Tuning the Electronic Structure and Reactivity of Oxidized Chromium Salen Nitride Complexes

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (141 download)

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Book Synopsis Tuning the Electronic Structure and Reactivity of Oxidized Chromium Salen Nitride Complexes by : Warren VandeVen

Download or read book Tuning the Electronic Structure and Reactivity of Oxidized Chromium Salen Nitride Complexes written by Warren VandeVen and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transition metal nitride (N3-) complexes exhibit useful reactivity towards heteroatom transfer, as well as providing valuable insight into the mechanisms of dinitrogen reduction and ammonia oxidation. Salen ligands are capable of forming complexes with a large number of metal ions in different oxidation states and are thus a versatile platform in coordination chemistry research. By incorporating salen ligands with a variety of R-group substituents at the para position of the phenolate moieties, the electronic structure and thus the reactivity of the nitride ligand can be modified. This thesis will focus on the synthesis, characterization and reactivity of Cr nitride complexes bearing modified salen ligands (R = NO2, CF3, tBu, OMe, OiPr, NMe2, and NEt2). Salen ligands are well-known for their ability to form ligand radicals upon oxidation, as opposed to metal-based oxidation. Oxidation of CrNSalNMe2 and CrNSalNEt2 yields CrV ligand radical species, whereas the other less donating R-groups yield high-valent CrVI nitride complexes. Oxidized complexes were characterized by both experimental and theoretical techniques including UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and density functional theory calculations. Depending on the locus of oxidation, desirable reactivity may be observed such as C-H bond activation. The addition of exogenous ligands may further activate the nitride ligand and facilitate homocoupling or C-H bond activation pathways.

Modulating Electronic Structure and Reactivity of Cr Nitride Complexes Via Xxidation

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (124 download)

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Book Synopsis Modulating Electronic Structure and Reactivity of Cr Nitride Complexes Via Xxidation by : Diego Martelino

Download or read book Modulating Electronic Structure and Reactivity of Cr Nitride Complexes Via Xxidation written by Diego Martelino and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal nitride complexes exhibit interesting structure and bonding properties that are invoked when discussing the reactivity of these systems. The nitride (N3-) moiety can be either nucleophilic or electrophilic based on a variety of factors such as metal identity, oxidation state, and nature of the ancillary ligands. Herein, the electronic tuning of Cr salen nitride complexes is investigated via modulation of phenolate para-R substituents of varying electron donating ability (R = CF3, tBu, NMe2) in order to influence reactivity. Salen ligands can exhibit non-innocent behavior, implying that redox processes can either be metal or ligand-based. This feature allows the ligand to help facilitate difficult substrate transformations uncommon to Earth-abundant first-row metals. Depending on the para-R group, the locus of oxidation in Cr nitride salen complexes (metal vs. ligand) can be influenced. The electronic structure of oxidized compounds is detailed, allowing for rationalization of nitride reactivity based on oxidation locus.

Controlling Redox Processes in Metal Complexes and Multifunctional Materials

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (124 download)

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Book Synopsis Controlling Redox Processes in Metal Complexes and Multifunctional Materials by : Khrystyna Herasymchuk

Download or read book Controlling Redox Processes in Metal Complexes and Multifunctional Materials written by Khrystyna Herasymchuk and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transition metal complexes incorporating redox-active ligands have the potential to facilitate controlled multielectron chemistry, enabling their use in catalysis and energy storage applications. Moreover, the use of transition metal complexes containing redox-active ligands has been extended to two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) materials, such as supramolecular assemblies (i.e., metallacycles, molecular cages, or macrocycles) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for catalytic, magnetic, electronic, and sensing applications. Salens (N2O2 bis(Schiff-base)-bis(phenolate) are an important class of redox-active ligands, and have been investigated in detail as they are able to stabilize both low and high metal oxidation states for the above-mentioned applications. The work in this thesis focuses on the synthesis and electronic structure elucidation of metal salen complexes in monomeric form, as discrete supramolecular assemblies and 3D MOFs. Structural and spectroscopic characterization of the neutral and oxidized species was completed using mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray diffraction, NMR, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR spectroscopies, as well as theoretical (DFT) calculations. Chapter 2 discusses the synthesis and electronic structure evaluation of a series of oxidized uranyl complexes, containing redox-active salen ligands with varying para-ring substituents (tBu, OMe, NMe2). Chapters 3 and 4 discuss the incorporation of a redox-active nickel salen complex equipped with pyridyl groups on the peripheral positions of the ligand framework into supramolecular structures via coordination-driven self-assembly. The self-assembly results in formation of a number of distinct metallacycles, affording di-, tetra-, and octa-ligand radical species. Finally, the design, synthesis, and incorporation of metal salen units into MOFs is discussed in Chapter 5. Preliminary assembly and oxidation experiments are presented as an opportunity to explore the redox-properties of salen complexes incorporated into a solid-state 3D framework. Overall, the work described in this thesis provides a pathway for salen ligand radical systems to be used in redox-controlled host-guest chemistry, catalysis, and sensing.

Oxidation Studies of Nickel, Copper and Cobalt Complexes of Classic Ligands Made Redox-Active

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Oxidation Studies of Nickel, Copper and Cobalt Complexes of Classic Ligands Made Redox-Active by : David de Bellefeuille

Download or read book Oxidation Studies of Nickel, Copper and Cobalt Complexes of Classic Ligands Made Redox-Active written by David de Bellefeuille and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In several oxidoreductase metalloenzymes, organic cofactors are transiently converted to radicals in order to achieve efficient catalytic turnover. This is, for example, the case of a tyrosine residue in galactose oxidase. Similarly, small-molecule catalysis can be improved when a transient radical ligand is involved. The present work aims at tailoring the structure of three classic ligands to make them redox-active, i.e. active participants in the electronic structure and reactivity of their complexes upon oxidation. The approach is to render an aromatic moiety on the ligand electron-rich by addition of NMe2 substituents. The first chapter describes a neutral Ni(II) complex with 1. This complex undergoes two reversible oxidations that were characterized by electrochemistry, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy and density functional theory. These oxidations are ligand-based, producing a radical ligand and a diiminoquinone successively. The second chapter investigates Cu(II) complexes of 1 and 2, for the bio-relevance of Cu in several oxidoreductases. Both ligands oxidize to a radical that is ferromagnetically coupled to the unpaired electron of Cu(II). Spectroscopic characterization and theoretical calculations provide a description of the electronic structure of the oxidized complexes. The third chapter looks at a Co(III) complex of 3, which is electron-rich and undergoes redox processes at low potentials. The optical absorption behaviour of the oxidized products is similar to that of the free ligand, suggesting ligand-based oxidation. As a whole, this thesis describes the effect of strongly electron-donating ligand substituents on the redox and electronic properties of a metal complex. The design leads to an easy strategy by which to tune the electronic structure of a complex by controlling the redox properties of its ligand.

Olefin Polymerization

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Publisher : Wiley-VCH
ISBN 13 : 9783527317424
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Olefin Polymerization by : Walter Kaminsky

Download or read book Olefin Polymerization written by Walter Kaminsky and published by Wiley-VCH. This book was released on 2006-08-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With an enormous velocity, olefin polymerization has expanded to one of the most significant fields in polymers since the first industrial use about 50 years ago. In 2005, 100 million tons of polyolefins were produced - the biggest part was catalyzed by metallorganic compounds. The Hamburg Macromolecular Symposium 2005 with the title "Olefin Polymerization" involved topics such as new catalysts and cocatalysts, kinetics, mechanism and polymer reaction engineering, synthesis of special polymers, and characterization of polyolefins. The conference combined scientists from different disciplines to discuss latest research results of polymers and to offer each other the possibility of cooperation. This is reflected in this volume, which contains invited lectures and selected posters presented at the symposium.

Twin Polymerization

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Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110499363
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Twin Polymerization by : Stefan Spange

Download or read book Twin Polymerization written by Stefan Spange and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-11-05 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twin polymerization is a novel approach where two distinct polymers are produced from a single source monomer, thus being an excellent tool for the synthesis of hybrid materials. The author introduces the principles of various twin polymerization processes, their classification and practical use. The book is supplied with numerous individual examples, demonstrating the potential of this strategy in materials synthesis.

Classical And Quantum Dynamics In Condensed Phase Simulations: Proceedings Of The International School Of Physics

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814496057
Total Pages : 881 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis Classical And Quantum Dynamics In Condensed Phase Simulations: Proceedings Of The International School Of Physics by : Bruce J Berne

Download or read book Classical And Quantum Dynamics In Condensed Phase Simulations: Proceedings Of The International School Of Physics written by Bruce J Berne and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1998-06-17 with total page 881 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The school held at Villa Marigola, Lerici, Italy, in July 1997 was very much an educational experiment aimed not just at teaching a new generation of students the latest developments in computer simulation methods and theory, but also at bringing together researchers from the condensed matter computer simulation community, the biophysical chemistry community and the quantum dynamics community to confront the shared problem: the development of methods to treat the dynamics of quantum condensed phase systems.This volume collects the lectures delivered there. Due to the focus of the school, the contributions divide along natural lines into two broad groups: (1) the most sophisticated forms of the art of computer simulation, including biased phase space sampling schemes, methods which address the multiplicity of time scales in condensed phase problems, and static equilibrium methods for treating quantum systems; (2) the contributions on quantum dynamics, including methods for mixing quantum and classical dynamics in condensed phase simulations and methods capable of treating all degrees of freedom quantum-mechanically.

2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Oxygenases

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Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1849739501
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (497 download)

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Book Synopsis 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Oxygenases by : Christopher J Schofield

Download or read book 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Oxygenases written by Christopher J Schofield and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2015-05-06 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the discovery of the first examples of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase-catalysed reactions in the 1960s, a remarkably broad diversity of alternate reactions and substrates has been revealed, and extensive advances have been achieved in our understanding of the structures and catalytic mechanisms. These enzymes are important agrochemical targets and are being pursued as therapeutic targets for a wide range of diseases including cancer and anemia. This book provides a central source of information that summarizes the key features of the essential group of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and related enzymes. Given the numerous recent advances and biomedical interest in the field, this book aims to unite the latest research for those already working in the field as well as to provide an introduction for those newly approaching the topic, and for those interested in translating the basic science into medicinal and agricultural benefits. The book begins with four broad chapters that highlight critical aspects, including an overview of possible catalytic reactions, structures and mechanisms. The following seventeen chapters focus on carefully selected topics, each written by leading experts in the area. Readers will find explanations of rapidly evolving research, from the chemistry of isopenicillin N synthase to the oxidation mechanism of 5-methylcytosine in DNA by ten-eleven-translocase oxygenases.

Lanthanide Single Molecule Magnets

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662469995
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (624 download)

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Book Synopsis Lanthanide Single Molecule Magnets by : Jinkui Tang

Download or read book Lanthanide Single Molecule Magnets written by Jinkui Tang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-04-24 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book begins by providing basic information on single-molecule magnets (SMMs), covering the magnetism of lanthanide, the characterization and relaxation dynamics of SMMs and advanced means of studying lanthanide SMMs. It then systematically introduces lanthanide SMMs ranging from mononuclear and dinuclear to polynuclear complexes, classifying them and highlighting those SMMs with high barrier and blocking temperatures – an approach that provides some very valuable indicators for the structural features needed to optimize the contribution of an Ising type spin to a molecular magnet. The final chapter presents some of the newest developments in the lanthanide SMM field, such as the design of multifunctional and stimuli-responsive magnetic materials as well as the anchoring and organization of the SMMs on surfaces. In addition, the crystal structure and magnetic data are clearly presented with a wealth of illustrations in each chapter, helping newcomers and experts alike to better grasp ongoing trends and explore new directions. Jinkui Tang is a professor at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Peng Zhang is currently pursuing his PhD at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, with a specific focus on the molecular magnetism of lanthanide compounds under the supervision of Prof. Jinkui Tang.

Metal-Organic Framework Composites

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Publisher : Materials Research Forum LLC
ISBN 13 : 1644900424
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (449 download)

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Book Synopsis Metal-Organic Framework Composites by : Anish Khan

Download or read book Metal-Organic Framework Composites written by Anish Khan and published by Materials Research Forum LLC. This book was released on 2019-10-25 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because of their nanoporous structures and ultra-high surface areas Metal-Organic Framework Composites (MOFs) are very interesting materials. The book focusses on the following applications: gas capture and storage, especially molecular hydrogen storage; performance enhancement of Li-ion batteries; gas separation, nano-filtration, ionic sieving, water treatment, and catalysis; sustainable renewable energy resources, electrochemical capacitors, including supercapacitors, asymmetric supercapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors; biomedical disciplines including drug delivery, theranostics; biological detection and imaging; nanoparticle photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). Keywords: MOF Materials, Hydrogen Storage, Renewable Energy Applications, Lithium Batteries, MOF-Quantum Dots, Clean Energy, Nanoporous MOFs, Supercapacitors, Therapeutic Applications, Biosensing, Bioimaging, Phototherapy of Cancer, Gas Separation, Nano-filtration, Ionic Sieving, Water Treatment, Drug Delivery, Theranostics; Nanoparticle Photosensitizers, Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), Photothermal Therapy (PTT).

Nanostructured Catalysts

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387306412
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanostructured Catalysts by : Susannah L. Scott

Download or read book Nanostructured Catalysts written by Susannah L. Scott and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-04-06 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the recent advent of nanotechnology, research and development in the area of nanostructured materials has gained unprecedented prominence. Novel materials with potentially exciting new applications are being discovered at a much higher rate than ever before. Innovative tools to fabricate, manipulate, characterize and evaluate such materials are being developed and expanded. To keep pace with this extremely rapid growth, it is necessary to take a breath from time to time, to critically assess the current knowledge and provide thoughts for future developments. This book represents one of these moments, as a number of prominent scientists in nanostructured materials join forces to provide insightful reviews of their areas of expertise, thus offering an overall picture of the state-- the art of the field. Nanostructured materials designate an increasing number of materials with designed shapes, surfaces, structures, pore systems, etc. Nanostructured materials with modified surfaces include those whose surfaces have been altered via such techniques as grafting and tethering of organic or organometallic species, or through various deposition procedures including electro, electroless and vapor deposition, or simple adsorption. These materials find important applications in catalysis, separation and environmental remediation. Materials with patterned surfaces, which are essential for the optoelectronics industry, constitute another important class of surface-modified nanostructured materials. Other materials are considered nanostructured because of their composition and internal organization.

Metal-Organic Frameworks

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111803516X
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Metal-Organic Frameworks by : Leonard R. MacGillivray

Download or read book Metal-Organic Frameworks written by Leonard R. MacGillivray and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-12-17 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal-organic frameworks represent a new class of materials that may solve the hydrogen storage problem associated with hydrogen-fueled vehicles. In this first definitive guide to metal-organic framework chemistry, author L. MacGillivray addresses state-of-art developments in this promising technology for alternative fuels. Providing professors, graduate and undergraduate students, structural chemists, physical chemists, and chemical engineers with a historical perspective, as well as the most up-to-date developments by leading experts, Metal-Organic Frameworks examines structure, symmetry, supramolecular chemistry, surface engineering, metal-organometallic frameworks, properties, and reactions.

Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351448978
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (514 download)

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Book Synopsis Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium by : A.K. Suri

Download or read book Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium written by A.K. Suri and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growth and development witnessed today in modern science, engineering, and technology owes a heavy debt to the rare, refractory, and reactive metals group, of which niobium is a member. Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium presents a vivid account of the metal through its comprehensive discussions of properties and applications, resources and resource processing, chemical processing and compound preparation, metal extraction, and refining and consolidation. Typical flow sheets adopted in some leading niobium-producing countries for the beneficiation of various niobium sources are presented, and various chemical processes for producing pure forms of niobium intermediates such as chloride, fluoride, and oxide are discussed. The book also explains how to liberate the metal from its intermediates and describes the physico-chemical principles involved. It is an excellent reference for chemical metallurgists, hydrometallurgists, extraction and process metallurgists, and minerals processors. It is also valuable to a wide variety of scientists, engineers, technologists, and students interested in the topic.

Introduction to Structural Chemistry

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400747713
Total Pages : 548 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Structural Chemistry by : Stepan S. Batsanov

Download or read book Introduction to Structural Chemistry written by Stepan S. Batsanov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-29 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concise description of models and quantitative parameters in structural chemistry and their interrelations, with 280 tables and >3000 references giving the most up-to-date experimental data on energy characteristics of atoms, molecules and crystals (ionisation potentials, electron affinities, bond energies, heats of phase transitions, band and lattice energies), optical properties (refractive index, polarisability), spectroscopic characteristics and geometrical parameters (bond distances and angles, coordination numbers) of substances in gaseous, liquid and solid states, in glasses and melts, for various thermodynamic conditions. Systems of metallic, covalent, ionic and van der Waals radii, effective atomic charges and other empirical and semi-empirical models are critically revised. Special attention is given to new and growing areas: structural studies of solids under high pressures and van der Waals molecules in gases. The book is addressed to researchers, academics, postgraduates and advanced-course students in crystallography, materials science, physical chemistry of solids.

Modern Coordination Chemistry

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Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 0854044698
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (54 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Coordination Chemistry by : G. J. Leigh

Download or read book Modern Coordination Chemistry written by G. J. Leigh and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2002 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Joseph Chatt was a pioneering figure in coordination chemistry. Intended as a record of Chatt's life, work, and influence, this book begins with a description of Chatt's career presented by co-workers, contemporaries, and students, then goes on to show that many of today's leading practitioners in the field have been influenced by Chatt. The latest research in coordination chemistry is presented to highlight Chatt's continuing legacy, in sections on the synthesis and reactivity of hydrido and dihydrogen complexes, the chemistry of phosphines, transition metal complexes of olefins and related isolobal ligands, chemistry related to dinitrogen complexes, the biological work of the ARC unit of nitrogen fixation at the University of Sussex, and patterns and generalizations in stability and reactivity. Leigh is affiliated with the University of Sussex, UK, and Winterton is affiliated with the University of Liverpool, UK. The book is distributed in the US by Springer Verlag. Annotation copyrighted by Book News Inc., Portland, OR.

Cluster Chemistry

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642859267
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (428 download)

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Book Synopsis Cluster Chemistry by : Guillermo Gonzalez-Moraga

Download or read book Cluster Chemistry written by Guillermo Gonzalez-Moraga and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-09 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cluster chemistry is one of the recent, exciting areas of Inorganic Chemistry. The occurence of molecular clusters, like fullerene C60, constitutes a fundamental feature midway between the chemistry of isolated chemical compounds and that of the elements. Main features of the Cluster Chemistry of both main group and transition metal elements are treated in this book. The author highlights aspects releated to the synthesis, the structure, the special bonding and the reactivity of these species. The book is written as a textbook for senior undergraduate and postgraduate students. References in tables andillustrations permit the reader to reach relevant original information. Professor Gonzalez-Moraga fills a demand for a publication appropriate for dissemination and specially for teaching this exciting subject. From the Contents: Current Concepts in Modern Chemistry - Transition Metal Cluster Chemistry - Main Group-Transition Metal Mixed Clusters - Cluster Compounds of the Main Group Elements - Synthetic Analogues of the Active Sites of Iron-Sulfur Proteins.

The Porphyrin Handbook

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780123932297
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (322 download)

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Book Synopsis The Porphyrin Handbook by : Karl Kadish

Download or read book The Porphyrin Handbook written by Karl Kadish and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2000 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Porphyrin Handbook, Volume 19: Applications of Phthalocyanines provides information pertinent to every aspect of the chemistry, synthesis, spectroscopy, and structure of phthalocyanines. This book examines the biology and medical implications of porphyrin systems. Organized into five chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the basic photobiology of phthalocyanines, their structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action in a variety of biological systems, and their potential applications for various medical purposes. This text then examines the type of organization of the molecules in the solid state and the intensity of the intermolecular interactions. Other chapters consider the applications of phthalocyanines as decorative and functional materials, with emphasis on properties and structures of phthalocyanines with industrial relevance. This book discusses as well the enzyme-like catalytic functions of metal complexes derivatives and their practical applications as odor-removing systems and bacterial systems based on their effective catalytic activities. This book is a valuable resource for research scientists, engineers, and clinicians.