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Transcriptional Regulation And Nucleoid Binding Proteins In The Caulobacter Crescentus Swarmer Cell
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Book Synopsis Transcriptional Regulation and Nucleoid Binding Proteins in the Caulobacter Crescentus Swarmer Cell by : Jennifer Christine England
Download or read book Transcriptional Regulation and Nucleoid Binding Proteins in the Caulobacter Crescentus Swarmer Cell written by Jennifer Christine England and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis New Mechanisms in Transcription Regulation and Chromosome Organization in Caulobacter Crescentus by : Diane Laure Haakonsen
Download or read book New Mechanisms in Transcription Regulation and Chromosome Organization in Caulobacter Crescentus written by Diane Laure Haakonsen and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bacteria use a variety of mechanisms to control transcription in response to environmental cues or growth conditions. Activation or repression of transcription is often carried out by proteins, called transcription factors, that interact with DNA or RNA polymerase (RNAP) or both, and can change the preference of RNAP for target promoters. Additionally, DNA is tightly compacted and organized inside cells. In bacteria, nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) play critical roles in shaping and compacting the chromosome by bending, wrapping and bridging the DNA. The binding of these proteins can also profoundly affect gene expression regulation. In this work, I have characterized two DNA-binding proteins from the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus; one transcription factor, GcrA, and one NAP, CnpA. First, I found that GcrA, an essential cell-cycle regulator in Caulobacter, activates transcription by a new mechanism. Unlike most transcription factors that bind to promoters independently of RNAP, GcrA constitutively associates with RNAP via an interaction with Domain 2 of Y70, the primary sigma factor. I showed that GcrA recognizes a subset of methylation sites and can promote binding of RNAP and increase the rate of open complex formation at promoters harboring such sites. Understanding the mechanism by which GcrA activates transcription enabled the identification of its direct regulon and provided important insights into its essential cell-cycle function. For my second project, I identified a new nucleoid-associated protein (NAP), CnpA, in Caulobacter, via mass-spectrometry analysis of its nucleoid content. I showed that CnpA associates with AT-rich DNA but unlike other NAPs, likely does not repress transcription at these loci. We propose a model in which CnpA impacts global supercoiling levels. In sum, these two projects have contributed to expanding our views of how gene expression and chromosome organization are regulated in bacteria.
Book Synopsis Prokaryotic Cytoskeletons by : Jan Löwe
Download or read book Prokaryotic Cytoskeletons written by Jan Löwe and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-11 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the structures and functions of active protein filaments, found in bacteria and archaea, and now known to perform crucial roles in cell division and intra-cellular motility, as well as being essential for controlling cell shape and growth. These roles are possible because the cytoskeletal and cytomotive filaments provide long range order from small subunits. Studies of these filaments are therefore of central importance to understanding prokaryotic cell biology. The wide variation in subunit and polymer structure and its relationship with the range of functions also provide important insights into cell evolution, including the emergence of eukaryotic cells. Individual chapters, written by leading researchers, review the great advances made in the past 20-25 years, and still ongoing, to discover the architectures, dynamics and roles of filaments found in relevant model organisms. Others describe one of the families of dynamic filaments found in many species. The most common types of filament are deeply related to eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins, notably actin and tubulin that polymerise and depolymerise under the control of nucleotide hydrolysis. Related systems are found to perform a variety of roles, depending on the organisms. Surprisingly, prokaryotes all lack the molecular motors associated with eukaryotic F-actin and microtubules. Archaea, but not bacteria, also have active filaments related to the eukaryotic ESCRT system. Non-dynamic fibres, including intermediate filament-like structures, are known to occur in some bacteria.. Details of known filament structures are discussed and related to what has been established about their molecular mechanisms, including current controversies. The final chapter covers the use of some of these dynamic filaments in Systems Biology research. The level of information in all chapters is suitable both for active researchers and for advanced students in courses involving bacterial or archaeal physiology, molecular microbiology, structural cell biology, molecular motility or evolution. Chapter 3 of this book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.
Book Synopsis Two-component Signal Transduction by : James A. Hoch
Download or read book Two-component Signal Transduction written by James A. Hoch and published by Amer Society for Microbiology. This book was released on 1995 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The human enteroviruses, particularly the polio viruses, have had a significant role in the history of medicine and microbiology; and continue to cause clinical problems, as well as provide targets for molecular investigation. This book offers a link between the basic science and clinical medicine.
Book Synopsis Regulation of Cell Fate Asymmetry in Caulobacter Crescentus by a Complex of Two Component Signaling Proteins by : Christos G. Tsokos
Download or read book Regulation of Cell Fate Asymmetry in Caulobacter Crescentus by a Complex of Two Component Signaling Proteins written by Christos G. Tsokos and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cellular asymmetry is critical to the generation of complexity in both metazoans and many microbes. However, several molecular mechanisms responsible for translating asymmetry into differential cell fates remain unknown. Caulobacter crescentus provides an excellent model to study this process because every division is asymmetric. One daughter cell, the stalked cell, is sessile and commits immediately to S phase. The other daughter, the swarmer cell, is motile and locked in G1. Cellular differentiation requires asymmetric distribution or activation of regulatory factors. In Caulobacter, the master cell cycle regulator CtrA is selectively activated in swarmer cells, deactivated in stalked cells, and reactivated in predivisional cells. CtrA controls DNA replication, polar morphogenesis and cell division, and its cell-type and cell cycle-specific regulation is essential to the life cycle of Caulobacter. In swarmer cells, activated CtrA binds to the origin of replication and holds cells in G1. In stalked cells, CtrA deactivation allows for the initiation of DNA replication. Finally, in predivisional cells, CtrA is reactivated and acts as a transcription factor for>100 genes including those involved in polar morphogenesis and cell division. CtrA regulation is determined by the polarly localized histidine kinase CckA, but how CckA is differentially regulated in each cell type and why activity depends on localization are unknown. This thesis demonstrates that the unorthodox kinase DivL promotes CckA activity and that the phosphorylated regulator DivK inhibits CckA by binding to DivL. Differential cellular fates are achieved by regulating the phosphorylation state of DivK. In swarmer cells, DivK is dephosphorylated, thereby activating CckA and arresting the cells in G1. In stalked cells, phosphorylated DivK inactivates CckA, thus allowing for DNA replication initiation. Paradoxically, in predivisional cells, while phosphorylated DivK levels remain high, CckA is reactivated to initiate cellular division and morphogenesis. CckA activation in this cell type relies on polar localization with a DivK phosphatase. Localization thus creates a protected zone for CckA within the cell, without the use of membrane-enclosed compartments. These results reveal the mechanisms by which CckA is regulated in a cell-type-dependent manner. More generally, these findings reveal how cells exploit subcellular localization to orchestrate sophisticated regulation.
Book Synopsis Bacterial Physiology by : Walid El-Sharoud
Download or read book Bacterial Physiology written by Walid El-Sharoud and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-07 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The application of new molecular methodologies in the study of bacterial behavior and cell architecture has enabled new revolutionary insights and discoveries in these areas. This new text presents recent developments in bacterial physiology that are highly relevant to a wide range of readership including those interested in basic and applied knowledge. Its chapters are written by international scientific authorities at the forefront of the subject. The value of this recent knowledge in bacterial physiology is not only restricted to fundamental biology. It also extends to biotechnology and drug-discovery disciplines.
Book Synopsis Stress and Environmental Regulation of Gene Expression and Adaptation in Bacteria by : Frans J. de Bruijn
Download or read book Stress and Environmental Regulation of Gene Expression and Adaptation in Bacteria written by Frans J. de Bruijn and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-07-13 with total page 1472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bacteria in various habitats are subject to continuously changing environmental conditions, such as nutrient deprivation, heat and cold stress, UV radiation, oxidative stress, dessication, acid stress, nitrosative stress, cell envelope stress, heavy metal exposure, osmotic stress, and others. In order to survive, they have to respond to these conditions by adapting their physiology through sometimes drastic changes in gene expression. In addition they may adapt by changing their morphology, forming biofilms, fruiting bodies or spores, filaments, Viable But Not Culturable (VBNC) cells or moving away from stress compounds via chemotaxis. Changes in gene expression constitute the main component of the bacterial response to stress and environmental changes, and involve a myriad of different mechanisms, including (alternative) sigma factors, bi- or tri-component regulatory systems, small non-coding RNA’s, chaperones, CHRIS-Cas systems, DNA repair, toxin-antitoxin systems, the stringent response, efflux pumps, alarmones, and modulation of the cell envelope or membranes, to name a few. Many regulatory elements are conserved in different bacteria; however there are endless variations on the theme and novel elements of gene regulation in bacteria inhabiting particular environments are constantly being discovered. Especially in (pathogenic) bacteria colonizing the human body a plethora of bacterial responses to innate stresses such as pH, reactive nitrogen and oxygen species and antibiotic stress are being described. An attempt is made to not only cover model systems but give a broad overview of the stress-responsive regulatory systems in a variety of bacteria, including medically important bacteria, where elucidation of certain aspects of these systems could lead to treatment strategies of the pathogens. Many of the regulatory systems being uncovered are specific, but there is also considerable “cross-talk” between different circuits. Stress and Environmental Regulation of Gene Expression and Adaptation in Bacteria is a comprehensive two-volume work bringing together both review and original research articles on key topics in stress and environmental control of gene expression in bacteria. Volume One contains key overview chapters, as well as content on one/two/three component regulatory systems and stress responses, sigma factors and stress responses, small non-coding RNAs and stress responses, toxin-antitoxin systems and stress responses, stringent response to stress, responses to UV irradiation, SOS and double stranded systems repair systems and stress, adaptation to both oxidative and osmotic stress, and desiccation tolerance and drought stress. Volume Two covers heat shock responses, chaperonins and stress, cold shock responses, adaptation to acid stress, nitrosative stress, and envelope stress, as well as iron homeostasis, metal resistance, quorum sensing, chemotaxis and biofilm formation, and viable but not culturable (VBNC) cells. Covering the full breadth of current stress and environmental control of gene expression studies and expanding it towards future advances in the field, these two volumes are a one-stop reference for (non) medical molecular geneticists interested in gene regulation under stress.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism by : Rani Gupta
Download or read book Fundamentals of Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism written by Rani Gupta and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-20 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides useful information on microbial physiology and metabolism. The key aspects covered are prokaryotic diversity, growth physiology, basic metabolic pathways and their regulation, metabolic diversity with details of various unique pathways. Another focus area is stress physiology with details on varying environmental stresses, signal transduction, adaptation and survival. For instructional purposes, the book provides case studies, interesting facts, techniques etc. which help in showcasing the inter-disciplinary nature and bridge the gap between various aspects of applied microbiology.
Book Synopsis Planctomycetes: Cell Structure, Origins and Biology by : John A. Fuerst
Download or read book Planctomycetes: Cell Structure, Origins and Biology written by John A. Fuerst and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-20 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces Planctomycetes bacteria and deals in detail with their unusual structure, physiology, genomics and evolutionary significance. It is a definitive summary of recent knowledge of this important distinctive group of bacteria, microorganisms which challenge our very concept of the bacterium. Planctomycetes, and their relatives within the PVC superphylum of domain Bacteria, including verrucomicrobia and chlamydia, challenge our classical concept of the bacterium and its modes of life and provide new experimental models for exploring evolutionary cell biology and the full diversity of how living cells can be organized internally. Unique among bacteria, they include species possessing cells with intracellular membrane-bounded compartments and a peptidoglycan-less cell wall, and bacteria such as the anammox organisms performing unique anaerobic ammonium oxidation significant for global nitrogen cycle.
Book Synopsis The Cell Cycle and Development by : Gregory R. Bock
Download or read book The Cell Cycle and Development written by Gregory R. Bock and published by John Wiley and Sons. This book was released on 2001-06-29 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together scientists working at the interface between the cell cycle, cell growth and development in a variety of model systems and research paradigms. The focus is on understanding how such diverse developmental inputs can modulate cell cycle regulation and, reciprocally, how a common way of regulating cell cycle progression can participate in different developmental strategies.
Book Synopsis Comparative Ecology of Microorganisms and Macroorganisms by : John H. Andrews
Download or read book Comparative Ecology of Microorganisms and Macroorganisms written by John H. Andrews and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-27 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition textbook offers an expanded conceptual synthesis of microbial ecology with plant and animal ecology. Drawing on examples from the biology of microorganisms and macroorganisms, this textbook provides a much-needed interdisciplinary approach to ecology. The focus is the individual organism and comparisons are made along six axes: genetic variation, nutritional mode, size, growth, life cycle, and influence of the environment. When it was published in 1991, the first edition of Comparative Ecology of Microorganisms and Macroorganisms was unique in its attempt to clearly compare fundamental ecology across the gamut of size. The explosion of molecular biology and the application of its techniques to microbiology and organismal biology have particularly demonstrated the need for interdisciplinary understanding. This updated and expanded edition remains unique. It treats the same topics at greater depth and includes an exhaustive compilation of both the most recent relevant literature in microbial ecology and plant/animal ecology, as well as the early research papers that shaped the concepts and theories discussed. Among the completely updated topics in the book are phylogenetic systematics, search algorithms and optimal foraging theory, comparative metabolism, the origins of life and evolution of multicellularity, and the evolution of life cycles. From Reviews of the First Edition: "John Andrews has succeeded admirably in building a bridge that is accessible to all ecologists." -Ecology "I recommend this book to all ecologists. It is a thoughtful attempt to integrate ideas from, and develop common themes for, two fields of ecology that should not have become fragmented." -American Scientist "Such a synthesis is long past due, and it is shameful that ecologists (both big and little) have been so parochial." -The Quarterly Review of Biology
Book Synopsis Dissertation Abstracts International by :
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 882 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Size Limits of Very Small Microorganisms by : National Research Council
Download or read book Size Limits of Very Small Microorganisms written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-10-13 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How small can a free-living organism be? On the surface, this question is straightforward-in principle, the smallest cells can be identified and measured. But understanding what factors determine this lower limit, and addressing the host of other questions that follow on from this knowledge, require a fundamental understanding of the chemistry and ecology of cellular life. The recent report of evidence for life in a martian meteorite and the prospect of searching for biological signatures in intelligently chosen samples from Mars and elsewhere bring a new immediacy to such questions. How do we recognize the morphological or chemical remnants of life in rocks deposited 4 billion years ago on another planet? Are the empirical limits on cell size identified by observation on Earth applicable to life wherever it may occur, or is minimum size a function of the particular chemistry of an individual planetary surface? These questions formed the focus of a workshop on the size limits of very small organisms, organized by the Steering .Group for the Workshop on Size Limits of Very Small Microorganisms and held on October 22 and 23, 1998. Eighteen invited panelists, representing fields ranging from cell biology and molecular genetics to paleontology and mineralogy, joined with an almost equal number of other participants in a wide-ranging exploration of minimum cell size and the challenge of interpreting micro- and nano-scale features of sedimentary rocks found on Earth or elsewhere in the solar system. This document contains the proceedings of that workshop. It includes position papers presented by the individual panelists, arranged by panel, along with a summary, for each of the four sessions, of extensive roundtable discussions that involved the panelists as well as other workshop participants.
Book Synopsis Bacterial Transcription Factors and the Cell Cycle, 2nd edition by : Morigen Morigen
Download or read book Bacterial Transcription Factors and the Cell Cycle, 2nd edition written by Morigen Morigen and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-10-10 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analogous to the eukaryotic G1, S and M phase of the cell cycle, the bacterial cell cycle can be classified into independent stages. Slowly growing bacterial cells undergo three different stages, B-, C- and D-phase, respectively, while the cell cycle of fast-growing bacteria involves at least two independent cycles: the chromosome replication and the cell division. The oscillation in gene expression regulated by transcription factors, and proteolysis mediated by ClpXP, are closely correlated with progression of the cell cycle. Indeed, it has been shown that DnaA couples DNA replication initiation with the expression of the two oscillating regulators GcrA and CtrA, and the DnaA/GcrA/CtrA regulatory cascade drives the forward progression of the Caulobacter cell cycle. Furthermore, it has been found that: the DnaA oscillation in Eschericha coli and Caulobacter crescentus plays an important role in the cell cycle coordination; RpoS in Coxiella regulates the gene expression involved in the developmental cycle; the SigB and SinR transcription factors control whether cells remain in or leave a biofilm responding to metabolic conditions in Bacillus subtilis; similarly, BolA in most Gram-negative bacteria turns off motility and turns on biofilm development as a transcription factor; CtrA regulates cell division and outer membrane composition of the pathogen Brucella abortus; an essential transcription factor SciP enhances robustness of Caulobacter cell cycle regulation. Interestingly, transcription factors mediated metabolism fluctuations are also related to progression of the cell cycle. It has been shown that: CggR and Cra factors are involved in the flux-signaling metabolite fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; IclR mediates para-hydroxybenzoate catabolism in Streptomyces coelicolor; CceR and AkgR regulate central carbon and energy metabolism in alphaproteobacteria; and these metabolism changes affect cell growth. In line with the argument, AspC-mediated aspartate metabolism coordinates the E. coli cell cycle. However, the molecular mechanisms of maintaining the proper cell cycle progression through coordination of transcription factors mediated gene transcription oscillation, cellular metabolism with the cell cycle are not yet well-established. This Research Topic is intended to cover the spectrum of cell cycle regulatory mechanisms, in particular the coordination of transcription factor mediated gene transcription oscillations, and the cellular metabolisms associated with the cell cycle. We welcome all types of articles including Original Research, Review, and Mini Review. The subject areas of interest include but are not limited to: 1. Cell cycle coordination through gene expression and expression oscillation mediated by transcription factors. 2. Regulation of the cell cycle by proteolysis oscillation. 3. Coordination of the cell cycle with metabolism fluctuation. 4. DNA methylation fluctuation and the cell cycle. 5. Novel transcription factors and gene expression patterns associated with the cell cycle.
Download or read book Microbes written by Prakash S. Bisen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-06-22 with total page 731 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accessible introduction to the world of microbes—from basic microbe biology through industrial applications Microbes affect our lives in a variety of ways—playing an important role in our health, food, agriculture, and environment. While some microbes are beneficial, others are pathogenic or opportunistic. Microbes: Concepts and Applications describes basic microbe biology and identification and shows not only how they operate in the subfields of medicine, biotechnology, environmental science, bioengineering, agriculture, and food science, but how they can be harnessed as a resource. It provides readers with a solid grasp of etiologic agents, pathogenic processes, epidemiology, and the role of microbes as therapeutic agents. Placing a major emphasis on omics technology, the book covers recent developments in the arena of microbes and discusses their role in industry and agriculture, as well as in related fields such as immunology, cell biology, and molecular biology. It offers complete discussions of the major bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens; includes information on emerging infectious diseases, antibiotic resistance, and bioterrorism; and talks about the future challenges in microbiology. The most complete treatment of microbial biology available, Microbes features eye-opening chapters on: Human and Microbial World Gene Technology: Application and Techniques Molecular Diagnostic and Medical Microbiology Identification and Classification of Microbes Diversity of Microorganisms Microbes in Agriculture Microbes as a Tool for Industry and Research Complete with charts and figures, this book is an invaluable textbook for university teachers, students, researchers, and people everywhere who care about microorganisms.
Book Synopsis Epigenetics of Infectious Diseases by : Walter Doerfler
Download or read book Epigenetics of Infectious Diseases written by Walter Doerfler and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-26 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present volume of Epigenetics and Human Health is devoted to the patho-epigenetics of viral and microbial infections, an exiting new field of disease-related epigenetic research. As recognized during the past years, epigenetic reprogramming of pathogen and host genome functions – the latter frequently induced by pathogens – plays an important role in many infectious processes. Beyond their immediate relevance for pathogen proliferation and obligatorily associated symptoms, such alterations frequently contribute to severe additional complications, such as the development of immunodeficiency, cancer and various chronic disorders. This holds in particular for epigenetic dysregulation of host gene expression induced by latent infections. The present book summarizes current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying epigenetic changes caused by viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoan infections and their impact on human health.
Book Synopsis RNA Infrastructure and Networks by : Lesley J. Collins
Download or read book RNA Infrastructure and Networks written by Lesley J. Collins and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-15 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RNAs form complexes with proteins and other RNAs. The RNA‐infrastructure represents the spatiotemporal interaction of these proteins and RNAs in a cell‐wide network. RNA Infrastructure and Networks brings together these ideas to illustrate the scope of RNA‐based biology, and how connecting RNA mechanisms is a powerful tool to investigate regulatory pathways. This book is but a taste of the wide range of RNA‐based mechanisms that connect in the RNA infrastructure.
