is the newest heavyweight champion in this movement.”—The Boston Globe “Superb . . . illuminating, inspiring and deeply moving.”—Chicago Tribune “In this sympathetic, rigorously sourced biography, White . . . conveys the essence of Grant the man and Grant the warrior.”—Newsday

General Grant and the Verdict of History

Download General Grant and the Verdict of History PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Savas Beatie
ISBN 13 : 1611215544
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis General Grant and the Verdict of History by : Frank P Varney

Download or read book General Grant and the Verdict of History written by Frank P Varney and published by Savas Beatie. This book was released on 2023-03-10 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: General Ulysses S. Grant is best remembered today as a war-winning general, and he certainly deserves credit for his efforts on behalf of the Union. But has he received too much credit at the expense of other men? Have others who fought the war with him suffered unfairly at his hands? General Grant and the Verdict of History: Memoir, Memory, and the Civil War explores these issues. Professor Frank P. Varney examines Grant’s relationship with three noted Civil War generals: the brash and uncompromising “Fighting Joe” Hooker; George H. Thomas, the stellar commander who earned the sobriquet “Rock of Chickamauga”; and Gouverneur Kemble Warren, who served honorably and well in every major action of the Army of the Potomac before being relieved less than two weeks before Appomattox, and only after he had played a prominent part in the major Union victory at Five Forks. In his earlier book General Grant and the Rewriting of History, Dr. Varney studied the tempestuous relationship between Grant and Union General William S. Rosecrans. During the war, Rosecrans was considered by many of his contemporaries to be on par with Grant himself; today, he is largely forgotten. Rosecrans’s star dimmed, argues Varney, because Grant orchestrated the effort. Unbeknownst to most students of the war, Grant used his official reports, interviews with the press, and his memoirs to influence how future generations would remember the war and his part in it. Aided greatly by his two terms as president, by the clarity and eloquence of his memoirs, and in particular by the dramatic backdrop against which those memoirs were written, our historical memory has been influenced to a degree greater than many realize. It is beyond time to return to the original sources—the letters, journals, reports, and memoirs of other witnesses and the transcripts of courts-martial— to examine Grant’s story from a fresh perspective. The results are enlightening and more than a little disturbing.

U. S. Grant

Download U. S. Grant PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ReadHowYouWant.com
ISBN 13 : 1458781437
Total Pages : 694 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (587 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis U. S. Grant by : Waugh

Download or read book U. S. Grant written by Waugh and published by ReadHowYouWant.com. This book was released on 2010-07-09 with total page 694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grant was the most famous person in America, considered by most citizens to be equal in stature to George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Yet today his monuments are rarely visited, his military reputation is overshadowed by that of Robert E. Lee, and his presidency is permanently mired at the bottom of historical rankings. In an insightful blen...

The Life of General U.S. Grant

Download The Life of General U.S. Grant PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 790 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Life of General U.S. Grant by : L. T. Remlap

Download or read book The Life of General U.S. Grant written by L. T. Remlap and published by . This book was released on 1885 with total page 790 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compilation of a wide variety of original source material accompanied by a significant amount of Remlap's text, which provides context and flow.

The Man Who Saved the Union

Download The Man Who Saved the Union PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Anchor
ISBN 13 : 0307475158
Total Pages : 754 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (74 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Man Who Saved the Union by : H. W. Brands

Download or read book The Man Who Saved the Union written by H. W. Brands and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2013-05-28 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the two-time Pulitzer Prize finalist, bestselling historian, and author of Our First Civil War—a masterful biography of the Civil War general and two-term president who saved the Union twice, on the battlefield and in the White House. • “[A] splendidly written biography ... Brands does justice to one of America’s most underrated presidents.” —Dallas Morning News Ulysses Grant emerges in this masterful biography as a genius in battle and a driven president to a divided country, who remained fearlessly on the side of right. He was a beloved commander in the field who made the sacrifices necessary to win the war, even in the face of criticism. He worked valiantly to protect the rights of freed men in the South. He allowed the American Indians to shape their own fate even as the realities of Manifest Destiny meant the end of their way of life. In this sweeping and majestic narrative, bestselling author H.W. Brands now reconsiders Grant's legacy and provides an intimate portrait of a heroic man who saved the Union on the battlefield and consolidated that victory as a resolute and principled political leader. Look for H.W. Brands's other biographies: THE FIRST AMERICAN (Benjamin Franklin), ANDREW JACKSON, TRAITOR TO HIS CLASS (Franklin Roosevelt) and REAGAN.

Life and Services of Gen. U.S. Grant

Download Life and Services of Gen. U.S. Grant PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Legare Street Press
ISBN 13 : 9781022853188
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (531 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Life and Services of Gen. U.S. Grant by : Henry Coppée

Download or read book Life and Services of Gen. U.S. Grant written by Henry Coppée and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2023-07-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an authoritative account of the life and military career of Ulysses S. Grant, one of the most celebrated figures in American history. It examines his role in key battles of the Civil War and his tenure as President of the United States. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Grant Moves South

Download Grant Moves South PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Open Road Media
ISBN 13 : 1504024206
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Grant Moves South by : Bruce Catton

Download or read book Grant Moves South written by Bruce Catton and published by Open Road Media. This book was released on 2015-11-03 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Pulitzer Prize–winning historian looks at the complex, controversial Union commander who ensured the Confederacy’s downfall in the Civil War. In this New York Times bestseller, preeminent Civil War historian Bruce Catton narrows his focus on commander Ulysses S. Grant, whose bold tactics and relentless dedication to the Union ultimately ensured a Northern victory in the nation’s bloodiest conflict. While a succession of Union generals—from McClellan to Burnside to Hooker to Meade—were losing battles and sacrificing troops due to ego, egregious errors, and incompetence, an unassuming Federal Army commander was excelling in the Western theater of operations. Though unskilled in military power politics and disregarded by his peers, Colonel Grant, commander of the Twenty-First Illinois Volunteer Infantry, was proving to be an unstoppable force. He won victory after victory at Belmont, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson, while brilliantly avoiding near-catastrophe and ultimately triumphing at Shiloh. And Grant’s bold maneuvers at Vicksburg would cost the Confederacy its invaluable lifeline: the Mississippi River. But destiny and President Lincoln had even loftier plans for Grant, placing nothing less than the future of an entire nation in the capable hands of the North’s most valuable military leader. Based in large part on military communiqués, personal eyewitness accounts, and Grant’s own writings, Catton’s extraordinary history offers readers an insightful look at arguably the most innovative Civil War battlefield strategist, unmatched by even the South’s legendary Robert E. Lee.

Let Us Have Peace

Download Let Us Have Peace PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469617463
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Let Us Have Peace by : Brooks D. Simpson

Download or read book Let Us Have Peace written by Brooks D. Simpson and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2014-06-30 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historians have traditionally drawn distinctions between Ulysses S. Grant's military and political careers. In Let Us Have Peace, Brooks Simpson questions such distinctions and offers a new understanding of this often enigmatic leader. He argues that during the 1860s Grant was both soldier and politician, for military and civil policy were inevitably intertwined during the Civil War and Reconstruction era. According to Simpson, Grant instinctively understood that war was 'politics by other means.' Moreover, he realized that civil wars presented special challenges: reconciliation, not conquest, was the Union's ultimate goal. And in peace, Grant sought to secure what had been won in war, stepping in to assume a more active role in policymaking when the intransigence of white Southerners and the obstructionist behavior of President Andrew Johnson threatened to spoil the fruits of Northern victory.

A General Who Will Fight

Download A General Who Will Fight PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813140757
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A General Who Will Fight by : Harry S. Laver

Download or read book A General Who Will Fight written by Harry S. Laver and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2013-01-28 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prior to his service in the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant exhibited few characteristics indicating that he would be an extraordinary leader. His performance as a cadet was mediocre, and he finished in the bottom half of his class at West Point. However, during his early service in the Civil War, most notably at the battles of Shiloh and Vicksburg, Grant proved that he possessed an uncommon drive. When it was most crucial, Grant demonstrated his integrity, determination, and tactical skill by taking control of the Union troops and leading his forces to victory. A General Who Will Fight is a detailed study of leadership that explores Grant's rise from undisciplined cadet to commanding general of the United States Army. Some experts have attributed Grant's success to superior manpower and technology, to the help he received from other Union armies, or even to a ruthless willingness to sacrifice his own men. Harry S. Laver, however, refutes these arguments and reveals that the only viable explanation for Grant's success lies in his leadership skill, professional competence, and unshakable resolve. Much more than a book on military strat-egy, this innovative volume examines the decision-making process that enabled Grant both to excel as an unquestioned commander and to win.

U.S. Grant

Download U.S. Grant PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807833177
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis U.S. Grant by : Joan Waugh

Download or read book U.S. Grant written by Joan Waugh and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses how the public opinion of Ulysses Grant has changed from that of a revered President to the twentieth-century view of him as only a mediocre one, describing how the change is paralleled by a reassessment of the Civil War period itself.

The Memoirs of U. S. Grant

Download The Memoirs of U. S. Grant PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : DigiCat
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 707 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (596 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Memoirs of U. S. Grant by : Ulysses S. Grant

Download or read book The Memoirs of U. S. Grant written by Ulysses S. Grant and published by DigiCat. This book was released on 2023-11-11 with total page 707 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Main focus of Grant's writing in his autobiography is on his military career during the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War. Original edition of Grant's Memoirs was published by Mark Twain shortly after Grant's death.

Ulysses S. Grant

Download Ulysses S. Grant PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Zenith Press
ISBN 13 : 0760346968
Total Pages : 558 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (63 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ulysses S. Grant by : Brooks Simpson

Download or read book Ulysses S. Grant written by Brooks Simpson and published by Zenith Press. This book was released on 2014-10-21 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many modern historians have painted Ulysses S. Grant as a butcher, a drunk, and a failure as president. Others have argued the exact opposite and portray him with saintlike levels of ethic and intellect. In Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity 1822–1865, historian Brooks D. Simpson takes neither approach, recognizing Grant as a complex and human figure with human faults, strengths, and motivations. Simpson offers a balanced and complete study of Grant from birth to the end of the Civil War, with particular emphasis on his military career and family life and the struggles he overcame in his unlikely rise from unremarkable beginnings to his later fame as commander of the Union Army. Chosen as a New York Times Notable Book upon its original publication, Ulysses S. Grant is a readable, thoroughly researched portrait that sheds light on this controversial figure.

Grant and Lee

Download Grant and Lee PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Regnery Publishing
ISBN 13 : 162157010X
Total Pages : 722 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (215 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Grant and Lee by : Edward H. Bonekemper, III

Download or read book Grant and Lee written by Edward H. Bonekemper, III and published by Regnery Publishing. This book was released on 2012-12-10 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grant and Lee: Victorious American and Vanquished Virginian is a comprehensive, multi-theater, war-long comparison of the command skills of Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee. Written by Edward H. Bonekemper III, Grant and Lee clarifies the impact both generals had on the outcome of the Civil War—namely, the assistance that Lee provided to Grant by Lee's excessive casualties in Virginia, the consequent drain of Confederate resources from Grant's battlefronts, and Lee's refusal and delay of reinforcements to the combat areas where Grant was operating. The reader will be left astounded by the level of aggression both generals employed to secure victory for their respective causes, as Bonekemper demonstrates that Grant was a national general whose tactics were consistent with acheiving Union victory, whereas Lee's own priorities constantly undermined the Confederacy's chances of winning the war. Building on detailed accounts of both generals' major campaigns and battles, this book provides a detailed comparison of the primary military and personal traits of the two men. That analysis supports the preface discussion and the chapter-by-chapter conclusions that Grant did what the North needed to do to win the war: be aggressive, eliminate enemy armies, and do so with minimal casualties (154,000), while Lee was too offensive for the undermanned Confederacy, suffered intolerable casualties (209,000), and allowed his obsession with the Commonwealth of Virginia to obscure the broader interests of the Confederacy. In addition, readers will find interest in the 18 highly detailed and revealing battle maps, as well as in a comprehensive set of appendices that describes the casualties incurred by each army, battle by battle.

American Military History Volume 1

Download American Military History Volume 1 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781944961404
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis American Military History Volume 1 by : Army Center of Military History

Download or read book American Military History Volume 1 written by Army Center of Military History and published by . This book was released on 2016-06-05 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: American Military History provides the United States Army-in particular, its young officers, NCOs, and cadets-with a comprehensive but brief account of its past. The Center of Military History first published this work in 1956 as a textbook for senior ROTC courses. Since then it has gone through a number of updates and revisions, but the primary intent has remained the same. Support for military history education has always been a principal mission of the Center, and this new edition of an invaluable history furthers that purpose. The history of an active organization tends to expand rapidly as the organization grows larger and more complex. The period since the Vietnam War, at which point the most recent edition ended, has been a significant one for the Army, a busy period of expanding roles and missions and of fundamental organizational changes. In particular, the explosion of missions and deployments since 11 September 2001 has necessitated the creation of additional, open-ended chapters in the story of the U.S. Army in action. This first volume covers the Army's history from its birth in 1775 to the eve of World War I. By 1917, the United States was already a world power. The Army had sent large expeditionary forces beyond the American hemisphere, and at the beginning of the new century Secretary of War Elihu Root had proposed changes and reforms that within a generation would shape the Army of the future. But world war-global war-was still to come. The second volume of this new edition will take up that story and extend it into the twenty-first century and the early years of the war on terrorism and includes an analysis of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq up to January 2009.