Two Worlds In The Tennessee Mountains Exploring The Origins Of Appalachian Stereotypes

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Two Worlds in the Tennessee Mountains

Author : David C. Hsiung
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813194172
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Two Worlds in the Tennessee Mountains by : David C. Hsiung

Download or read book Two Worlds in the Tennessee Mountains written by David C. Hsiung and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2021-12-14 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most Americans know Appalachia through stereotyped images: moonshine and handicrafts, poverty and illiteracy, rugged terrain and isolated mountaineers. Historian David Hsiung maintains that in order to understand the origins of such stereotypes, we must look critically at their underlying concepts, especially those of isolation and community. Hsiung focuses on the mountainous area of upper East Tennessee, tracing this area's development from the first settlementin the eighteenth century to the eve of the Civil War. Through his examination, he identifies the different ways in which the region's inhabitants were connected to or separated from other peoples and places. Using an interdisciplinary framework, he analyzes geographical and sociocultural isolation from a number of perspectives, including transportation networks, changing economy, population movement, and topography. This provocative work will stimulate future studies of early Appalachia and serve as a model for the analysis of regional cultures.

Lincolnites and Rebels

Author : Robert Tracy McKenzie
Publisher : OUP USA
ISBN 13 : 0195182944
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis Lincolnites and Rebels by : Robert Tracy McKenzie

Download or read book Lincolnites and Rebels written by Robert Tracy McKenzie and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2006-11-09 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text presents the story of the Civil War in Knoxville, Tennessee - a perpetually occupied, bitterly divided southern town. It documents the loyalties of more than half of the townspeople, identifies complex patterns of individual decisions, and explores the agonizing personal decisions that the war made inescapable.

The Lost State of Franklin

Author : Kevin T. Barksdale
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813154030
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis The Lost State of Franklin by : Kevin T. Barksdale

Download or read book The Lost State of Franklin written by Kevin T. Barksdale and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2021-02-15 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the years following the Revolutionary War, the young American nation was in a state of chaos. Citizens pleaded with government leaders to reorganize local infrastructures and heighten regulations, but economic turmoil, Native American warfare, and political unrest persisted. By 1784, one group of North Carolina frontiersmen could no longer stand the unresponsiveness of state leaders to their growing demands. This ambitious coalition of Tennessee Valley citizens declared their region independent from North Carolina, forming the state of Franklin. The Lost State of Franklin: America's First Secession chronicles the history of this ill-fated movement from its origins in the early settlement of East Tennessee to its eventual violent demise. Author Kevin T. Barksdale investigates how this lost state failed so ruinously, examining its history and tracing the development of its modern mythology. The Franklin independence movement emerged from the shared desires of a powerful group of landed elite, yeoman farmers, and country merchants. Over the course of four years they managed to develop a functioning state government, court system, and backcountry bureaucracy. Cloaking their motives in the rhetoric of the American Revolution, the Franklinites aimed to defend their land claims, expand their economy, and eradicate the area's Native American population. They sought admission into the union as America's fourteenth state, but their secession never garnered support from outside the Tennessee Valley. Confronted by Native American resistance and the opposition of the North Carolina government, the state of Franklin incited a firestorm of partisan and Indian violence. Despite a brief diplomatic flirtation with the nation of Spain during the state's final days, the state was never able to recover from the warfare, and Franklin collapsed in 1788. East Tennesseans now regard the lost state of Franklin as a symbol of rugged individualism and regional exceptionalism, but outside the region the movement has been largely forgotten. The Lost State of Franklin presents the complete history of this defiant secession and examines the formation of its romanticized local legacy. In reevaluating this complex political movement, Barksdale sheds light on a remarkable Appalachian insurrection and reminds readers of the extraordinary, fragile nature of America's young independence.

High Mountains Rising

Author : Richard A. Straw
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252092600
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis High Mountains Rising by : Richard A. Straw

Download or read book High Mountains Rising written by Richard A. Straw and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2010-10-01 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection is the first comprehensive, cohesive volume to unite Appalachian history with its culture. Richard A. Straw and H. Tyler Blethen's High Mountains Rising provides a clear, systematic, and engaging overview of the Appalachian timeline, its people, and the most significant aspects of life in the region. The first half of the fourteen essays deal with historical issues including Native Americans, pioneer settlement, slavery, the Civil War and Reconstruction, industrialization, the Great Depression, migration, and finally, modernization. The remaining essays take a more cultural focus, addressing stereotypes, music, folklife, language, literature, and religion. Bringing together many of the most prestigious scholars in Appalachian studies, this volume has been designed for general and classroom use, and includes suggestions for further reading.

The Road to Poverty

Author : Dwight B. Billings
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521655460
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (554 download)

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Book Synopsis The Road to Poverty by : Dwight B. Billings

Download or read book The Road to Poverty written by Dwight B. Billings and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-01-28 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kathleen Blee and Dwight Billings examine the social dynamics of persistently poor rural communities through the history of Clay County, an especially po or section of the Eastern Kentucky mountains in Appalachia. This book makes an important contribution to basic research on inequality pointing to the shortcomings of treating symptomatic problems of low income, while failing to address systemic ones at a time when American policymakers are struggling to design and implement effective programs to move people from welfare to work.

Moonshiners and Prohibitionists

Author : Bruce E. Stewart
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813140099
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Moonshiners and Prohibitionists by : Bruce E. Stewart

Download or read book Moonshiners and Prohibitionists written by Bruce E. Stewart and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2011-04-22 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A “masterly study” of how the business of homemade liquor shaped the history and culture of a region (Journal of American History). Homemade liquor has played a prominent role in the Appalachian economy for nearly two centuries. The region endured profound transformations during the extreme prohibition movements of the nineteenth century, when the manufacturing and sale of alcohol—an integral part of daily life for many Appalachians—was banned. Moonshiners and Prohibitionists: The Battle over Alcohol in Southern Appalachia chronicles the social tensions that accompanied the region’s early transition from a rural to an urban-industrial economy. It analyzes the dynamic relationship of the bootleggers and opponents of liquor sales in western North Carolina, as well as conflict driven by social and economic development that manifested in political discord—and also explores the life of the moonshiner and the many myths that developed around hillbilly stereotypes. “A much-needed contribution to our understanding of the complex social, economic, religious, and cultural issues underlying the prohibition impulse that swept the South between 1880 and 1920.” ―Journal of Southern History

Beyond the Mountains

Author : Drew A. Swanson
Publisher : University of Georgia Press
ISBN 13 : 0820344877
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis Beyond the Mountains by : Drew A. Swanson

Download or read book Beyond the Mountains written by Drew A. Swanson and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 2018-11-15 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beyond the Mountains explores the ways in which Appalachia often served as a laboratory for the exploration and practice of American conceptions of nature. The region operated alternately as frontier, wilderness, rural hinterland, region of subsistence agriculture, bastion of yeoman farmers, and place to experiment with modernization. In these various takes on the southern mountains, scattered across time and space, both mountain residents and outsiders consistently believed that the region's environment made Appalachia distinctive, for better or worse. With chapters dedicated to microhistories focused on particular commodities, Drew A. Swanson builds upon recent Appalachian studies scholarship, emphasizing the diversity of a region so long considered a homogenous backwater. While Appalachia has a recognizable and real coherence rooted in folkways, agriculture, and politics (among other things), it is also a region of varied environments, people, and histories. These discrete stories are, however, linked through the power of conceptualizing nature and work together to reveal the ways in which ideas and uses of nature often created a sense of identity in Appalachia. Delving into the environmental history of the region reveals that Appalachian environments, rather than separating the mountains from the broader world, often served to connect the region to outside places.

Coalfield Jews

Author : Deborah R. Weiner
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252054946
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Coalfield Jews by : Deborah R. Weiner

Download or read book Coalfield Jews written by Deborah R. Weiner and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2023-02-03 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The stories of vibrant eastern European Jewish communities in the Appalachian coalfields Coalfield Jews explores the intersection of two simultaneous historic events: central Appalachia’s transformative coal boom (1880s-1920), and the mass migration of eastern European Jews to America. Traveling to southern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, and southwestern Virginia to investigate the coal boom’s opportunities, some Jewish immigrants found success as retailers and established numerous small but flourishing Jewish communities. Deborah R. Weiner’s Coalfield Jews provides the first extended study of Jews in Appalachia, exploring where they settled, how they made their place within a surprisingly receptive dominant culture, how they competed with coal company stores, interacted with their non-Jewish neighbors, and maintained a strong Jewish identity deep in the heart of the Appalachian mountains. To tell this story, Weiner draws on a wide range of primary sources in social, cultural, religious, labor, economic, and regional history. She also includes moving personal statements, from oral histories as well as archival sources, to create a holistic portrayal of Jewish life that will challenge commonly held views of Appalachia as well as the American Jewish experience.

Race, War, and Remembrance

Author : John C. Inscoe
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813138965
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Race, War, and Remembrance by : John C. Inscoe

Download or read book Race, War, and Remembrance written by John C. Inscoe and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2008-08-15 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A significant contribution to the current understanding of southern Appalachia’s place within the South and the nation.” —The Journal of American History Among the most pervasive of stereotypes imposed upon southern highlanders is that they were white, opposed slavery, and supported the Union before and during the Civil War, but the historical record suggests far different realities. John C. Inscoe has spent much of his scholarly career exploring the social, economic and political significance of slavery and slaveholding in the mountain South and the complex nature of the region’s wartime loyalties. Drawing on the memories, memoirs, and other testimony of slaves and free blacks, slaveholders and abolitionists, guerrilla warriors, invading armies, and the highland civilians they encountered, Inscoe’s essays consider a multiplicity of perspectives and what is revealed about highlanders’ dual and overlapping identities as both a part of, and distinct from, the South as a whole. Devoting attention to how truths from these contemporary voices were exploited, distorted, reshaped, reinforced, or ignored by later generations, he considers novelists, journalists, filmmakers, dramatists, and even historians over the course of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries and how their work has contributed much to either our understanding?or misunderstanding?of nineteenth century Appalachia and its place in the American imagination. “Each essay is a gem of historical and critical analysis that adds greatly to our understanding of the Appalachian past.” —Dwight Billings, coeditor of Appalachia in the Making: The Mountain South in the Nineteenth Century

Blood in the Hills

Author : Bruce Stewart
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813134277
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Blood in the Hills by : Bruce Stewart

Download or read book Blood in the Hills written by Bruce Stewart and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To many antebellum Americans, Appalachia was a frightening wilderness of lawlessness, peril, robbers, and hidden dangers. The extensive media coverage of horse stealing and scalping raids profiled the regionÕs residents as intrinsically violent. After the Civil War, this characterization continued to permeate perceptions of the area and news of the conflict between the Hatfields and the McCoys, as well as the bloodshed associated with the coal labor strikes, cemented AppalachiaÕs violent reputation. Blood in the Hills: A History of Violence in Appalachia provides an in-depth historical analysis of hostility in the region from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century. Editor Bruce E. Stewart discusses aspects of the Appalachian violence culture, examining skirmishes with the native population, conflicts resulting from the regionÕs rapid modernization, and violence as a function of social control. The contributors also address geographical isolation and ethnicity, kinship, gender, class, and race with the purpose of shedding light on an often-stereotyped regional past. Blood in the Hills does not attempt to apologize for the region but uses detailed research and analysis to explain it, delving into the social and political factors that have defined Appalachia throughout its violent history.

Writing History with Lightning

Author : Matthew Christopher Hulbert
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 0807170909
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Writing History with Lightning by : Matthew Christopher Hulbert

Download or read book Writing History with Lightning written by Matthew Christopher Hulbert and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2019-02-05 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Films possess virtually unlimited power for crafting broad interpretations of American history. Nineteenth-century America has proven especially conducive to Hollywood imaginations, producing indelible images like the plight of Davy Crockett and the defenders of the Alamo, Pickett’s doomed charge at Gettysburg, the proliferation and destruction of plantation slavery in the American South, Custer’s fateful decision to divide his forces at Little Big Horn, and the onset of immigration and industrialization that saw Old World lifestyles and customs dissolve amid rapidly changing environments. Balancing historical nuance with passion for cinematic narratives, Writing History with Lightning confronts how movies about nineteenth-century America influence the ways in which mass audiences remember, understand, and envision the nation’s past. In these twenty-six essays—divided by the editors into sections on topics like frontiers, slavery, the Civil War, the Lost Cause, and the West—notable historians engage with films and the historical events they ostensibly depict. Instead of just separating fact from fiction, the essays contemplate the extent to which movies generate and promulgate collective memories of American history. Along with new takes on familiar classics like Young Mr. Lincoln and They Died with Their Boots On, the volume covers several films released in recent years, including The Revenant, 12 Years a Slave, The Birth of a Nation, Free State of Jones, and The Hateful Eight. The authors address Hollywood epics like The Alamo and Amistad, arguing that these movies flatten the historical record to promote nationalist visions. The contributors also examine overlooked films like Hester Street and Daughters of the Dust, considering their portraits of marginalized communities as transformative perspectives on American culture. By surveying films about nineteenth-century America, Writing History with Lightning analyzes how movies create popular understandings of American history and why those interpretations change over time.

Appalachian Dance

Author : Susan Eike Spalding
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252096452
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Appalachian Dance by : Susan Eike Spalding

Download or read book Appalachian Dance written by Susan Eike Spalding and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2014-09-15 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Appalachian Dance: Creativity and Continuity in Six Communities, Susan Eike Spalding brings to bear twenty-five years' worth of rich interviews with black and white Virginians, Tennesseeans, and Kentuckians to explore the evolution and social uses of dance in each region. Spalding analyzes how issues as disparate as industrialization around coal, plantation culture, race relations, and the 1970s folk revival influenced freestyle clogging and other dance forms like square dancing in profound ways. She reveals how African Americans and Native Americans, as well as European immigrants drawn to the timber mills and coal fields, brought movement styles that added to local dance vocabularies. Placing each community in its sociopolitical and economic context, Spalding analyzes how the formal and stylistic nuances found in Appalachian dance reflect the beliefs, shared understandings, and experiences of the community at large, paying particular attention to both regional and racial diversity. Written in clear and accessible prose, Appalachian Dance is a lively addition to the literature and a bold contribution to scholarship concerned with the meaning of movement and the ever-changing nature of tradition.

Enemies of the Country

Author : John C. Inscoe
Publisher : University of Georgia Press
ISBN 13 : 0820326607
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis Enemies of the Country by : John C. Inscoe

Download or read book Enemies of the Country written by John C. Inscoe and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 2004-09-01 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring family and community dynamics, Enemies of the Country profiles men and women of the Confederate states who, in addition to the wartime burdens endured by most southerners, had to cope with being a detested minority. With one exception, these featured individuals were white, but they otherwise represent a wide spectrum of the southern citizenry. They include natives to the region, foreign immigrants and northern transplants, affluent and poor, farmers and merchants, politicians and journalists, slaveholders and nonslaveholders. Some resided in highland areas and in remote parts of border states, the two locales with which southern Unionists are commonly associated. Others, however, lived in the Deep South and in urban settings. Some were openly defiant; others took a more covert stand. Together the portraits underscore how varied Unionist identities and motives were, and how fluid and often fragile the personal, familial, and local circumstances of Unionist allegiance could be. For example, many southern Unionists shared basic social and political assumptions with white southerners who cast their lots with the Confederacy, including an abhorrence of emancipation. The very human stories of southern Unionists--as they saw themselves and as their neighbors saw them--are shown here to be far more complex and colorful than previously acknowledged.

Hillbilly

Author : Anthony Harkins
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0195189507
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis Hillbilly by : Anthony Harkins

Download or read book Hillbilly written by Anthony Harkins and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2004 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text argues that the hillbilly - in his various guises - has been viewed by mainstream Americans simultaneously as a violent degenerate who threatens the modern order and as a keeper of traditional values and thus symbolic of a nostalgic past free of the problems of contemporary life.

Separate Peoples, One Land

Author : Cynthia Cumfer
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469606593
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis Separate Peoples, One Land by : Cynthia Cumfer

Download or read book Separate Peoples, One Land written by Cynthia Cumfer and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2012-09-01 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring the mental worlds of the major groups interacting in a borderland setting, Cynthia Cumfer offers a broad, multiracial intellectual and cultural history of the Tennessee frontier in the Revolutionary and early national periods, leading up to the era of rapid westward expansion and Cherokee removal. Attentive to the complexities of race, gender, class, and spirituality, Cumfer offers a rare glimpse into the cultural logic of Native American, African American, and Euro-American men and women as contact with one another powerfully transformed their ideas about themselves and the territory they came to share. The Tennessee frontier shaped both Cherokee and white assumptions about diplomacy and nationhood. After contact, both groups moved away from local and personal notions about polity to embrace nationhood. Excluded from the nationalization process, slaves revived and modified African and American premises about patronage and community, while free blacks fashioned an African American doctrine of freedom that was both communal and individual. Paying particular attention to the influence of older European concepts of civilization, Cumfer shows how Tennesseans, along with other Americans and Europeans, modified European assumptions to contribute to a discourse about civilization, one both dynamic and destructive, which has profoundly shaped world history.

Mountain Rebels

Author : W. Todd Groce
Publisher : Univ. of Tennessee Press
ISBN 13 : 9781572330931
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (39 download)

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Book Synopsis Mountain Rebels by : W. Todd Groce

Download or read book Mountain Rebels written by W. Todd Groce and published by Univ. of Tennessee Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Groce offers a gracefully written, impressively researched narrative account of the experience of East Tennessee Confederates during the Civil War era. His analysis raises provocative questions about the socioeconomic foundations of Civil War sympathies in the Mountain South."--Robert Tracy McKenzie, University of Washington "Scholars of Appalachia's Civil War have long awaited Todd Groce's study of East Tennessee secessionists. I am pleased to report that this ground-breaking study of Southern Mountain Confederates was worth the wait."--Kenneth Noe, State University of West Georgia A bastion of Union support during the Civil War, East Tennessee was also home to Confederate sympathizers who took up the Southern cause until the bitter end. Yet historians have viewed these mountain rebels as scarcely different from other Confederates or as an aberration in the region's Unionism. Often they are simply ignored. W. Todd Groce corrects this distorted view of East Tennessee's antebellum development and wartime struggle. He paints a clearer picture of the region's Confederates than has previously been available, examining why they chose secession over union and revealing why they have become so invisible to us today. Drawing extensively on primary sources--newspapers, diaries, government reports--Groce allows the voices of these mountain rebels finally to be heard. Groce explains the economic forces and the family and political ties to the Deep South that motivated the East Tennessee Confederates reluctantly to join the fight for Southern independence. Caught in a war they neither sought nor started, they were trapped between an unfriendly administration in Richmond and a hostile Union majority in their midst. When the fighting was over and they returned home to face their vengeful Unionist neighbors, many were forced to flee, contributing to the postwar economic decline of the region. Placing the story in a broad context, Groce provides an overview of the region's economy and explains the social origins of secessionist sympathies. He also presents a collective profile of one hundred high-ranking Confederate officers from East Tennessee to show how they were representative of the rising commercial and financial leadership in the region. Mountain Rebels intertwines economic, political, military, and social history to present a poignant tale of defeat, suffering, and banishment. By piecing together this previously untold story, it fills a void in Southern history, Civil War history, and Appalachian studies. The Author: W. Todd Groce is executive director of the Georgia Historical Society.

Rereading Appalachia

Author : Sara Webb-Sunderhaus
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813165601
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Rereading Appalachia by : Sara Webb-Sunderhaus

Download or read book Rereading Appalachia written by Sara Webb-Sunderhaus and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2015-12-18 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Appalachia faces overwhelming challenges that plague many rural areas across the country, including poorly funded schools, stagnant economic development, corrupt political systems, poverty, and drug abuse. Its citizens, in turn, have often been the target of unkind characterizations depicting them as illiterate or backward. Despite entrenched social and economic disadvantages, the region is also known for its strong sense of culture, language, and community. In this innovative volume, a multidisciplinary team of both established and rising scholars challenge Appalachian stereotypes through an examination of language and rhetoric. Together, the contributors offer a new perspective on Appalachia and its literacy, hoping to counteract essentialist or class-based arguments about the region's people, and reexamine past research in the context of researcher bias. Featuring a mix of traditional scholarship and personal narratives, Rereading Appalachia assesses a number of pressing topics, including the struggles of first-generation college students and the pressure to leave the area in search of higher-quality jobs, prejudice toward the LGBT community, and the emergence of Appalachian and Affrilachian art in urban communities. The volume also offers rich historical perspectives on issues such as the intended and unintended consequences of education activist Cora Wilson Stewart's campaign to promote literacy at the Kentucky Moonlight Schools. A call to arms for those studying the heritage and culture of Appalachia, this timely collection provides fresh perspectives on the region, its people, and their literacy beliefs and practices.