Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Theory Based Evaluation Of The Implementation Of Energy Efficiency Policies For Commercial Buildings In China
Download Theory Based Evaluation Of The Implementation Of Energy Efficiency Policies For Commercial Buildings In China full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Theory Based Evaluation Of The Implementation Of Energy Efficiency Policies For Commercial Buildings In China ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Theory-based Evaluation of the Implementation of Energy Efficiency Policies for Commercial Buildings in China by : Ksenia Chmutina
Download or read book Theory-based Evaluation of the Implementation of Energy Efficiency Policies for Commercial Buildings in China written by Ksenia Chmutina and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Policies for Commercial Buildings by :
Download or read book Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Policies for Commercial Buildings written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Evaluation of the Feasibility of Implementing Energy Efficiency Measures in Commercial Buildings in Hong Kong by : Hou-Yip Hsiao
Download or read book An Evaluation of the Feasibility of Implementing Energy Efficiency Measures in Commercial Buildings in Hong Kong written by Hou-Yip Hsiao and published by . This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "An Evaluation of the Feasibility of Implementing Energy Efficiency Measures in Commercial Buildings in Hong Kong" by Hou-yip, Hsiao, 蕭厚業, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: In 2006, over 160 countries have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, which is an international agreement concerning the climate change. It sets binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions (UNFCCC, 2006) and these countries were committed to do so. Reduction on GNG emission becomes a common but differentiated responsibility over these countries, including China and Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ("HKSAR") was also committed to reduce GHG emissions by implementing difference measures (EPD, 2010). In view of 60 percent of GHG emission in Hong Kong is generated by electricity generation, reduction on electricity consumption for building operations is the main means of achieving reduction on GHG emissions. Since Hong Kong had been treated as international financial centre, over 60 percent of the total electricity consumption was contributed by the commercial sector. To promote energy efficiency so as to accomplish reduction on electricity consumption, both HKSAR and other green organization, such as BEAM Society and U.S. Green Building Council, had set up numerous reference guidelines. However, these guidelines may applicable to new buildings but not in most commercial building in Hong Kong which were aged and multi-owned. In these aged and multi-owned commercial building, the concern of energy efficiency was not involved during design stage. In view of durable nature of commercial building, energy efficiency hardly be achieved unless substantial implementation of measures. However, capital cost and alteration work were needed to be considered for such implementation which causing difficulties for most of the single block building. As advised by Electrical and Mechanical Department, the Building Manager is one of the key persons in building energy efficiency and conservation as it is the one who operate all building services installation so as to suit the needs of the occupants. This dissertation is an attempt to evaluate the feasibility of implementing energy efficiency measures in these commercial buildings in Hong Kong from the management point of view. DOI: 10.5353/th_b4834187 Subjects: Commercial buildings - Energy conservation - China - Hong Kong
Book Synopsis An Evaluation of the Feasibility of Implementing Energy Efficiency Measures in Commercial Buildings in Hong Kong by : 蕭厚業
Download or read book An Evaluation of the Feasibility of Implementing Energy Efficiency Measures in Commercial Buildings in Hong Kong written by 蕭厚業 and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Mainstreaming Building Energy Efficiency Codes in Developing Countries by : Feng Liu
Download or read book Mainstreaming Building Energy Efficiency Codes in Developing Countries written by Feng Liu and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2010-10-12 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urbanization and growing wealth in developing countries portend a large increase of demand for modern energy services in residential, commercial and public-service buildings in the coming decades. Pursuing energy efficiency in buildings is vital to energy security in developing countries and is identified by the Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change as having the greatest potential for cost-effective reduction of CO2 emissions by 2030 among all energy-consuming sectors. Building energy efficiency codes (BEECs), along with energy efficiency standards for major appliances and equipment, are broadly recognized as a necessary government intervention to overcome persistent market barriers to capturing the economic potential of energy efficiency gains in the residential, commercial and public-service sectors. Implementation of BEECs help prevent costly energy wastes over the lifecycles of buildings in space heating, air conditioning, lighting, and other energy service requirements. Nonetheless, achieving the full potential of energy savings afforded by more energy-efficient buildings requires holding people who live or work in buildings accountable for the cost of energy services. Compliance enforcement has been the biggest challenge to implementing BEECs. This report summarizes the findings of an extensive literature survey of the experiences of implementing BEECs in developed countries, as well as those from case studies of China, Egypt, India, and Mexico. It also serves as a primer on the basic features and contents of BEECs and the commonly adopted compliance and enforcement approaches. This report highlights the key challenges to improving compliance enforcement in developing countries, including government commitment to energy efficiency, the effectiveness of government oversight of the construction sector, the compliance capacity of building supply chain, and financing constraints. The report notes that the process of transforming a country s building supply chain toward delivering increasingly more energy-efficient buildings takes time and requires persistent government intervention through uniformly enforced and regularly updated BEECs. The report recommends increased international support in strengthening the enforcement infrastructure for BEECs in middle-income developing countries. For low- and lower-middle-income countries, there is an urgent need to assist in improving the effectiveness of government oversight system for building construction, laying the foundation for the system to also cover BEECs.
Book Synopsis Building Energy Efficiency Policies in China by : Global Buildings Performance Network
Download or read book Building Energy Efficiency Policies in China written by Global Buildings Performance Network and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report begins with an introduction of key concepts and an overview of the administrative structures that play a role in China's building energy use, along with a brief history of building energy efficiency policies in China. The body of the report is structured as a review of five aspects of China's building energy efficiency: building energy performance, building energy efficiency policies for new buildings, building energy efficiency policies for existing buildings, application of renewable energy to buildings, and rural building energy use. The report also provides an assessment of the future prospects and directions for building energy efficiency policy development in China.
Book Synopsis China's Energy Efficiency and Conservation by : Bin Su
Download or read book China's Energy Efficiency and Conservation written by Bin Su and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-07 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Brief identifies various aspects of energy challenges faced by the Chinese central/local governments, and also provides an opportunity to study how best to achieve green growth and a low-carbon transition in a developing country like China. The progress of China’s carbon mitigation policies also has significant impacts on the on-going international climate change negotiations. Therefore, both policy- makers and decision-makers in China and other countries can benefit from studying the challenges and opportunities in China’s energy development.
Book Synopsis Development and Implementation of Energy Efficiency Standards and Labeling Programs in China by :
Download or read book Development and Implementation of Energy Efficiency Standards and Labeling Programs in China written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last twenty years, with growing policy emphasis on improving energy efficiency and reducing environmental pollution and carbon emissions, China has implemented a series of new minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) and mandatory and voluntary energy labels to improve appliance energy efficiency. As China begins planning for the next phase of standards and labeling (S & L) program development under the 12th Five Year Plan, an evaluation of recent program developments and future directions is needed to identify gaps that still exist when compared with international best practices. The review of China's S & L program development and implementation in comparison with major findings from international experiences reveal that there are still areas of improvement, particularly when compared to success factors observed across leading international S & L program. China currently lacks a formalized regulatory process for standard-setting and do not have any legal or regulatory guidance on elements of S & L development such as stakeholder participation or the issue of legal precedence between conflicting national, industrial and local standards. Consequently, China's laws regarding standard-setting and management of the mandatory energy label program could be updated, as they have not been amended or revised recently and no longer reflects the current situation. While China uses similar principles for choosing target products as the U.S., Australia, EU and Japan, including high energy-consumption, mature industry and testing procedure and stakeholder support, recent MEPS revisions have generally aimed at only eliminating the bottom 20% efficiency of the market. Setting a firm principle based on maximizing energy savings that are technically feasible and economically justified may help improve the stringency of China's MEPS program and reduce the need for frequent revisions. China also lacks robust survey data and relies primarily on market research data in relatively simple techno-economic analyses used to determine its efficiency standards levels rather than the specific sets of analyses and tools used internationally. Based on international experiences, inclusion of more detailed energy consumption surveys in the Chinese national census surveys and statistical reporting systems could help provide the necessary data for more comprehensive standard-setting analyses. In terms of stakeholder participation in the standards development process, stakeholder participation in China is limited to membership on technical committees responsible for developing or revising standards and generally do not include environmental groups, consumer associations, utilities and other NGOs. Increasing stakeholder involvement to broader interest groups could help garner more support and feedback in the S & L implementation process. China has emerged as a leader in a national verification testing scheme with complementary pilot checktesting projects, but it still faces challenges with insufficient funding, low local awareness amongst some regulatory agencies and resistance to check-testing by some manufacturers, limited product sampling scope, and testing inconsistency and incomparability of results. Thus, further financial and staff resources and capacity building will be needed to overcome these remaining challenges and to expand impacts evaluations to assess the actual effectiveness of implementation and enforcement.
Book Synopsis Building Energy Efficiency Policies in China by : Global Buildings Performance Network
Download or read book Building Energy Efficiency Policies in China written by Global Buildings Performance Network and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report begins with an introduction of key concepts and an overview of the administrative structures that play a role in China's building energy use, along with a brief history of building energy efficiency policies in China. The body of the report is structured as a review of five aspects of China's building energy efficiency: building energy performance, building energy efficiency policies for new buildings, building energy efficiency policies for existing buildings, application of renewable energy to buildings, and rural building energy use. The report also provides an assessment of the future prospects and directions for building energy efficiency policy development in China.
Book Synopsis Energy Efficiency in Buildings by : José Manuel Andújar
Download or read book Energy Efficiency in Buildings written by José Manuel Andújar and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-04-28 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Buildings are one of the main causes of the emission of greenhouse gases in the world. Europe alone is responsible for more than 30% of emissions, or about 900 million tons of CO2 per year. Heating and air conditioning are the main cause of greenhouse gas emissions in buildings. Most buildings currently in use were built with poor energy efficiency criteria or, depending on the country and the date of construction, none at all. Therefore, regardless of whether construction regulations are becoming stricter, the real challenge nowadays is the energy rehabilitation of existing buildings. It is currently a priority to reduce (or, ideally, eliminate) the waste of energy in buildings and, at the same time, supply the necessary energy through renewable sources. The first can be achieved by improving the architectural design, construction methods, and materials used, as well as the efficiency of the facilities and systems; the second can be achieved through the integration of renewable energy (wind, solar, geothermal, etc.) in buildings. In any case, regardless of whether the energy used is renewable or not, the efficiency must always be taken into account. The most profitable and clean energy is that which is not consumed.
Book Synopsis Commercial Buildings by : Jeff Johnson
Download or read book Commercial Buildings written by Jeff Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Industrial Energy Efficiency Policy in China by :
Download or read book Industrial Energy Efficiency Policy in China written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chinese industrial sector energy-efficiency policy has gone through a number of distinct phases since the founding of the People s Republic in 1949. An initial period of energy supply growth in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s was followed by implementation of significant energy efficiency programs in the 1980s. Many of these programs were dismantled in the 1990s during the continuing move towards a market-based economy. In an effort to once again strengthen energy efficiency, the Chinese government passes the Energy Conservation Law in 1997 which provides broad guidance for the establishment of energy efficiency policies. Article 20 of the Energy Conservation Law requires substantial improvement in industrial energy efficiency in the key energy-consuming industrial facilities in China. This portion of the Law declares that ''the State will enhance energy conservation management in key energy consuming entities.'' In 1999, the industrial sector consumed nearly 30 EJ, or 76 percent of China's primary energy. Even though primary energy consumption has dropped dramatically in recent years, due mostly to a decline in coal consumption, the Chinese government is still actively developing an overall policy for energy efficiency in the industrial sector modeled after policies in a number of industrialized countries. This paper will describe recent Chinese government activities to develop industrial sector energy-efficiency targets as a ''market-based'' mechanism for improving the energy efficiency of key industrial facilities.
Book Synopsis Energy Efficiency in Buildings in China by : Carmen Richerzhagen
Download or read book Energy Efficiency in Buildings in China written by Carmen Richerzhagen and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book China written by Christophe De Gouvello and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China has developed one of the most comprehensive and effective sets of energy efficiency policies and programs in the world. This has been an arduous task over decades, involving the government, businesses, and civil society. Although success has abounded in many areas, China's programs are not perfect, and the development process has often been one of improving, adjusting, and reinforcing. Some of the strengths of China's effort have been (a) good organization, (b) focus on overcoming implementation difficulties at local levels as well as development of national policies and programs, (c) an effective blending of market-based energy efficiency investment and service mechanisms with new law-based regulations, and (d) investments in institutional development to provide the foundation for long-term gains. The process, experience, and results of the 40-year effort provide an amazingly rich bank of lessons for other countries with aspirations for energy efficiency gains, which this report strives to describe. One of the most telling macro indicators of China's success is the reversal of a trend of increasing energy use per unit GDP beginning in 2006 and continuing thereafter, delinking growth in energy consumption from growth in GDP. Energy use per unit GDP had fallen during the 1980s and 1990s, in part due to energy conservation efforts but mainly due to economic structural change as China's economy began to mature. This changed in the early 2000s, however, as yet more rapid industrial growth brought increases in China's energy intensity. China's leadership recognized that this continued resource-intensive development over the long haul was physically almost impossible, economically inferior, and environmentally unacceptable. With calls to build a less resource-intensive society, the country sharply increased its efforts to improve energy efficiency, building on past programs and adding new ones in a comprehensive effort. The focus was on achieving results. The trend of increasing energy intensity was bent downward, and energy intensity began to decline again, even as rapid industrial and economic growth continued.
Book Synopsis The Reality and Future Scenarios of Commercial Building Energy Consumption in China by :
Download or read book The Reality and Future Scenarios of Commercial Building Energy Consumption in China written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While China's 11th Five Year Plan called for a reduction of energy intensity by 2010, whether and how the energy consumption trend can be changed in a short time has been hotly debated. This research intends to evaluate the impact of a variety of scenarios of GDP growth, energy elasticity and energy efficiency improvement on energy consumption in commercial buildings in China using a detailed China End-use Energy Model. China's official energy statistics have limited information on energy demand by end use. This is a particularly pertinent issue for building energy consumption. The authors have applied reasoned judgments, based on experience of working on Chinese efficiency standards and energy related programs, to present a realistic interpretation of the current energy data. The bottom-up approach allows detailed consideration of end use intensity, equipment efficiency, etc., thus facilitating assessment of potential impacts of specific policy and technology changes on building energy use. The results suggest that: (1) commercial energy consumption in China's current statistics is underestimated by about 44%, and the fuel mix is misleading; (2) energy efficiency improvements will not be sufficient to offset the strong increase in end-use penetration and intensity in commercial buildings; (3) energy intensity (particularly electricity) in commercial buildings will increase; (4) different GDP growth and elasticity scenarios could lead to a wide range of floor area growth trajectories, and therefore, significantly impact energy consumption in commercial buildings.
Book Synopsis Energy Savings and Cost-benefit Analysis of the New Commercial Building Standard in China by :
Download or read book Energy Savings and Cost-benefit Analysis of the New Commercial Building Standard in China written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study, a comprehensive comparison of the commercial building energy efficiency standard between the previous 2005 version and the new proposed version is conducted, including the energy efficiency analysis and cost-benefit analysis. To better understand the tech-economic performance of the new Chinese standard, energy models were set up based on a typical commercial office building in Chinese climate zones. The building energy standard in 2005 is used as the baseline for this analysis. Key building technologies measures are analyzed individually, including roof, wall, window, lighting and chiller and so on and finally whole building cost-benefit analysis was conducted. Results show that the new commercial building energy standard demonstrates good cost-effective performance, with whole building payback period around 4 years.
Book Synopsis A Dynamic Model of Risk Allocation of Energy Efficiency Retrofits Under Energy Performance Contract for Office Buildings in China by : Shiyu Wan
Download or read book A Dynamic Model of Risk Allocation of Energy Efficiency Retrofits Under Energy Performance Contract for Office Buildings in China written by Shiyu Wan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given the rapid development of China's economy and fast-paced urbanization, energy consumption gradually increases, leading to China being the largest energy consumers. Since buildings are responsible for around 40% of total energy, especially office buildings, many policies and mechanisms have been developed to make buildings more sustainable. Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit (BEER) is considered as one of the most effective methods to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption of existing office buildings. Meanwhile, the Chinese government proposed the 13th Five-Year (2016-2020) Plan of Building Energy Efficiency Development to promote existing building energy efficiency retrofits which favours Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) as the market mechanism to promote building energy efficiency retrofit. However, there are many inherent risks in existing EPC projects due to the complexity and uncertainty of the EPC mechanism. Proper risk allocation can promote project management performance by means of contract clauses, but existing research mainly focus on static risk allocation. Most scholars have pointed out that the risk allocation could be confirmed after the period of tendering and bidding, considering the contract execution stage as risk management, not attaching importance to the phased and dynamic risk allocation. This paper is aiming to establish a dynamic mechanism of risk allocation under EPC for office buildings based on the theory of Incomplete Contract. Firstly, the paper identifies and analyzes the key risks of the EPC for BEER projects through a literature review and classifies risks based on the EPC project phases as risk initial distribution stage, risk overall allocation stage, risk tracking and redistribution stage. Secondly, the paper presents a theoretical analysis of the EPC contract clauses of risk allocation based on the Incomplete Contract Theory. Finally, the paper develops a dynamic EPC risk allocation model for BEER projects based on the Incomplete Contract Theory. The model will enable EPC project owners and contractors to make reasonable risk allocations in the process of contract negotiation and further risk reallocation in the future, which may make EPCs more attractive in China.
