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Two Phase Flow Simulations In A Natural Rock Fracture Using The Vof Method
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Book Synopsis Two-Phase Flow Simulations In a Natural Rock Fracture Using the VOF Method by :
Download or read book Two-Phase Flow Simulations In a Natural Rock Fracture Using the VOF Method written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Standard models of two-phase flow in porous media have been shown to exhibit several shortcomings that might be partially overcome with a recently developed model based on thermodynamic principles (Hassanizadeh and Gray, 1990). This alternative two-phase flow model contains a set of new and non-standard parameters, including specific interfacial area. By incorporating interfacial area production, destruction, and propagation into functional relationships that describe the capillary pressure and saturation, a more physical model has been developed. Niessner and Hassanizadeh (2008) have examined this model numerically and have shown that the model captures saturation hysteresis with drainage/imbibition cycles. Several static experimental studies have been performed to examine the validity of this new thermodynamically based approach; these allow the determination of static parameters of the model. To date, no experimental studies have obtained information about the dynamic parameters required for the model. A new experimental porous flow cell has been constructed using stereolithography to study two-phase flow phenomena (Crandall et al. 2008). A novel image analysis tool was developed for an examination of the evolution of flow patterns during displacement experiments (Crandall et al. 2009). This analysis tool enables the direct quantification of interfacial area between fluids by matching known geometrical properties of the constructed flow cell with locations identified as interfaces from images of flowing fluids. Numerous images were obtained from two-phase experiments within the flow cell. The dynamic evolution of the fluid distribution and the fluid-fluid interface locations were determined by analyzing these images. In this paper, we give a brief introduction to the thermodynamically based two-phase flow model, review the properties of the stereolithography flow cell, and show how the image analysis procedure has been used to obtain dynamic parameters for the numerical model. These parameters include production/destruction of interfacial area as a function of saturation and capillary pressure. Our preliminary results for primary drainage in porous media show that the specific interfacial area increased linearly with increasing gas saturation until breakthrough of the displacing gas into the exit manifold occurred.
Book Synopsis Fluid Flow in Fractured Rocks by : Robert W. Zimmerman
Download or read book Fluid Flow in Fractured Rocks written by Robert W. Zimmerman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-12-19 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FLUID FLOW IN FRACTURED ROCKS "The definitive treatise on the subject for many years to come" (Prof. Ruben Juanes, MIT) Authoritative textbook that provides a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to fluid flow in fractured rocks Fluid Flow in Fractured Rocks provides an authoritative introduction to the topic of fluid flow through single rock fractures and fractured rock masses. This book is intended for readers with interests in hydrogeology, hydrology, water resources, structural geology, reservoir engineering, underground waste disposal, or other fields that involve the flow of fluids through fractured rock masses. Classical and established models and data are presented and carefully explained, and recent computational methodologies and results are also covered. Each chapter includes numerous graphs, schematic diagrams and field photographs, an extensive reference list, and a set of problems, thus providing a comprehensive learning experience that is both mathematically rigorous and accessible. Written by two internationally recognized leaders in the field, Fluid Flow in Fractured Rocks includes information on: Nucleation and growth of fractures in rock, with a multiscale characterization of their geometric traits Effect of normal and shear stresses on the transmissivity of a rock fracture and mathematics of fluid flow through a single rock fracture Solute transport in rocks, with quantitative descriptions of advection, molecular diffusion, and dispersion Fluid Flow in Fractured Rocks is an essential resource for researchers and postgraduate students who are interested in the field of fluid flow through fractured rocks. The text is also highly suitable for professionals working in civil, environmental, and petroleum engineering.
Book Synopsis Two-phase Flow Visualization and Relative Permeability Measurement in Transparent Replicas of Rough-walled Rock Fractures by :
Download or read book Two-phase Flow Visualization and Relative Permeability Measurement in Transparent Replicas of Rough-walled Rock Fractures written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding and quantifying multi-phase flow in fractures is important for mathematical and numerical simulation of geothermal reservoirs, nuclear waste repositories, and petroleum reservoirs. While the cubic law for single-phase flow has been well established for parallel-plate fractures theoretically and experimentally, no reliable measurements of multi-phase flow in fractures have been reported. This work reports the design and fabrication of an apparatus for visualization of two-phase flow and for measurement of gas-liquid relative permeability in realistic rough-walled rock fractures. A transparent replica of a natural rock fracture from a core specimen is fabricated by molding and casting in clear epoxy. Simultaneous flow of gas and liquid with control of capillary pressure at inlet and outlet is achieved with the Hassler ''sandwich'' design: liquid is injected to the fracture through a porous block, while gas is injected directly to the edge of the fracture through channels in the porous block. A similar arrangement maintains capillary separation of the two phases at the outlet. Pressure drops in each phase across the fracture, and capillary pressures at the inlet and outlet, are controlled by means of pumps and needle valves, and are measured by differential and absolute pressure transducers. The clear epoxy cast of the natural fracture preserves the geometry of the fracture and permits visual observation of phase distributions. The fracture aperture distribution can be estimated by filling the fracture with a dyed liquid, and making pointwise measurements of the intensity of transmitted light. A set of two-phase flow experiments has been performed which has proven the viability of the basic experimental design, while also suggesting further improvements in the apparatus. Preliminary measurements are presented for single-phase permeability to liquid, and for relative permeabilities in simultaneous flow of liquid and gas.
Book Synopsis Two-phase Flow Experiments in Natural Rock Fractures from Yucca Mountain by :
Download or read book Two-phase Flow Experiments in Natural Rock Fractures from Yucca Mountain written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow by : National Research Council
Download or read book Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-09-27 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific understanding of fluid flow in rock fracturesâ€"a process underlying contemporary earth science problems from the search for petroleum to the controversy over nuclear waste storageâ€"has grown significantly in the past 20 years. This volume presents a comprehensive report on the state of the field, with an interdisciplinary viewpoint, case studies of fracture sites, illustrations, conclusions, and research recommendations. The book addresses these questions: How can fractures that are significant hydraulic conductors be identified, located, and characterized? How do flow and transport occur in fracture systems? How can changes in fracture systems be predicted and controlled? Among other topics, the committee provides a geomechanical understanding of fracture formation, reviews methods for detecting subsurface fractures, and looks at the use of hydraulic and tracer tests to investigate fluid flow. The volume examines the state of conceptual and mathematical modeling, and it provides a useful framework for understanding the complexity of fracture changes that occur during fluid pumping and other engineering practices. With a practical and multidisciplinary outlook, this volume will be welcomed by geologists, petroleum geologists, geoengineers, geophysicists, hydrologists, researchers, educators and students in these fields, and public officials involved in geological projects.
Book Synopsis Method and Apparatus for Determining Two-phase Flow in Rock Fracture by :
Download or read book Method and Apparatus for Determining Two-phase Flow in Rock Fracture written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An improved method and apparatus as disclosed for measuring the permeability of multiple phases through a rock fracture. The improvement in the method comprises delivering the respective phases through manifolds to uniformly deliver and collect the respective phases to and from opposite edges of the rock fracture in a distributed manner across the edge of the fracture. The improved apparatus comprises first and second manifolds comprising bores extending within porous blocks parallel to the rock fracture for distributing and collecting the wetting phase to and from surfaces of the porous blocks, which respectively face the opposite edges of the rock fracture. The improved apparatus further comprises other manifolds in the form of plenums located adjacent the respective porous blocks for uniform delivery of the non-wetting phase to parallel grooves disposed on the respective surfaces of the porous blocks facing the opposite edges of the rock fracture and generally perpendicular to the rock fracture.
Book Synopsis Two-phase Flow Through Rock Fractures by : William Frederick Bawden
Download or read book Two-phase Flow Through Rock Fractures written by William Frederick Bawden and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 876 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Pore-Scale Study of the Impact of Fracture and Wettability on Two-Phase Flow Properties of Rock by :
Download or read book Pore-Scale Study of the Impact of Fracture and Wettability on Two-Phase Flow Properties of Rock written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fractures and wettability are among other factors that can strongly affect the twophase flow properties of porous media. Maximal-inscribed spheres (MIS) and finite-difference flow simulations on computer-generated structures mimicking micro-CT images of fractured rock suggest the character of the capillary pressure and relative permeability curves modification by natural or induced fracture and wettability alteration.
Book Synopsis Coupled Analysis of Two-phase Flow in Rough Rock Fractures by : Jeffrey Richard Price
Download or read book Coupled Analysis of Two-phase Flow in Rough Rock Fractures written by Jeffrey Richard Price and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis On Modeling Three-phase Flow in Discretely Fractured Porous Rock by : Kenneth Mark Walton
Download or read book On Modeling Three-phase Flow in Discretely Fractured Porous Rock written by Kenneth Mark Walton and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerical modeling of fluid flow and dissolved species transport in the subsurface is a challenging task, given variability and measurement uncertainty in the physical properties of the rock, the complexities of multi-fluid interaction, and limited computational resources. Nonetheless, this thesis seeks to expand our modeling capabilities in the context of contaminant hydrogeology. We describe the numerical simulator CompFlow Bio and use it to model invasion of a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contaminant through the vadose zone and below the water table in a fractured porous rock. CompFlow Bio is a three-phase, multicomponent, deterministic numerical model for fluid flow and dissolved species transport; it includes capillary pressure and equilibrium partitioning relationships. We have augmented the model to include randomly generated, axis-aligned, discrete fracture networks (DFNs). The DFN is coupled with the porous medium (PM) to form a single continuum. The domain is discretized using a finite-volume scheme in an unstructured mesh of rectilinear control volumes (CVs). Herein we present the governing equations, unstructured mesh creation scheme, algebraic development of fracture intersection CV elimination, and coupling of PM CVs over a fracture plane to permit asperity contact bridged flow. We include: small scale two-phase water-air and NAPL-water simulations to validate the practice of intersection CV elimination; small scale simulations with water-air, NAPL-water, and NAPL-water-air systems in a grid refinement exercise and to demonstrate the effect of asperity contact bridged flow; intermediate scale 3D simulations of NAPL invading the saturated zone, based on the Smithville, Ontario, site; intermediate scale 2D and 3D simulations of NAPL invading the vadose zone and saturated zone with transient recharge, based on the Santa Susana Field Laboratory site, California. Our findings indicate that: the formulation provides a practical and satisfactory way of modeling three-phase flow in discretely fractured porous rock; numerical error caused by spatial discretization manifests itself as several biases in physical flow processes; that asperity contact is important in establishing target water saturation conditions in the vadose zone; and simulation results are sensitive to relative permeability-saturation-capillary pressure relationships. We suggest a number of enhancements to CompFlow Bio to overcome certain computational limitations.
Book Synopsis Static Conceptual Fracture Modeling by : Ronald A. Nelson
Download or read book Static Conceptual Fracture Modeling written by Ronald A. Nelson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-10-07 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modelling of flow in naturally fractured reservoirs is quickly becoming mandatory in all phases of oil and gas exploration and production. Creation of a Static Conceptual Fracture Model (SCFM) is needed as input to create flow simulations for today and for prediction of flow into the future. Unfortunately, the computer modelers tasked with constructing the gridded fracture model are often not well versed in natural fracture characterization and are often forced to make quick decisions as to the input required by the software used to create these models. Static Conceptual Fracture Modelling: Preparing for Simulation and Development describes all the fracture and reservoir parameters needed to create the fracture database for effective modelling and how to generate the data and parameter distributions. The material covered in this volume highlights not only natural fracture system quantification and formatting, but also describes best practices for managing technical teams charged with creating the SCFM. This book will become a must on the shelf for all reservoir modelers.
Book Synopsis Final Report - Advanced Conceptual Models for Unsaturated and Two-Phase Flow in Fractured Rock by : Michael J. Nicholl
Download or read book Final Report - Advanced Conceptual Models for Unsaturated and Two-Phase Flow in Fractured Rock written by Michael J. Nicholl and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Department of Energy Environmental Management Program is faced with two major issues involving two-phase flow in fractured rock; specifically, transport of dissolved contaminants in the Vadose Zone, and the fate of Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) below the water table. Conceptual models currently used to address these problems do not correctly include the influence of the fractures, thus leading to erroneous predictions. Recent work has shown that it is crucial to understand the topology, or ''structure'' of the fluid phases (air/water or water/DNAPL) within the subsurface. It has also been shown that even under steady boundary conditions, the influence of fractures can lead to complex and dynamic phase structure that controls system behavior, with or without the presence of a porous rock matrix. Complicated phase structures within the fracture network can facilitate rapid transport, and lead to a sparsely populated and widespread distribution of concentrated contaminants; these qualities are highly difficult to describe with current conceptual models. The focus of our work is to improve predictive modeling through the development of advanced conceptual models for two-phase flow in fractured rock.
Book Synopsis Advanced Conceptual Models for Unsaturated and Two-Phase Flow in Fractured Rock by :
Download or read book Advanced Conceptual Models for Unsaturated and Two-Phase Flow in Fractured Rock written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project was initiated in FY03. As of December 2003, we have accomplished the following: (1) We conducted a more detailed evaluation of the preliminary experiments used to develop our investigative approach. In those experiments, water was invaded at a variety of flow rates into an air-filled, two dimensional analog fracture network. Results demonstrated the critical control that fracture intersections place on two-phase flow in fracture networks. At low flows, capillary and gravitational forces combined to create a narrow pulsing flow structure that spanned the system vertically. At higher flows, viscous forces acted to remove the pulsation; however, the flow structure remained narrow. The intersections acted to impose a narrow ''slender ladder'' structure on the flowing phase that did not expand with depth, but instead remained focused. A manuscript documenting this effort has been published in Water Resources Research [Glass et al., 2003a]. (2) We initiated a collaborative relationship with a research group at Seoul National University. This group, which is led by Dr. Kang-Kun Lee is also using a combined experimental numerical approach to consider DNAPL migration in fracture networks. They are particularly interested in the influence of ambient groundwater flows, making their work complementary to ours. The first fruit of that collaboration is an article demonstrating that modification of an Invasion Percolation algorithm to include gravity and the first-order effects of viscous forces shows good agreement with physical experiments in a simplistic fracture network. Results were published in Geophysical Research Letters [Ji et al., 2003a]. (3) We carried out an extensive review of models for fracture networks. These include models developed from observations of networks on outcrops at several scales and stochastic models that are prevalent in the literature from the 1980s to very recent developments. The results of this review were included as par t of a review paper co-authored by Rajaram, which was submitted to Reviews in Geophysics [Molz et al., in press]. (4) We prepared a manuscript based on previous work that will be used to support the development of our new conceptual model(s) for transport in fractured rock. Eight experiments were conducted to evaluate the repeatability of flow under nearly identical conditions and to characterize general patterns in flow behavior. Collected data revealed that flow generally converged to a single fracture in the bottom row of blocks. Periods of pathway switching were observed to be more common than periods with steady, constant flow pathways. We noted the importance of fracture intersections for integrating uniform flow and discharging a ''fluid cascade'', where water advances rapidly to the next capillary barrier creating a stop and start advance of water through the network. The results of this simple experiment suggest that the interaction of multiple fracture intersections in a network creates flow behavior not generally recognized in popular conceptual and numerical models. A manuscript documenting this effort has been accepted for publication in Vadose Zone Journal [Wood et al., 2003]. (5) Slender transport pathways have been found in laboratory and field experiments within unsaturated fractured rock. We considered the simulation of such structures with a Modified form of Invasion Percolation (MIP). Results show that slender pathways form in fracture networks for a wide range of expected conditions, can be maintained when subsequent matrix imbibition is imposed, and may arise even in the context of primarily matrix flow due to the action of fractures as barriers to inter-matrix block transport. A manuscript documenting this effort has been submitted to Geophysical Research Letters [Glass et al., 2003b].
Book Synopsis CT Experiments and Analysis of Single and Two-phase Flow in an Impermeable Natural Fracture by : Wang-Ke Liao
Download or read book CT Experiments and Analysis of Single and Two-phase Flow in an Impermeable Natural Fracture written by Wang-Ke Liao and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Fluid Flow for Natural Single Rock Fractures by :
Download or read book Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Fluid Flow for Natural Single Rock Fractures written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To quantify the roughness of natural rock fracture surfaces, a two dimensional version of the modified divider method was adopted. The parameter Dr2d9Cx was found to be suitable to quantify the roughness of natural rock fractures. In addition to the mean aperture, a modified 3D box counting method was used to quantify aperture distributions of the same fractures. The modified 3D box counting method produced fractal dimensions in the range 2.3104 to 2.5661. The following new functional relations were developed for aperture parameters: (a) power-functionally decreasing mean aperture with increasing normal stress, (b) power-functionally decreasing 3D box fractal dimension with increasing normal stress, (c) linearly increasing mean aperture with increasing 3D box fractal dimension, (d) linearly decreasing mean aperture with increasing fracture closure, and (e) linearly decreasing 3D box fractal dimension with increasing fracture closure. Fluid flow through nine natural single rock fractures was measured at different normal stresses. The flow calculated for three out of the nine fractures according to sample scale cubic law using mean apertures overestimated the experimental flow by 2.2 ̃235.0 times within a normal stress range of 0 ̃8 MPa. The elementally applied cubic law (EACL) through a finite element model (FEM) also overestimated the experimental flow by 1.9 ̃111.7 times within the same normal stress range. As the normal stress applied on a natural rock fracture increases, the overestimation increases due to increasing contact areas and increasing tortuous behavior of flow. These findings clearly show the inapplicability of the cubic law to estimate flow through natural rock fractures especially under high normal stresses. New hyperbolic functions were developed to relate mean aperture to the power n to applied normal stress at both the sample and finite element scales. The following new functional relations were developed between fluid flow rate and the aperture parameters: (a) power-functionally increasing flow rate per unit head with increasing mean aperture, (b) exponentially decreasing flow rate per unit head with increasing fracture closure, and (c) power-functionally increasing flow rate per unit head with increasing 3D box fractal dimension.
Book Synopsis Single-and two-phase flow in natural fractures, and other aspects of scale-up of two-phase flow in porous medium by : Arun T. A. Kumar
Download or read book Single-and two-phase flow in natural fractures, and other aspects of scale-up of two-phase flow in porous medium written by Arun T. A. Kumar and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Coupling in Fractured Rock by : Hans-Joachim Kümpel
Download or read book Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Coupling in Fractured Rock written by Hans-Joachim Kümpel and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (4). The next three papers extend these views by taking a closer look on parameters that govern hydraulic diffusivity in sandstones and other types of rocks. Specific targets addressed are the influence of differential stress on permeability (5), imaging of the fracture geometry (6), and pressure induced variations in the pore geometry (7). Contributions no. 8 to 10 cover investigations of permeability-porosity relationships during rock evolution (8), of the formation, propagation, and roughness of fractures in a plexi-glass block (9), and pressure oscillation effects of two-phase flow under controlled conditions (10). The subsequent four articles focus on diverse modeling approaches. Issues considered are how the geometry and the mechanical behavior of fractures can be characterized by mathematical expressions (11), how the evolution of permeability in a microcracking rock can be expressed by an analytical model (12), deviations from the cubic law for a fracture of varying aperture (13), and the numerical simulation of scale effects in flow through fractures (14). Three further papers refer to in situ observations, being related to topics as the assessment of in situ permeability from the spatio temporal distribution of an aftershock sequence (15), to the scale dependence of hydraulic pathways in crystalline rock (16), and to the significance of pore pressure - stress coupling in deep tunnels and galleries (17).
