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Author : Xingfei Liu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book THREE ESSAYS ON EDUCATIONAL DECISIONS AND LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES OF YOUTHS written by Xingfei Liu and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Ali Murat Berker
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (129 download)
Download or read book Three Essays on Labor Supply and Education written by Ali Murat Berker and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Md Ohiul Islam
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Three Essays in the Economics of Education written by Md Ohiul Islam and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation explores three distinct topics in the economics of education. These topics explore the relationship between factors such as race, gender, national origin, and educational and labor market outcomes. Educational attainment in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) areas receives a major focus in this dissertation; a college-level specialization in STEM areas generally leads to high incomeyielding career tracks. Below I briefly explain the research objectives and findings of each chapter. The first chapter focuses on the impact of teacher-student demographic mismatch on student success in classrooms at the high school level. When students, particularly those of disadvantaged backgrounds, are assigned to teachers with different racial and/or gender identities, they may become subject to the “Golem effect”; lower expectations and biases the teachers may have. In this paper, using restricted-access data from the High School Longitudinal Survey of 2009 (HSLS:09), I investigate whether demographic mismatch between teachers and students in high schools has a negative impact on achievement. I find consistent evidence that having a different-sex teacher is disadvantageous for students of all racial backgrounds. Having a different-sex and different-race teacher is associated with achievement loss, especially for Black female students. The second chapter focuses on the impact of parental occupation in STEM fields on the child’s selection of a STEM major at the post-secondary level. For empirical analysis, I use data from HSLS:09 again. The economic literature suggests that parental occupational identities can influence children’s selection into different fields of major through different channels. Parents may provide positive feedback on children’s educational decisions at multiple stages throughout the children’s school life. I find that having at least one parent in the fields of computer science and engineering positively impacts the child’s selection into college majors in computer science, IT, and Engineering. Moreover, I find that in two-parent households, both the mother’s and father’s occupations in STEM positively impact the child’s selection into STEM college major sections. The third chapter examines the historical positive wage gap between U.S. natives and international college graduates in STEM and non-STEM fields participating in the U.S. labor force. I show that between 1993 and 2019, in STEM occupations, naturalized citizens and permanent residents earned on average higher than U.S. natives; temporary workers consistently earned less on average than U.S. natives, and permanent residents consistently earned more on average than temporary workers. The evidence shows that the wage gap is not just due to differences in factors such as primary activities on the job, highest degree attained, and working in STEM fields, but also because of “unexplained” factors; one of them could be the labor market laws restricting the entry of foreign-born workers into the U.S. labor market. In a panel data analysis, I find that the effect of naturalization and gaining permanent residency, both are positive on ln(wage).
Author : Tung Nguyen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (18 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Effects of Education Policy and Tax Policy on Labor Market and Other Outcomes written by Tung Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is composed of three essays. First chapter. The Impact of Bilingual Education on Economic and Social Assimilation: Evidence from California’s Proposition 227. Bilingual education is one of the main educational programs schools in the U.S. use to help limited English proficient students, yet very little evidence exists about the causal impacts of bilingual education on adulthood outcomes. I use a triple-differences strategy, in which I compare the outcomes of foreign-born Hispanics to US-born Hispanics who attended elementary school before and after the policy change in California, and address the potential issue of differential cohort trend between foreign-born and US-born using Hispanics from Texas. This paper exploits the 1998 ban on bilingual education in California to identify the causal impact of exposure to bilingual education on the social and labor market outcomes of young adults. Second chapter. The Impact of Bilingual Education on Long-run Outcomes: Evidence from Arizona’s Proposition 203. In this chapter, I investigate the causal impact of exposure to bilingual education on different outcomes of young adults exploiting the ban on bilingual education in Arizona resulting from a voter referendum in 2000. Third chapter. The Effects of Marginal Tax Rate on Self-employment Entry. This chapter investigates the effects of marginal tax rates on the decision to become self-employed.
Author : Pavlina Karasiatou
Publisher : Presses univ. de Louvain
ISBN 13 : 2874632023
Total Pages : 111 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (746 download)
Download or read book Éducation and the Labour Market written by Pavlina Karasiatou and published by Presses univ. de Louvain. This book was released on 2010 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Education and work account for the largest period in a person's life. Furthermore, there are strong ties between education and the labour market. This thesis explores the interrelations among them and identifies gains and losses for the individual.
Author : Adam Laurier Lavallee
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (128 download)
Download or read book Three Essays Considering The Labor Market Behavior Of Young Workers written by Adam Laurier Lavallee and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three chapters investigating labor market trends, specifically of young workers (ages 18-24). In the United States, young workers decreased their labor market participation by more than 8\% from 1994-2014 and the first chapter of this research considers changing demographics and educational decisions to account for this decline. Using connected monthly Current Population Survey (CPS) data, an alternative definition of labor market attachment is considered, which accounts for attached, marginally attached, and not attached workers. Additionally, attending college is considered as a weak form of labor market participation. Accounting for demographic changes and varying levels of attachment by demographics, the decrease in the participation rate is decomposed into genuine and demographic changes. The finding is a genuine decrease of 1.5\% young workers out of the labor force over the twenty year period studied. A calculation of the impact of college major choice on participation is estimated by extending the decomposition, as well as estimating a logit model on participation by college major. For males certain majors (Agriculture and English and Foreign Language) correlate with lower labor force attachment, while others (Engineering, Mathematics, and Visual and Performing Arts) correspond with higher attachment. For females, graduate degrees are the strongest indicator of attachment to the labor force and being married correlates with non-attachment to the labor force. The second chapter of this research investigates the movement of young workers between labor market statuses. Rather than consider the stocks and percentages of workers in each state (i.e. charting the unemployment or participation rate), this paper analyzes the flows between statuses. A contribution of this research is to consider how labor market flows are impacted by education decisions by including schooling as a labor market status. Additionally, this chapter estimates the impact that labor market movements by young workers have on fluctuations of their unemployment rate; flows between unemployment and not-in-the-labor-force, account for over forty percent of the variation in unemployment for young workers. As young workers decide whether to participate in the labor force or continue their education, they must decide whether to forgo ``on-the-job" training and experience or attend college to acquire human capital through formal education. Following the work of John Robst (2007), the third chapter of this research considers three questions: To what extent do college graduates work in fields unrelated to their most recent degree field? Which degree fields lead to greater mismatch? What is the relationship between working outside a degree field and wages? This research first provides updated answers to these questions using data from the 2013 National Survey of College Graduates (NSCG). Additionally, this work includes new specifications of the wage penalty using parental education level, which was unavailable in Robst's data. The result indicates a wage correlation of complete mismatch between job and college major that is more than three times that of a partial mismatch. An important contribution of this paper is to address changes over time by comparing results from the NSCG data in 1993, 2003, 2010, and 2013. A significant result is that the negative association between mismatch and wages has increased by a factor of three for men and over four times for women from 1993 to 2013. The conclusions in this research describe both structural and cyclical trends in the young worker labor market. Despite the significant proportion of young workers in the labor force, little research has been conducted using data from individuals under the age of twenty-five. This dissertation focuses on young workers because of the importance they play in the labor market, but also to motivate future research. The decisions young people make impact the labor market as well as drive individual future labor market outcomes; policy should be informed by the structural and cyclical trends presented throughout this research.
Author : Choongsoo Kim
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (244 download)
Download or read book Three Essays on the Youth Labor Market written by Choongsoo Kim and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Shoya Ishimaru
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (123 download)
Download or read book Essays on Education and Labor Market written by Shoya Ishimaru and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first chapter examines the importance of college and labor market options associated with childhood location in shaping educational and labor market outcomes experienced by a person later in life. I estimate a dynamic model that considers post-high school choices of whether and where to attend college and where to work, subject to home preferences, mobility costs, and spatial search frictions. The estimated model suggests that spatial gaps in local college and labor market options in the United States give rise to a 6 percentage point gap in the college attendance rate and an 11% gap in the wage rate at 10 years of experience between the 90th and 10th percentiles of across-county variation in each outcome. The second chapter suggests how the difference between linear IV and OLS coefficients can be interpreted and empirically decomposed when the treatment effect is nonlinear and heterogeneous in the true causal relationship. I show that the IV-OLS coefficient gap consists of three components: the difference in weights on treatment levels, the difference in weights on observables, and the difference in identified marginal effects. Using my framework, I revisit return to schooling estimates with compulsory schooling and college availability instruments. The third chapter investigates equilibrium impacts of federal policies such as free-college proposals, taking into account that human capital production is cumulative and that state governments have resource constraints. In the model, a state government cares about household welfare and aggregate educational attainment. Realizing that household choices vary with its decisions, the government chooses income tax rates, per-student expenditure levels on public K-12 and college education, college tuition and the provision of other public goods, subject to its budget constraint. We estimate the model using data from the U.S. Using counterfactual simulations, we find that free-public-college policies, mandatory or subsidized, would decrease state expenditure on and hence the quality of public education. More students would obtain college degrees due to increased enrollment. Over 86% of all households would lose while about 60% of the lowest income quintile would gain from such policies.
Author : Serena Patricia Canaan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781369146806
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (468 download)
Download or read book Three Essays in Applied Microeconomics written by Serena Patricia Canaan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis includes three papers in applied microeconomics. The first paper examines how providing long periods of paid parental leave affects parents' labor market decisions and children's well-being. The second study, co-authored with Pierre Mouganie, documents the labor market returns to quality of higher education for low-achieving students. The last paper looks at the effects of postponing middle school tracking on students' long term labor market outcomes.
Author : Noah Hirschl
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (141 download)
Download or read book Three Essays on Higher Education and Inequality written by Noah Hirschl and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three studies that shed light on the ongoing transformation of higher education's role in producing inequality and transmitting advantages across generations in the United States. The first chapter examines the most educated Americans: graduate and professional degree holders. The subsequent two chapters, by contrast, shift focus to young adults' transition into higher education, examining how schools and local labor markets shape racial inequality in the transition from high school to college.The first empirical chapter examines horizontal stratification among graduate and professional degree programs and their connection to the new economic elite. Compared to the baccalaureate level, there has been relatively little empirical research on distinctions among graduate and professional degrees and how they relate to labor market inequality. I add to this emerging literature with 30 years of linked survey data containing an unprecedented level of detail on the lives of the most educated Americans. I track recent historical changes in who attains top-ranked MBAs, JDs, MDs, and PhDs, finding a marked increase in the influence of parental education on elite degree attainment. This novel evidence suggests the solidifying of an intergenerational class of highly educated professionals in the United States. Second, I explore the earnings returns to program rank across different degree types, and by gender and parental education, with a particular focus on the top percentile of the earnings distribution. Unlike at the baccalaureate level, the earnings returns to prestige vary significantly across fields, such that they are much higher in MBA and JD programs than research doctorate or medical programs. I also find that the earnings returns to prestige are higher for children from less-educated families, suggesting a potential equalizing effect of elite postbaccalaureate programs. The second empirical chapter examines how local labor markets shape college attendance behavior differently by race and gender. A long-standing sociological literature has established that white students are substantially less likely to attend four-year colleges than are Black students with similar socioeconomic resources and academic performance. Drawing on accounts of racial labor market segregation among workers without bachelor's degrees, I hypothesize that racialized and gendered access to good sub-baccalaureate jobs-for instance, jobs in the trades-may account for racial differences in college attendance. I test this hypothesis empirically using administrative data on students attending high school in Wisconsin, examining net racial differences in college attendance across labor markets with varying degrees of racial occupational segregation. I do not find clear support for my hypothesis. However, I do find that white boys are more likely than Black boys to attend two-year colleges in places with more racially segregated labor markets. This finding suggests that a net-White advantage in vocational education pathways parallels the net-Black advantage in four-year college attendance, and provides some support for the hypothesized labor market mechanism. The third empirical chapter, co-authored with Christian Michael Smith, examines how high school course enrollment policies and school officials' decision-making affect racial inequality in high school tracking on the path to college. Prior work in sociology has produced conflicting evidence on whether and to what extent school officials' decision-making contributes to these patterns. We advance this literature by examining the effects of schools' enrollment policies for Advanced Placement (AP) courses. Using a unique combination of school survey data and administrative data from Wisconsin, we examine what happens to racial inequality in AP participation when school officials enforce performance-based selection criteria, which we call "course gatekeeping." We find that course gatekeeping has racially disproportionate effects. Although racialized differences in prior achievement partially explain the especially large negative effects among students of color, course gatekeeping produces Black-white and Hispanic-white disparities in participation even among students with similar, relatively low prior achievement. We further find that course gatekeeping has longer-run effects, particularly discouraging Black and Asian or Pacific Islander students from attending highly selective four-year colleges.
Author : Shoumi Mustafa
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (65 download)
Download or read book Three Essays on College Enrollment, Completion and Labor Market Returns written by Shoumi Mustafa and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The Effects of Financial Aid on College Completion I examine effects of grant aid and education loan amounts on the college completion decision of students attending four-year colleges. The goal is to determine whether a given amount of financial aid reduces the dropout probability, and whether it has differential effects when given as grants versus loans. Using data from the Second Follow-up Survey of the 1994 Beginning Post-secondary Students Longitudinal Study, I estimate a probit model of the college dropout decision, accounting for the endogeneity of grant and loan amounts. My estimates show that grants reduce the dropout probability although loans do not affect individuals' college completion decisions. The result suggests that current federal government policies of promoting loans as the main form of financial aid (in higher education) are not consistent with the stated objective of increasing access to college. Education loans are found to influence college quality choices of meritorious students from low to middle income families. The Effects of State Characteristic College Enrollment I examine how state policies on tuition, grant aid and appropriations influence high school graduates' two-year versus four-year college attendance decisions. Using data from 1994-99 October Supplements of the Current Population Survey, I estimate a multinomial logit model of college choice. My estimates show that higher four-year college tuition motivates prospective students to attend two-year colleges. I also find positive effects of two-year college appropriations on two-year college attendance. These results illustrate the on-going interaction of state policies and individual decisions. In recent years, increased earnings of college educated individuals have resulted in large increases in college enrollments. States have adjusted to the enrollment pressure by raising four-year college tuition. In response, students have switched to two-year colleges, requiring states to allocate larger amounts to such colleges. Reconciling Estimates of Labor Market Returns to College Quality Rapid increases in the cost of attending higher quality colleges have contributed to a growing literature on the relationship between college quality and student earnings. In a group of nine such studies, analysts find positive earnings effects of college quality but fail to agree on its magnitude. Because these studies differ with respect to a variety of methodological and data related issues, it is not possible to ascertain how each of these differences influences the estimates. I consider a large set of factor that distinguish the studies and examine the sensitivity of the estimates to each of the factors, using two large micro data sets, the First Follow-up Survey of the Baccalaureate and Beyond Study and the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. My estimates show that college quality effects differ between blacks and whites, college graduates and dropouts and also between young and older students. I also find that correcting for the endogeneity of college quality variables increases estimates of college quality effects, implying that costs of attendance constrain individuals' college quality choices.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (819 download)
Download or read book Three Essays on College Quality written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three essays on adolescents' post secondary education choices and labor market returns. In the first chapter, I estimate the causal effect of college selectivity on wages including graduate degree attainment. I control for both observed and unobserved selection by extending the model of Carneiro, Hansen, and Heckman (2003). The results show that graduating from a college of one standard deviation higher selectivity leads to a 3.7% higher hourly wage ten years after college graduation regardless of graduate degree attainment. In addition, a one standard deviation increase in college quality increases the expected returns to graduate degree attainment by 0.8% (4.3% increase in the probability of graduate degree attainment multiplied by 18.6% returns to a graduate degree). The second chapter further examines the role of household income in children's postsecondary institution application and enrollment decisions including college quality, using the high school classes of the early 2000s. I find that the family income is monotonically and positively correlated at the extensive margin of higher education (whether or not to apply and enroll in college) even when we control for children's cognitive ability. On the other hand, I find a U-shaped correlation at the intensive margin especially for four-year college students in terms of average applied, or enrolled, college quality after controlling for children's cognitive ability. These findings highlight different roles of the family income in college application and enrollment stages between extensive and intensive margins. The third chapter examines the undocumented value of two-year colleges, namely, the option value incorporating the uncertainty in degree completion using the high school classes of early 2000s. The empirical results show that expected wages of enrolling at four-year colleges are strictly higher for all types of students than those of enrolling at two-year colleges. This is mainly because of the low associate's degree completion probability. In order for two-year colleges to serve as a provider of wider options for individuals who have not yet decided whether to pursue a bachelor's degree, it is crucial to improve a degree completion rate in these institutions.
Author : Orley Ashenfelter
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780444501899
Total Pages : 800 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (18 download)
Download or read book Handbook of Labor Economics written by Orley Ashenfelter and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1999-11-18 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to the continually evolving field of labour economics.
Author : Shahriar Sadighi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (15 download)
Download or read book Essays in Empirical Labor Economics written by Shahriar Sadighi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My dissertation consists of three essays in empirical labor economics which are self-contained and can be read independently of the others. The first essay, coauthored with Professor Modestino, measures mismatch unemployment in US economy in the post-recession era and explores the heterogeneity among educational groupings. The second essay estimates the changing effects of cognitive ability on wage determination of college bound and non-college bound young adults between 1980s and 2000s. The third essay, coauthored with Professor Dickens, examines the impact of measurement error in survey data on identifying the extent of downward nominal wage rigidity in US economy. Essay I: No Longer Qualified? Changes in the Supply and Demand for Skills within Occupations-- In this study, we extend the framework developed by Sahin et al. (2014) to measure mismatch unemployment since the end of the Great Recession and explore the heterogeneity among educational groupings. Our findings indicate that mismatch across two-digit industries and two- digit occupations explain around 17- 20 percent of the recent recovery in the US unemployment rate since 2010. We also capture movements in employer education requirements over time using a novel database of 87 million online job posting aggregated by Burning Glass Technologies and further show that mismatch is not only greater in magnitude for high-skill occupations but also is more persistent over the course of the recent labor market recovery, possible accounting for the shift rightward that has been observed in the aggregate Beveridge Curve by other researchers. Furthermore, we shed light on at least one of the potential causes of mismatch on the demand side, providing evidence that labor demand shifts among high-skilled occupation groups exhibit a permanent increase in the share of employers requiring a Bachelor's degree as well as other baseline, specialized, and software skills listed on job postings, suggesting a role for structural shifts associated with changes in technology or capital investment. Our results demonstrate that equilibrium models where unemployed workers accumulate specific human capital and, in equilibrium, make explicit mobility decisions across distinct labor markets, can mean that workers are chasing a moving target-at least among high-skilled occupations. Furthermore, our findings inform debates focused on workforce development strategies and related educational policies where decision making could benefit from the use of real-time labor market information on employer demands to provide guidance for both job placement as well as program development. Essay II: The Changing Impacts of Cognitive Ability on Determining Earnings of College Bound and Non-College Bound Young Adults-- Using data on young adults from the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I investigate the changing impact of cognitive ability, as captured by performance on AFQT tests, on wage determination of college bound and non-college bound young adults. My findings indicate that cognitive ability plays a substantially diminished role for the most recent cohort and its impact on wage determination has undergone a drastic change between 1980s and 2000s. My results tend to corroborate the findings of previous studies which emphasize the lifecycle path of technological development from adoption to maturation and trace back the labor market outcomes observed over these periods to pre- and post-2000 patterns in technology investment and its consequent boom-and-bust cycles in the demand for cognitive skills. Essay III: Measurement Error in Survey Data and its Impact on Identifying the Extent of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity-- In this study, we employ data drawn from the 1996, 2001, 2004 and 2008 panels of the SIPP, which cover the years 1996-2013, to assess the effectiveness of dependent interviewing at reducing bias in the estimates of the extent of downward nominal wage rigidity in the US economy. In the 2004 and 2008 panels of the SIPP, dependent interviewing was used much more extensively than in the past. This questioning method by focusing on changes rather than levels of wages and using responses from prior interviews to query apparent inconsistencies over time reduces the incidence of reporting and measurement errors. Our change-in-wage distributions derived from SIPP 2004 and 2008 panels exhibit remarkably larger zero-spikes and asymmetries vis-℗♭℗ -vis those derived from 1996 and 2001 panels before dependent interviewing was used. These results are consistent with the findings of previous studies that used payroll data or statistical techniques to correct for reporting error. We apply one such technique to the SIPP panels before and after the introduction of dependent interviewing. In the pre-2004 panels the correction is large and results in a distribution that closely resembles the uncorrected distributions of the 2004 panel. When the correction is applied to the 2004 panel no evidence of errors is found.
Author : Natalie Bau
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (914 download)
Download or read book Essays at the Intersection of Development and Education Economics written by Natalie Bau and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation uses tools from economics to study three different aspects of educational markets in the developing world. In chapter 1, I analyze how competition among private schools in Pakistan affects student outcomes when (1) the match between a school and a student matters for learning, and (2) poorer students may be less informed about their match when they make enrollment decisions. I find that greater competition may lead schools to compete more intensively for wealthier, better-informed students, lowering learning for poorer students in the average private school and increasing learning for wealthier students. In chapter 2, I examine how cultural norms that encourage children to care for their parents when they reach adulthood affect human capital investment in children in Ghana, Indonesia, Rwanda, and Mexico. I find that children targeted by these norms receive more educational investments. Finally, in chapter 3, I study the labor market for public school teachers in Pakistan by analyzing the effect of a policy shock that changed both teacher salaries and accountability on student learning. I find that simultaneously lowering teacher salaries and increasing accountability lowered the cost of providing education and improved students' learning.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (922 download)
Download or read book Essays on the Relationships Between Education Policies, Achievement, Labor Market Outcomes, and Inequality written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Na'ama Shenhav
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781369202489
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (24 download)
Download or read book Essays on Gender Gaps and Investments in Children written by Na'ama Shenhav and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is a compilation of three essays that investigate how increasing women's access to political and economics resources in the United States influences investments in the human capital of children and helps shape decisions around family formation in the country. In doing so, it documents the evolution of decision making of women in the U.S. over the last century, and shows how key shifts in policy and wage-enhancing technological change facilitated this transition. The essays pair cutting-edge econometric techniques with novel empirical designs to estimate causal impacts of women's increasing access to these resources. The first chapter examines the effect of the enfranchisement of women in early 20th century United States on the long term educational outcomes of children growing up during and after the passage of suffrage laws, and is co-authored with Esra Kose and Elira Kuka. This essay contributes to a growing literature which provides evidence that increasing the political power of women leads to a growth in investments in children in the short term; but which thus far has not measured the long-term implications on children's "success", in particular for the educational attainment of individuals. We investigate the effect of women's political empowerment on the human capital of children by exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in U.S. state and federal suffrage laws. We estimate that exposure to women's suffrage during childhood leads to large increases in educational attainment for children from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, in particular blacks and Southern whites. The results suggest that the redistribution of resources following suffrage contributed to a convergence of educational outcomes by raising the attainment of groups with low baseline levels of education. The second chapter establishes a credible link between the significant reduction in the gender wage gap between 1980 and 2010 and the coinciding shifts in family structure. It is motivated by the fact that family structure in the United States has shifted substantially over the last three decades, yet the causes and implications of these changes for the well-being of family members remains unclear. The empirical strategy exploits task-based shifts in demand as an exogenous shock to sex-specific wages to demonstrate the role of the relative female to male wage in the family and labor market outcomes of women. The results show that increases in the relative wage lead to a decline in the likelihood of marriage for those on the margin of a first marriage, and present suggestive evidence that these effects are concentrated among less-desirable matches. A higher relative wage also causes women to increase their hours of work, reduce their dependence on a male earner, and increase the likelihood of that they raise children outside of marriage. These findings indicate that improvements in the relative wage have facilitated women's independence by reducing the monetary incentive for marriage, and can account for 20% of the decline in marriage between 1980 and 2010. The third chapter builds on the findings made in the first two chapters, and explores the implications of changes in male and female wage opportunities for child achievement. It contributes to a large literature that has shown that a child's academic success and physical development are strongly influenced by family income, but which has less evidence on whether whether the source of income also matters. The empirical strategy takes advantage of national shifts in the return to occupations over this time period as a source of exogenous convergence of wages across sexes in a marriage market. In contrast to previous findings, the results do not show that a higher female to male wage ratio significantly improves children's outcomes, although the confidence intervals allow for an important positive or negative effect. Auxiliary analyses which use observed relative household income produce a qualitatively different, negative and statistically significant effect of relative wages on children's development, which is likely a reflection of an omitted variable bias. Sources of the imprecision in the estimation are discussed.
