The World Cocoa Market

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The International Cocoa Trade

Author : Robin Dand
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0857091263
Total Pages : 663 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)

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Book Synopsis The International Cocoa Trade by : Robin Dand

Download or read book The International Cocoa Trade written by Robin Dand and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-12-07 with total page 663 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'An overview of the history of cocoa, the factors affecting its production and consumption as well as how the trade is conducted, various risks mitigated, and by whom. ...The International Cocoa Trade is a work designed to inform all on the subject of cocoa and an essential guide for those involved in its trade.'Dr J. Vingerhoets, Executive Director, ICCOCocoa is a valuable commodity, and the cocoa trade involves many different parties from growers and exporters through dealers and factories to those trading futures and options and the banks they deal with. The International Cocoa Trade provides an authoritative and comprehensive review of the cocoa trade at the beginning of the twenty-first century, and the main factors that drive and affect that business.The opening chapter of the third edition examines the history and origins of the international cocoa trade, and its recent developments. The agronomics of cocoa production are discussed in chapter two whilst chapter three deals with the environmental and practical factors affecting cocoa production. Chapters four, five and six cover issues around the export and trading of physical cocoa, including the actuals market, the physical contracts used and the futures and options markets. In chapter seven, the international consumption and stocks of cocoa are reviewed with chapter eight discussing the issue of quality assessment of cocoa beans for international trade. Finally, chapter nine focuses on the end product, examining the processing of cocoa beans and the manufacture of chocolate. Updated appendices provide copies of some of the most important documents used in the cocoa trade, including contracts, sale rules and world production statistics.This comprehensively updated third edition of The International Cocoa Trade ensures its continued status as the standard reference for all those involved in the production consumption and international trading of cocoa. - Provides an authoritative and comprehensive review of the cocoa trade at the beginning of the twenty-first century, and the main factors that drive and affect that business - Examines the history and origins of the international cocoa trade, and its recent developments featuring a discussion of environmental and practical factors affecting cocoa production - Explores issues concerning the export and trading of physical cocoa, including the actuals market, the physical contracts used and the futures and options markets

Cocoa Production and Processing Technology

Author : Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466598239
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

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Book Synopsis Cocoa Production and Processing Technology by : Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa

Download or read book Cocoa Production and Processing Technology written by Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-02-21 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the largest food commodities exported from the developing countries to the rest of the world, cocoa has gained increasing attention on the global market—raising many questions about its quality, sustainability and traceability. Cocoa Production and Processing Technology presents detailed explanations of the technologies that could be employed to assure sustainable production of high-quality and safe cocoa beans for the global confectionary industry. It provides overviews of up-to-date technologies and approaches to modern cocoa production practices, global production and consumption trends as well as principles of cocoa processing and chocolate manufacture. The book covers the origin, history and taxonomy of cocoa, and examines the fairtrade and organic cocoa industries and their influence on smallholder farmers. The chapters provide in-depth coverage of cocoa cultivation, harvesting and post-harvest treatments with a focus on cocoa bean composition, genotypic variations and their influence on quality, post-harvest pre-treatments, fermentation techniques, drying, storage and transportation. The author provides details on cocoa fermentation processes as well as the biochemical and microbiological changes involved and how they influence flavour. He also addresses cocoa trading systems, bean selection and quality criteria, as well as industrial processing of fermented and dried cocoa beans into liquor, cake, butter and powder. The book examines the general principles of chocolate manufacture, detailing the various stages of the processes involved, the factors that influence the quality characteristics and strategies to avoid post-processing quality defects. This volume presents innovative techniques for sustainability and traceability in high-quality cocoa production and explores new product development with potential for cost reduction as well as improved cocoa bean and chocolate product quality.

The International Cocoa Trade

Author : Robin Dand
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781855734340
Total Pages : 444 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (343 download)

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Book Synopsis The International Cocoa Trade by : Robin Dand

Download or read book The International Cocoa Trade written by Robin Dand and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 1999 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a thoroughly updated and revised edition of a best selling title. It has been written to help those involved in the industry by accessing information about the trade and creating a better understanding of the markets as a whole. The book covers: history and development, agronomics and marketing, actual and futures markets, and their contracts together with the product's supply and demand, its quality and lastly its processing.

The Dynamics of the World Cocoa Market

Author : F. Helmut Weymar
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Dynamics of the World Cocoa Market by : F. Helmut Weymar

Download or read book The Dynamics of the World Cocoa Market written by F. Helmut Weymar and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cocoa

Author : Kristy Leissle
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509513205
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Cocoa by : Kristy Leissle

Download or read book Cocoa written by Kristy Leissle and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-12 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chocolate has long been a favorite indulgence. But behind every chocolate bar we unwrap, there is a world of power struggles and political maneuvering over its most important ingredient: cocoa. In this incisive book, Kristy Leissle reveals how cocoa, which brings pleasure and wealth to relatively few, depends upon an extensive global trade system that exploits the labor of five million growers, as well as countless other workers and vulnerable groups. The reality of this dramatic inequity, she explains, is often masked by the social, cultural, emotional, and economic values humans have placed upon cocoa from its earliest cultivation in Mesoamerica to the present day. Tracing the cocoa value chain from farms in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, through to chocolate factories in Europe and North America, Leissle shows how cocoa has been used as a political tool to wield power over others. Cocoa's politicization is not, however, limitless: it happens within botanical parameters set by the crop itself, and the material reality of its transport, storage, and manufacture into chocolate. As calls for justice in the industry have grown louder, Leissle reveals the possibilities for and constraints upon realizing a truly sustainable and fulfilling livelihood for cocoa growers, and for keeping the world full of chocolate.

The Economics of Chocolate

Author : Mara P. Squicciarini
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019103990X
Total Pages : 505 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Economics of Chocolate by : Mara P. Squicciarini

Download or read book The Economics of Chocolate written by Mara P. Squicciarini and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-01-21 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, written by global experts, provides a comprehensive and topical analysis on the economics of chocolate. While the main approach is economic analysis, there are important contributions from other disciplines, including psychology, history, government, nutrition, and geography. The chapters are organized around several themes, including the history of cocoa and chocolate — from cocoa drinks in the Maya empire to the growing sales of Belgian chocolates in China; how governments have used cocoa and chocolate as a source of tax revenue and have regulated chocolate (and defined it by law) to protect consumers' health from fraud and industries from competition; how the poor cocoa producers in developing countries are linked through trade and multinational companies with rich consumers in industrialized countries; and how the rise of consumption in emerging markets (China, India, and Africa) is causing a major boom in global demand and prices, and a potential shortage of the world's chocolate.

Chocolate Science and Technology

Author : Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1444357336
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (443 download)

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Book Synopsis Chocolate Science and Technology by : Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa

Download or read book Chocolate Science and Technology written by Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-24 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of the science and technology of chocolate manufacture from cocoa production, through the manufacturing processes, to the sensory, nutrition and health aspects of chocolate consumption. It covers cocoa cultivation and production with special attention paid to cocoa bean composition, genotypic variations in the bean, post-harvest pre-treatments, fermentation and drying processes, and the biochemical basis of these operations. The scientific principles behind industrial chocolate manufacture are outlined with detailed explanations of the various stages of chocolate manufacturing including mixing, refining, conching and tempering. Other topics covered include the chemistry of flavour formation and development during cocoa processing and chocolate manufacture; volatile flavour compounds and their characteristics and identification; sensory descriptions and character; and flavour release and perception in chocolate. The nutritional and health benefits of cocoa and chocolate consumption are also addressed. There is a focus throughout on those factors that influence the flavour and quality characteristics of the finished chocolate and that provide scope for process optimization and improvement. The book is designed to be a desk reference for all those engaged in the business of making and using chocolate worldwide; confectionery and chocolate scientists in industry and academia; students and practising food scientists and technologists; nutritionists and other health professionals; and libraries of institutions where food science is studied and researched. an overview of the science behind chocolate manufacture covers the whole process from cocoa production, through manufacturing, to the nutrition and health aspects of chocolate consumption focuses on factors that influence chocolate flavour and quality, and that provide scope for process optimization and improvement.

Chocolate Nations

Author : Órla Ryan
Publisher : Zed Books
ISBN 13 : 9781780323091
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis Chocolate Nations by : Órla Ryan

Download or read book Chocolate Nations written by Órla Ryan and published by Zed Books. This book was released on 2012-04-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chocolate - the very word conjures up a hint of the forbidden and a taste of the decadent. Yet the story behind the chocolate bar is rarely one of luxury. From the thousands of children who work on plantations to the smallholders who harvest the beans, Chocolate Nations reveals the hard economic realities of our favourite sweet. This vivid and gripping exploration of the reasons behind farmer poverty includes the human stories of the producers and traders at the heart of the West African industry. Orla Ryan shows that only a tiny fraction of the cash we pay for a chocolate bar actually makes it back to the farmers, and sheds light on what Fair Trade really means on the ground. Provocative and eye-opening, Chocolate Nations exposes the true story of how the treat we love makes it on to our supermarket shelves.

Cocoa Cycles

Author : François Ruf
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781855732155
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis Cocoa Cycles by : François Ruf

Download or read book Cocoa Cycles written by François Ruf and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 1995-06-30 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cyclical boom-to-recession nature of the economics of cocoa supply is a major problem for the international cocoa industry - and especially for countries whose economies depend on cocoa exports. Only through an understanding of the dynamics of cocoa cycles can policy decisions be made through the various phases of supply cycles. Based on a major international cocoa conference, this book presents seventeen edited papers from leading experts, making a major contribution to that understanding. It explains the powerful economic, social and political factors which impact on the cocoa economy. It shows the laws of cocoa supply are closely linked to environmental, ecological and institutional factors.

The Nigerian Cocoa Industry and the International Economy in the 1930s

Author : Olisa Muojama
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1527515524
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

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Book Synopsis The Nigerian Cocoa Industry and the International Economy in the 1930s by : Olisa Muojama

Download or read book The Nigerian Cocoa Industry and the International Economy in the 1930s written by Olisa Muojama and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2018-07-27 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Periodic cycles and waves are characteristics of global capitalism. The contraction in world trade during the Great Depression of the 1930s stands out as the strongest adverse shock to international trade in modern history. This book uses the Nigerian cocoa industry’s encounter with the world economy of the 1930s to knit together a gamut of themes ranging from the social formations of production to the forces of demand and supply, and price fluctuations and stabilization, as well as the protest movements against monopoly capitalism. It examines the Nigerian cocoa industry within the international economy of the inter-war years, in order to demonstrate how the dynamics of the international capitalism of the 1930s such as the Great Depression and the fluctuations in commodity prices affected the cocoa industry and the peasant cocoa producers in colonial Nigeria. It provides an interesting case study of the impact of international capitalism on the periphery economy, as well as the consequences of economic dependence on the external market. This book will be an indispensable resource for historians, economists, anthropologists and the general reader with an interest in the areas of international political economy, depression economics, world commodity trade, and agriculture and its related industries.

Beckett's Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use

Author : Steve T. Beckett
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118780140
Total Pages : 806 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis Beckett's Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use by : Steve T. Beckett

Download or read book Beckett's Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use written by Steve T. Beckett and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-05-08 with total page 806 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the publication of the first edition of Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use in 1988, it has become the leading technical book for the industry. From the beginning it was recognised that the complexity of the chocolate industry means that no single person can be an expert in every aspect of it. For example, the academic view of a process such as crystallisation can be very different from that of a tempering machine operator, so some topics have more than one chapter to take this into account. It is also known that the biggest selling chocolate, in say the USA, tastes very different from that in the UK, so the authors in the book were chosen from a wide variety of countries making the book truly international. Each new edition is a mixture of updates, rewrites and new topics. In this book the new subjects include artisan or craft scale production, compound chocolates and sensory. This book is an essential purchase for all those involved in the manufacture, use and sale of chocolate containing products, especially for confectionery and chocolate scientists, engineers and technologists working both in industry and academia. The new edition also boasts two new co-editors, Mark Fowler and Greg Ziegler, both of whom have contributed chapters to previous editions of the book. Mark Fowler has had a long career at Nestle UK, working in Cocoa and Chocolate research and development – he is retiring in 2013. Greg Ziegler is a professor in the food science department at Penn State University in the USA.

The International Cocoa Trade

Author : Robin Dand
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780471190554
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis The International Cocoa Trade by : Robin Dand

Download or read book The International Cocoa Trade written by Robin Dand and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1997-07-09 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First imported to America more than five hundred years ago and propagated on a small scale until the eighteenth century, cocoa is now one of the most heavily traded food commodities in the world. While potentially very lucrative, trading in cocoa remains a highly complex—and risky—venture, rendered even more so today by a sweeping tide of changes that has dramatically altered its landscape. In The International Cocoa Trade, the first comprehensive resource of its kind, commodity expert Robin Dand provides an all-encompassing guide to the global cocoa industry, delineating and clarifying its various intricacies for all who operate and trade within it. Far more sophisticated than it was just a decade ago, the cocoa market has undergone major shifts—low prices, a decrease in the number of companies trading, and an increase in risk levels—that have not only altered the manner in which its key players conduct business, but have necessitated a better grasp of industry fundamentals by all those involved in the production, trading, and distribution of cocoa. As Dand points out, "The requirement of understanding the cocoa trade is not limited to those in the string of buyers and sellers. There are others outside this chain that now have larger roles in cocoa than in the past, in particular the banks, but also the shipping companies and warehousekeepers." In this complete resource, Dand helps all links in this "chain"—exporters, dealers, brokers, bankers—achieve a better understanding of the market by providing a complete and accessible survey of all its essential components. Casting a wide net, The International Cocoa Trade offers a wealth of information on a variety of important topics, including the history and agronomics of cocoa, exchange rules, trading procedures, prices, and contract specifications. Here's where you'll find in-depth coverage of: Cocoa production—its history, evolution, and recent trends Quality assessment—the cut-test, fault definition and standards, methods of achieving quality cocoa The actuals market—export marketing, trade associations, marketing boards, processing Terminal markets—organization of futures markets, players, trading techniques, options, strike prices, regulatory bodies Contracts—weight and delivery terms, physical option contracts, forms and performance Consumption and stocks—the uses of cocoa, factors affecting consumption, assessment of stock levels, visible and invisible stocks, the International Cocoa Organization and the Buffer Stock. Packed with numerous charts, graphs, and tables, and supported by a complete appendix that covers such vital cocoa contracts as AFCC, CAL, and CMAA, The International Cocoa Trade provides an up-to-date and incisive overview of a market that has grown and changed considerably over the past few years. An indispensable resource for everyone involved in the international trade of cocoa. "Over the past few years the cocoa market has had to alter its manner of operation. . . . [A]ll those in the chain of trade, from the exporter, dealer, broker through to the factory not only have to improve their understanding of the market but also some of the difficulties faced by others in the commodity. It is hoped that this book will help all involved in the international trade of cocoa to achieve this."—from the Preface. The first comprehensive guide of its kind, The International Cocoa Trade provides an in-depth overview of one of the most heavily traded and lucrative commodities on the market, with complete details on: The history and origins of cocoa Agronomics and production Consumption and stocks Physical and terminal markets Trade and contract rules Quality assessment of beans Cocoa bean processing The manufacture of chocolate.

Agrobiodiversity

Author : Karl S. Zimmerer
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262549697
Total Pages : 403 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Agrobiodiversity by : Karl S. Zimmerer

Download or read book Agrobiodiversity written by Karl S. Zimmerer and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2023-10-31 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experts discuss the challenges faced in agrobiodiversity and conservation, integrating disciplines that range from plant and biological sciences to economics and political science. Wide-ranging environmental phenomena—including climate change, extreme weather events, and soil and water availability—combine with such socioeconomic factors as food policies, dietary preferences, and market forces to affect agriculture and food production systems on local, national, and global scales. The increasing simplification of food systems, the continuing decline of plant species, and the ongoing spread of pests and disease threaten biodiversity in agriculture as well as the sustainability of food resources. Complicating the situation further, the multiple systems involved—cultural, economic, environmental, institutional, and technological—are driven by human decision making, which is inevitably informed by diverse knowledge systems. The interactions and linkages that emerge necessitate an integrated assessment if we are to make progress toward sustainable agriculture and food systems. This volume in the Strüngmann Forum Reports series offers insights into the challenges faced in agrobiodiversity and sustainability and proposes an integrative framework to guide future research, scholarship, policy, and practice. The contributors offer perspectives from a range of disciplines, including plant and biological sciences, food systems and nutrition, ecology, economics, plant and animal breeding, anthropology, political science, geography, law, and sociology. Topics covered include evolutionary ecology, food and human health, the governance of agrobiodiversity, and the interactions between agrobiodiversity and climate and demographic change.

The Transformative Potential of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Global Cocoa-Chocolate Chain

Author : Franziska Ollendorf
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3658436689
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (584 download)

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Book Synopsis The Transformative Potential of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Global Cocoa-Chocolate Chain by : Franziska Ollendorf

Download or read book The Transformative Potential of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Global Cocoa-Chocolate Chain written by Franziska Ollendorf and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-12-31 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book engages with the implications of an expanding Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of Transnational Corporations in their supply chains. Taking the case of a cocoa sustainability certification project in Ghana, the study examines the implementation process of such a transnational CSR intervention and its outcomes regarding the local governance and institutional environment of the cocoa sector in Ghana. The study deploys a theoretical framework based on Global Value Chain Analysis and a neo-Gramscian approach to Global Governance to assess transnational CSR as a concept and strategy that reflect power struggles in global production fields.

World Economic and Financial Surveys, Primary Commodities, 1988

Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1451943083
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (519 download)

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Book Synopsis World Economic and Financial Surveys, Primary Commodities, 1988 by : International Monetary Fund

Download or read book World Economic and Financial Surveys, Primary Commodities, 1988 written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides an analysis of recent developments relating to the major nonfuel primary commodities traded in international markets. Particular attention is given to market price movements and the factors underlying these movements. A number of adjustments in the international trading environment in which commodity prices are determined occurred in 1987, and even more significant changes are expected in the years ahead. Some of the adjustments in the past year affected only bilateral trading arrangements, while others, such as certain initiatives undertaken in the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations and those relating to some international commodity agreements were of a multilateral nature. The present round, the eighth in a series of GATT negotiations held since 1947, involves two elements that are of particular relevance to international trade in commodities. Although only small changes were made in 1987 in the various multilateral schemes that exist to compensate countries for export earnings shortfalls, a significant increase in such financing in 1987 had the effect of stabilizing many developing countries’ export earnings, thereby maintaining their capacity to import and buoying world trade.

Economics

Author : Richard G. Lipsey
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0198791038
Total Pages : 789 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Economics by : Richard G. Lipsey

Download or read book Economics written by Richard G. Lipsey and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 789 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An illuminating and robust introduction to economics principles, the fourteenth edition of Lipsey and Chrystal's established textbook continues to provide complete coverage for those new to micro and macroeconomics. The authors help students to understand the subject matter through a combination of lucid explanation and supportive learning features which encourage independent thought. The principles are examined through a theoretical lens before empirical examples demonstrate how the concepts work in practice. The applied nature of the models is further emphasised by case studies from around the world, which encourage students to develop and contextualise their understanding of the key themes. Suitable for beginners, the authors provide in-depth explanations of key theoretical concepts which relate to a wide range of applied material. End-of-chapter questions give students the opportunity to test their knowledge and advance their critical thinking skills.Economics undergraduates studying a core module on the principles of economics. It may also be suitable for students taking business, management, or finance and accounting degrees who are taking a module which introduces economics.This book is accompanied by online resource to support both students and lecturers. For students:- Self-test questions- Flashcard glossary- Additional chapter material - Web links For lecturers:- PowerPoint slides - Instructor's manual- Test bank- Additional chapters covering Economics of Developing Countries and Macroeconomic Policy in an Open Economy

Challenges to Globalization

Author : Robert E. Baldwin
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226036553
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (26 download)

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Book Synopsis Challenges to Globalization by : Robert E. Baldwin

Download or read book Challenges to Globalization written by Robert E. Baldwin and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2007-11-01 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: People passionately disagree about the nature of the globalization process. The failure of both the 1999 and 2003 World Trade Organization's (WTO) ministerial conferences in Seattle and Cancun, respectively, have highlighted the tensions among official, international organizations like the WTO, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, nongovernmental and private sector organizations, and some developing country governments. These tensions are commonly attributed to longstanding disagreements over such issues as labor rights, environmental standards, and tariff-cutting rules. In addition, developing countries are increasingly resentful of the burdens of adjustment placed on them that they argue are not matched by commensurate commitments from developed countries. Challenges to Globalization evaluates the arguments of pro-globalists and anti-globalists regarding issues such as globalization's relationship to democracy, its impact on the environment and on labor markets including the brain drain, sweat shop labor, wage levels, and changes in production processes, and the associated expansion of trade and its effects on prices. Baldwin, Winters, and the contributors to this volume look at multinational firms, foreign investment, and mergers and acquisitions and present surprising findings that often run counter to the claim that multinational firms primarily seek countries with low wage labor. The book closes with papers on financial opening and on the relationship between international economic policies and national economic growth rates.