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The Use Of Ultrasound Body Composition Measurements To Track Puberty In Heifers And To Predict The Reproductive Ability Of Mature Beef Cows
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Book Synopsis The Use of Ultrasound Body Composition Measurements to Track Puberty in Heifers and to Predict the Reproductive Ability of Mature Beef Cows by : Mercedes Marambio
Download or read book The Use of Ultrasound Body Composition Measurements to Track Puberty in Heifers and to Predict the Reproductive Ability of Mature Beef Cows written by Mercedes Marambio and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Two experiments were conducted in an attempt to predict age at puberty in heifers and reproductive performance in cows with real-time ultrasound as one of the principal tools. We measured backfat, ribeye area, intramuscular fat and rump fat. Other measurements used in the heifers were body weight and hip height combined with metabolic and hormonal profiles (glucose, insulin, and progesterone). Weight was a significant variable to predict onset of puberty. We did not find statistical evidence that adding the ultrasound measurements as explanatory variables to the logistical regression model will improve the fitness of the model. However that does not mean there is no relationship between ultrasound measurements and age at puberty. Rump fat (RF) at least had a tendency (r 0.167 and P = 0.128) to be a valuable tool in the model for predicting puberty. The lack of statistical evidence may be caused by the limited data set. The initial analysis conducted with the cows identified a high correlation among several of the primary predictor variables (ultrasound measurements). That analysis demonstrated the possibility of a statistically significant relationship between the probability of a successful pregnancy and the lower quip measurement. Upper Quip (UQ) could be another Intramuscular fat (IMF) measurement of value and merits further investigation. The log likelihood test value for UQ was close (P = 0.06) to being significant.
Book Synopsis The Use of Serial Ultrasound Evaluation of Body Composition Traits to Predict Performance Endpoints in Commercial Beef Cattle by : Sorrel Ann Clement
Download or read book The Use of Serial Ultrasound Evaluation of Body Composition Traits to Predict Performance Endpoints in Commercial Beef Cattle written by Sorrel Ann Clement and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bos indicus influenced primiparous heifers (n = 300) and yearling Beefmaster heifers (n = 172) were evaluated to determine relationships between serial carcass ultrasound traits and ability to breed in short (45 to 90 d) breeding seasons. Data collected included carcass ultrasound traits: ribeye area (REA), intramuscular fat (IMF), rump fat (UFAT), ribfat, weight, and body condition score taken at yearling age, pregnancy determination, before breeding, and after the breeding season when pregnancy status was recorded. A logistic regression analysis was used to determine the influence of ultrasound traits and body condition on pregnancy status. Odds ratios suggested the likelihood of primiparous cattle rebreeding would have been increased by 93% if IMF would have averaged 3.5% instead of 2.5% as yearlings, or an increase in the average ribfat as yearlings from 0.287 to 0.387 cm would have increased the odds of rebreeding by 88%. Increased average body condition score of 6.5 rather than 5.5 at 30 days postpartum in primiparous cows was estimated to have increased rebreeding 367%. The odds of yearling Beefmaster heifers successfully breeding during a 45-day season would have been increased by 73% (year 1) or 274% (year 2) by increasing REA 6.4 to 6.5 cm^2 at a year of age. Steers were serially scanned beginning at approximately 265 kg of body weight through harvest in 56 day +/- 6 intervals. Data collected included ultrasound measurements (ribeye area (REA), 12th rib fat thickness (RibFat), percent intramuscular fat (IMF), and rump fat (UFAT)), weight, and carcass data. Days to choice was calculated for each steer based on a linear regression. The IMF deposition was quantified as quadratic from scans 1-6 and linear when cattle were on full feed. Prediction models at scans 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 yielded R-square values of 0.20, 0.25, 0.41, 0.48, 0.59, and 0.49, respectively for days to choice. Odds ratios suggested that if steers in this study had averaged 3.78% at day 0 rather than 2.78, the odds of cattle grading premium choice or greater would have been increased by 300%.
Book Synopsis The Use of Real-time-ultrasound to Predict Genetic Attributes of Body Composition Traits in Live Beef Cattle by : Mercedes M. Izquierdo Cebrián
Download or read book The Use of Real-time-ultrasound to Predict Genetic Attributes of Body Composition Traits in Live Beef Cattle written by Mercedes M. Izquierdo Cebrián and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ovarian and Endocrine Dynamics Associated with Sexual Maturation in Beef Heifers and the Influence of Diet, Weaning Age, and Other Factors During Early Reproductive Development by : Chad Lamar Gasser
Download or read book Ovarian and Endocrine Dynamics Associated with Sexual Maturation in Beef Heifers and the Influence of Diet, Weaning Age, and Other Factors During Early Reproductive Development written by Chad Lamar Gasser and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: A series of experiments was designed to test the ability to induce precocious puberty in heifers and to determine the underlying mechanisms responsible for the precocious attainment of puberty. A model consisting of early weaning (3-4 months of age) and feeding a high-concentrate diet was used for each experiment. This method resulted in increased body weight gain. Additionally, precocious puberty was induced in a vast majority of heifers; and consequently, mean age at puberty was substantially reduced. Heifers that achieved precocious puberty did so at lesser body weights. In addition, subsequent estrous cycles continued after precocious attainment of puberty. In the first experiment, heifers that were weaned early and fed the high-concentrate diet exhibited a greater frequency of LH pulses leading to precocious attainment of puberty. In the second experiment, ovarian maturation was accelerated during the same period leading up to puberty. This was evidenced by increased maximum diameter of dominant ovarian follicles, increased duration of waves of ovarian follicular development, and increased peak estradiol concentrations during follicle waves. In the third experiment, estradiol-implanted, ovariectomized heifers that were weaned early and fed the high-concentrate diet escaped from estradiol negative feedback on LH secretion at a younger age, which was similar to the age at which ovary-intact heifers on the same diet attained puberty. It was concluded from these results that advancement of the decline in estradiol negative feedback on secretion of LH is the mechanism by which early weaning and feeding a high-concentrate diet induces precocious puberty in heifers. Essentially, the peripubertal period of development in heifers was shifted to a younger age with this model. A fourth experiment was conducted to determine the relative effects of timing of feeding the high-concentrate diet on age at puberty in early-weaned heifers. It was discovered that feeding the high-concentrate diet only for a period of 10 weeks after early weaning successfully advanced puberty to an extent similar to that of continuous feeding of the high-concentrate diet after early weaning. These experiments provide evidence that nutritional control during the early maturational period in heifers exerts substantial influence on timing of puberty.
Book Synopsis The Use of Real-time Ultrasound and Live Animal Measurements to Predict Carcass Composition in Beef Cattle by : Scott Patrick Greiner
Download or read book The Use of Real-time Ultrasound and Live Animal Measurements to Predict Carcass Composition in Beef Cattle written by Scott Patrick Greiner and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carcass measurements were more accurately evaluated with ultrasound in 1994 than in 1995 (P
Book Synopsis The Use of Real-time Ultrasound Measurements to Predict Composition and Estimate Genetic Parameters of Carcass Traits in Live Beef Cattle by : David Albert Duello
Download or read book The Use of Real-time Ultrasound Measurements to Predict Composition and Estimate Genetic Parameters of Carcass Traits in Live Beef Cattle written by David Albert Duello and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ultrasound Scanning to Measure Body Composition in Beef Cattle by : Charles Looney
Download or read book Ultrasound Scanning to Measure Body Composition in Beef Cattle written by Charles Looney and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Early Measures of Body Composition as Related to Beef Carcass Traits by : Richard Paul Maulsby
Download or read book Evaluation of Early Measures of Body Composition as Related to Beef Carcass Traits written by Richard Paul Maulsby and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two similarly managed trials were conducted to investigate serial ultrasound measures of body composition (longissimus muscle area (ULMA), 12th - rib fat thickness (UFAT), and percentage of intramuscular fat (UIMF)) early in the lives of feeder calves as they compared to carcass traits. Group 1 cattle were Charolais-sired by Brahman-British crossbred dams whereas Group 2 cattle were purebred Beefmaster. Both groups were fed at the same commercial feedlot (Graham Land and Cattle Co.) in Gonzales, Texas. In both data sets classifications were developed for ribeye area of Lower (less than 70.95 cm2, Middle (between 70.95 cm2 and 90.3 cm2) and Upper (over 90.3 cm2) based on a range that fit within the ribeye specifications of such branded beef programs as Certified Angus Beef and Nolan Ryan's Tender Aged Beef. Differences among ribeye area and quality grade (Choice vs. Select) categories were evaluated for ultrasound and carcass traits. As reported previously, correlations between ultrasound measures and carcass traits became larger at times closer to harvest. In both sets of cattle, there were no differences in fat thickness or intramuscular fat at the ultrasound scan sessions or in these carcass traits due to ribeye area category. The same trend for quality grade classification was not seen across both groups of cattle however. In Group 1, there were no differences in early measures of body composition between carcass quality grade classes except for ultrasound fat thickness at weaning. However, in Group 2 cattle there were differences in ultrasound fat at times 1 and 2, IMF at time 1, and ribeye area at time 2 between cattle that graded choice verses those that graded select. Correlations between ultrasound measures of REA (r of .26 to .50) and ultrasound REA and carcass REA (r of .16 to .81) appeared to be lower in Group 1 vs. Group 2 (r of .55, and .64 to 81 respectively). Results from this project imply that changes in ribeye area will not automatically result in changes of marbling and vice versa. Furthermore, these results also show that ultrasound is useful to help predict beef carcass traits, but that early measures of body composition used alone do not explain a large portion of the variation in the carcass measures and specific methods should be developed by different biological cattle types.
Book Synopsis Exploration of the Use of Ultrasound as a Predictor of Lactation Potential by : Alysia Vang
Download or read book Exploration of the Use of Ultrasound as a Predictor of Lactation Potential written by Alysia Vang and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Effective heifer selection is crucial for economic success as raising heifers accounts for a large portion of annual farm expenditures. Although genetic selection has increased milk production, genetic merit as selection criteria is not complete as it does not account for the environmental effects that can affect mammary development and growth, therefore methods of monitoring and selecting animals based on parenchymal development early in development must be investigated to allow for better selection criteria. Features of a calf mammary gland that are indicative of higher milk potential have yet to be identified. Various studies have investigated the use of ultrasound in measuring mammary growth preweaning and have demonstrated the ability of ultrasound to do so. Additionally, research has suggested that ductal or secretory tissue content can be measured through ultrasound imaging by thresholding based on pixel value. Additionally, ultrasound imaging has been successful in estimating cistern size which correlates with milk production. Three-dimensional ultrasound has also been shown to have great sensitivity for visualization of udder structures. Literature describing mammary growth and development have historically involved culling of animals for tissue collection for compositional and growth analysis. Because of this, studies which focus on the mammary gland are rarely longitudinal, whereas studies that report milk production rarely have mammary development data from the same animals. Therefore, the primary objectives of this dissertation are to (1) validate the use of ultrasound as a measure of mammary growth preweaning, (2) investigate the use of repeated biopsies for tissue collection to validate ultrasound imaging, and (3) extend the use of ultrasound imaging and histological analysis through the first lactation. Specific hypotheses are provided in each chapter, although the overall dissertation hypothesis is that ultrasound can be used as a noninvasive method of monitoring and detecting mammary gland growth and development from birth through the first lactation and that this will be related to the structural development of the mammary tissue at particular physiological stages. This dissertation begins with a review of mammary development and the methods historically used to quantify growth and development at various stages of the life of a dairy cow, both invasive and noninvasive, with an emphasis on ultrasound as a noninvasive approach to monitoring mammary gland development. Chapter 2 describes the exploration of the use of ultrasound to measure mammary gland growth preweaning. To test the sensitivity of ultrasound's ability to detect differences in growth, we utilized 2 different milk replacers preweaning to create growth differences in animals paired by birthweight. It has been shown previously that feeding increased amounts of milk replacer or milk replacer components (i.e. protein and fat) can lead to increased growth of mammary gland (allometric) as well as overall bodily growth. Chapter 3 describes the surgical protocol developed to enable minimally invasive mammary gland tissue collection from dairy cattle beginning at 8 weeks of life and continuing through and entire first lactation. This protocol was the first used in calves and the modified for use in heifers. Previously, mammary biopsies had only been collected in mature cows.. This protocol was first used in calves and modified for use in larger heifers and lactating cows. Chapter 4 describes the extension of ultrasound as a tool to quantify development beyond the weaning stage of life. Two dietary treatments were implemented once more preweaning to create growth differences detectable by ultrasound. Changes in ultrasound and histological features during the heifer growth phase at 10, 26, 39, and 52 weeks of age were investigated to determine the ability of the ultrasound to align with histological evaluation of the mammary tissue. Chapter 5 describes changes in mammary microstructure at 5-, 7-, and 8-months gestation and the relationships between histological and ultrasound measurements during mid-late pregnancy in the same animals included in chapter 4. Additionally, this chapter will discuss the relationships between histological and ultrasound measurements and colostrum production and the utility of the ultrasound to predict mammary gland productivity. Although incomplete, as the animals undergoing repeated biopsies will not have finished their first lactation at the time of publication, the work presented in this dissertation contributes to the understanding of microstructural changes during development and how these changes may translate to the noninvasive method of ultrasound imaging. The work from chapters 2 and 3 describe the use of ultrasound in monitoring growth of preweaned heifers and provide a novel method for minimally invasive method of tissue collection that makes culling of calves and heifers unnecessary. The remaining chapters provide a basis for further development of ultrasound as a tool to monitor mammary gland development in heifers post-weaning, although further validation of this method is required. With further development of this technology, researchers will be better able to study mammary development longitudinally and selection of replacement heifers can be improved. Additionally, there is the potential for use of ultrasound as a predictor of lactation potential not just in dairy cattle but in humans as well, as ultrasound has been shown to have sufficient sensitivity to visualize structures within breast tissue for identification of disease or injury.
Book Synopsis Guidelines for Uniform Beef Improvement Programs by : Dixon D. Hubbard
Download or read book Guidelines for Uniform Beef Improvement Programs written by Dixon D. Hubbard and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Early Determination of the Reproductive Potential of Beef Heifers Using Reproductive Tract Scoring, Pelvimetry and Transrectal Ultrasonography by :
Download or read book Early Determination of the Reproductive Potential of Beef Heifers Using Reproductive Tract Scoring, Pelvimetry and Transrectal Ultrasonography written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A series of 4 observational studies was performed on a Bovelder herd at Johannesburg Water's Northern Farm. The heifer and cow breeding seasons started on 15 October and 1 November every year, and consisted of 50 d and 60 d of oestrus observation respectively, with once daily artificial insemination (AI). Five to 7 days after the AI period bulls were added in multi-sire groups for a period of 42 d. Pregnancy diagnoses were performed between 23 March and 26 April every year. The farming system had been in place for >25 years, with few deviations. In the first study, reproductive tract scoring (RTS) by transrectal palpation on a 5- point scale was performed 1 day before the start of breeding on a group of heifers (n = 272) born in 2002. Heifers with RTS 1 or 2 were estimated to be pre-pubertal, those with RTS 3 pubertal and those with RTS 4 or 5 post-pubertal. Pre-breeding body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were recorded, and Kleiber ratio (KR) was calculated (average daily gain/end weight0.75). Heifers were followed until they weaned their first calves. The objectives of this study were to determine if RTS is a valid tool to predict reproduction and production performance in limited bred beef heifers, and to compare its predictive value with that of BW, BCS, age and KR. After adjustment for BW and age, RTS was positively associated with pregnancy rate to the 50 day AI season (P
Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 1340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle by : Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition
Download or read book Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle written by Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-05-16 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As members of the public becomes more concious of the food they consume and its content, higher standards are expected in the preparation of such food. The updated seventh edition of Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle explores the impact of cattle's biological, production, and environmental diversities, as well as variations on nutrient utilization and requirements. More enhanced than previous editions, this edition expands on the descriptions of cattle and their nutritional requirements taking management and environmental conditions into consideration. The book clearly communicates the current state of beef cattle nutrient requirements and animal variation by visually presenting related data via computer-generated models. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle expounds on the effects of beef cattle body condition on the state of compensatory growth, takes an in-depth look at the variations in cattle type, and documents the important effects of the environment and stress on food intake. This volume also uses new data on the development of a fetus during pregnancy to prescribe nutrient requirements of gestating cattle more precisely. By focusing on factors such as product quality and environmental awareness, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle presents standards and advisements for acceptable nutrients in a complete and conventional manner that promotes a more practical understanding and application.
Download or read book Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 2214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
Book Synopsis Reproduction in Cattle by : Peter J. H. Ball
Download or read book Reproduction in Cattle written by Peter J. H. Ball and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cattle play a fundamental role in animal agriculture throughout the world. They not only provide us with a vital food source, but they also provide us with fertilizer and fuel. Keeping reproduction levels at an optimum level is therefore essential, but this is often a complicated process, especially with modern, high yielding cows. Written in a practical and user-friendly style, this book aims to help the reader understand cattle reproduction by explaining the underlying physiology of the reproductive process and the role and importance of pharmacology and technology, and showing how management techniques can improve reproductive efficiency. This edition includes: Recent research findings on the physiology of the oestrous cycle and its control; New techniques for monitoring and manipulating reproduction, including pregnancy diagnosis and embryo transfer; Advice on identifying common infertility problems and how to prevent and treat them. Reproduction Cattle 3e is essential reading for veterinary and agricultural students, as well as veterinarians and farmers involved in cattle reproduction.
Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 2184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Calf and Heifer Rearing by : Philip C. Garnsworthy
Download or read book Calf and Heifer Rearing written by Philip C. Garnsworthy and published by Nottingham Trent University. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume considers every aspect of calf rearing, from physiological principles to practical systems. Topics include physiology of growth and digestion, nutrient requirements, health and welfare, and lifetime performance. More than half the authors are from outside the UK and all are acknowledged as international experts in their field. This book is aimed at technical advisers, researchers, extension workers, veterinary practitioners, progressive farmers, academics and students.
