The Transportation Of Oil By Sea

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Oil in the Sea III

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309084385
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Oil in the Sea III by : National Research Council

Download or read book Oil in the Sea III written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-03-14 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 1970s, experts have recognized that petroleum pollutants were being discharged in marine waters worldwide, from oil spills, vessel operations, and land-based sources. Public attention to oil spills has forced improvements. Still, a considerable amount of oil is discharged yearly into sensitive coastal environments. Oil in the Sea provides the best available estimate of oil pollutant discharge into marine waters, including an evaluation of the methods for assessing petroleum load and a discussion about the concerns these loads represent. Featuring close-up looks at the Exxon Valdez spill and other notable events, the book identifies important research questions and makes recommendations for better analysis ofâ€"and more effective measures againstâ€"pollutant discharge. The book discusses: Inputâ€"where the discharges come from, including the role of two-stroke engines used on recreational craft. Behavior or fateâ€"how oil is affected by processes such as evaporation as it moves through the marine environment. Effectsâ€"what we know about the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms and ecosystems. Providing a needed update on a problem of international importance, this book will be of interest to energy policy makers, industry officials and managers, engineers and researchers, and advocates for the marine environment.

Intentional Oil Pollution at Sea

Author : Ronald Bruce Mitchell
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262133036
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Intentional Oil Pollution at Sea by : Ronald Bruce Mitchell

Download or read book Intentional Oil Pollution at Sea written by Ronald Bruce Mitchell and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A detailed case study of how international environmental treaties can be made more effective. Combining theoretical analysis with a rigorous empirical evaluation of changes in the compliance process over time, the book identifies policies that have increased compliance by governments and the oil transportation industry with discharge restrictions, equipment requirements, enforcement, and reporting. How do environmental treaties influence international behavior? Deliberate discharges from oil tankers have traditionally been the biggest source of oil pollution from ships, greater than much-publicized accidental spills. Although an international treaty governs how tankers must dispose of oil, compliance has been a problem. Intentional Oil Pollution at Sea is a detailed case study of how international environmental treaties can be made more effective. Combining theoretical analysis with a rigorous empirical evaluation of changes in the compliance process over time, it identifies policies that have increased compliance by governments and the oil transportation industry with discharge restrictions, equipment requirements, enforcement, and reporting. Ronald Mitchell introduces the debate over environmental treaty compliance, compliance theory, and a history of intentional oil pollution. He then uses a wealth of data to study efforts to change government and industry behavior in reporting on treaty performance, enforcing rules, and complying with equipment and discharge standards. He closes with theoretical conclusions drawn from the empirical analysis regarding the sources of effective treaty compliance as well as prescriptions for policymakers about how to negotiate more effective future environmental agreements. Global Environmental Accords series

The Transportation of Oil by Sea

Author : Tony Akaki
Publisher : iUniverse
ISBN 13 : 9780595809769
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (97 download)

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Book Synopsis The Transportation of Oil by Sea by : Tony Akaki

Download or read book The Transportation of Oil by Sea written by Tony Akaki and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2005-10-14 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Before the coming of the dot com era it was by no accident that the richest individuals in the world were involved with tankers. Probably the most famous ship owner in the world was Aristotle Socrates Onassis. But before one looks at tanker freights of which Onassis among others managed to secure a good return on capital it is crucial to recap and examine some of the factors that affected the tanker industry starting with the Second World War. The Transportation of Oil by Sea offers a fascinating introductory account of crude oil transportation and how international issues from World War II, pre-independence Zimbabwe, and the Iran-Iraq War have been influenced by considerations for oil production and transportation. Author Tony Akaki presents a diversity of geographical, political, environmental, and economic insights in one volume, offering a compelling look at this often-overlooked aspect of history.

Review of Maritime Transport 2018

Author : United Nations
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789211129281
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (292 download)

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Book Synopsis Review of Maritime Transport 2018 by : United Nations

Download or read book Review of Maritime Transport 2018 written by United Nations and published by . This book was released on 2019-01-31 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Review of Maritime Transport is an UNCTAD flagship publication, published annually since 1968 with 2018 marking the 50 year anniversary. Around 80 per cent of the volume of international trade in goods is carried by sea, and the percentage is even higher for most developing countries. The Review of Maritime Transport provides an analysis of structural and cyclical changes affecting seaborne trade, ports and shipping, as well as an extensive collection of statistical information.

Oil Spill Dispersants

Author : Committee on Understanding Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Oil Spill Dispersants by : Committee on Understanding Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects

Download or read book Oil Spill Dispersants written by Committee on Understanding Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approximately 3 million gallons of oil or refined petroleum products are spilled into U.S. waters every year. Oil dispersants (chemical agents such as surfactants, solvents, and other compounds) are used to reduce the effect of oil spills by changing the chemical and physical properties of the oil. By enhancing the amount of oil that physically mixes into the water, dispersants can reduce the potential that a surface slick will contaminate shoreline habitats. Although called for in the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 as a tool for minimizing the impact of oil spills, the use of chemical dispersants has long been controversial. This book reviews the adequacy of existing information and ongoing research regarding the effectiveness of dispersants as an oil spill response technique, as well as the effect of dispersed oil on marine and coastal ecosystems. Oil Spill Dispersants also includes recommended steps for policy makers faced with making hard choices regarding the use of dispersants as part of spill contingency planning efforts or during actual spills.

Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030929889X
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment by : National Research Council

Download or read book Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-08-01 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: U.S. Arctic waters north of the Bering Strait and west of the Canadian border encompass a vast area that is usually ice covered for much of the year, but is increasingly experiencing longer periods and larger areas of open water due to climate change. Sparsely inhabited with a wide variety of ecosystems found nowhere else, this region is vulnerable to damage from human activities. As oil and gas, shipping, and tourism activities increase, the possibilities of an oil spill also increase. How can we best prepare to respond to such an event in this challenging environment? Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment reviews the current state of the science regarding oil spill response and environmental assessment in the Arctic region north of the Bering Strait, with emphasis on the potential impacts in U.S. waters. This report describes the unique ecosystems and environment of the Arctic and makes recommendations to provide an effective response effort in these challenging conditions. According to Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment, a full range of proven oil spill response technologies is needed in order to minimize the impacts on people and sensitive ecosystems. This report identifies key oil spill research priorities, critical data and monitoring needs, mitigation strategies, and important operational and logistical issues. The Arctic acts as an integrating, regulating, and mediating component of the physical, atmospheric and cryospheric systems that govern life on Earth. Not only does the Arctic serve as regulator of many of the Earth's large-scale systems and processes, but it is also an area where choices made have substantial impact on life and choices everywhere on planet Earth. This report's recommendations will assist environmentalists, industry, state and local policymakers, and anyone interested in the future of this special region to preserve and protect it from damaging oil spills.

Double-Hull Tanker Legislation

Author : Marine Board
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309518288
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Double-Hull Tanker Legislation by : Marine Board

Download or read book Double-Hull Tanker Legislation written by Marine Board and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-02-23 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) by Congress and subsequent modifications of international maritime regulations resulted in a far-reaching change in the design of tank vessels. Double-hull rather than single-hull tankers are now the industry standard, and nearly all ships in the world maritime oil transportation fleet are expected to have double hulls by about 2020. This book assesses the impact of the double hull and related provisions of OPA 90 on ship safety, protection of the marine environment, and the economic viability and operational makeup of the maritime oil transportation industry. The influence of international conventions on tank vessel design and operation is addressed. Owners and operators of domestic and international tank vessel fleets, shipyard operators, marine architects, classification societies, environmentalists, and state and federal regulators will find this book useful.

Oil Transportation by Tankers

Author : United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Oil Transportation by Tankers by : United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment

Download or read book Oil Transportation by Tankers written by United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the safety problems of oil tankers which could threaten the ecology and quality of the oceans and coastal areas.

ITF Transport Outlook 2019

Author : International Transport Forum
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9282108309
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (821 download)

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Book Synopsis ITF Transport Outlook 2019 by : International Transport Forum

Download or read book ITF Transport Outlook 2019 written by International Transport Forum and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2019-05-22 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ITF Transport Outlook provides an overview of recent trends and near-term prospects for the transport sector at a global level as well as long-term prospects for transport demand to 2050. The analysis covers freight (maritime, air, surface) and passenger transport (car, rail, air) as well ...

Hidden Costs of Energy

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309155800
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Hidden Costs of Energy by : National Research Council

Download or read book Hidden Costs of Energy written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-05-26 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the many benefits of energy, most of which are reflected in energy market prices, the production, distribution, and use of energy causes negative effects. Many of these negative effects are not reflected in energy market prices. When market failures like this occur, there may be a case for government interventions in the form of regulations, taxes, fees, tradable permits, or other instruments that will motivate recognition of these external or hidden costs. The Hidden Costs of Energy defines and evaluates key external costs and benefits that are associated with the production, distribution, and use of energy, but are not reflected in market prices. The damage estimates presented are substantial and reflect damages from air pollution associated with electricity generation, motor vehicle transportation, and heat generation. The book also considers other effects not quantified in dollar amounts, such as damages from climate change, effects of some air pollutants such as mercury, and risks to national security. While not a comprehensive guide to policy, this analysis indicates that major initiatives to further reduce other emissions, improve energy efficiency, or shift to a cleaner electricity generating mix could substantially reduce the damages of external effects. A first step in minimizing the adverse consequences of new energy technologies is to better understand these external effects and damages. The Hidden Costs of Energy will therefore be a vital informational tool for government policy makers, scientists, and economists in even the earliest stages of research and development on energy technologies.

Maritime Trade & Transportation

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Maritime Trade & Transportation by :

Download or read book Maritime Trade & Transportation written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Energy Efficiency Clauses in Charter Party Agreements

Author : George Adamantios Psarros
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319502654
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Efficiency Clauses in Charter Party Agreements by : George Adamantios Psarros

Download or read book Energy Efficiency Clauses in Charter Party Agreements written by George Adamantios Psarros and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-10 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides practical solutions for addressing energy efficiency as a clause term within a charter party contract. For this, upon a reflection of the regulatory craft, it analyzes key concepts of case law, and discusses them together with commercial and economic principles. In this way, the book aims at offering a comprehensive, interdisciplinary view of the chartering process, together with a new approach for safeguarding energy efficiency investments. A special emphasis is given to the maritime industry. Here, the newly developed framework, based on game theory, has been successfully applied to demonstrate the importance of including a clause term in contract negotiation to achieve protection against both an uncertain market and an even more challenging shipping environment. The book not only fills a gap in the literature, covering a topic that has been largely neglected to date, yet it offers researchers and practitioners extensive information to change the chartering process radically.

Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

Author : Adam Weintrit
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0203869346
Total Pages : 822 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation by : Adam Weintrit

Download or read book Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation written by Adam Weintrit and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-06-02 with total page 822 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years much attention has been paid to safety of navigation and marine transportation. Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation addresses the main aspects of marine safety, including: safety of navigation; manoeuvering and ship-handling systems; marine traffic control and automatic identification systems; navigation tools, system

Oil Spill Risks From Tank Vessel Lightering

Author : Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309173582
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Oil Spill Risks From Tank Vessel Lightering by : Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

Download or read book Oil Spill Risks From Tank Vessel Lightering written by Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-11-24 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The safety record of lightering (the transfer of petroleum cargo at sea from a large tanker to smaller ones) has been excellent in U.S. waters in recent years, as evidenced by the very low rate of spillage of oil both in absolute terms and compared with all other tanker-related accidental spills. The lightering safety record is likely to be maintained or even improved in the future as overall quality improvements in the shipping industry are implemented. Risks can be reduced even further through measures that enhance sound lightering standards and practices, support cooperative industry efforts to maintain safety, and increase the availability of essential information to shipping companies and mariners. Only continued vigilance and attention to safety initiatives can avert serious accidents involving tankers carrying large volumes of oil.

Transportation Energy Data Book

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)

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Book Synopsis Transportation Energy Data Book by :

Download or read book Transportation Energy Data Book written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Oil Pollution in the North Sea

Author : Angela Carpenter
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319239015
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Oil Pollution in the North Sea by : Angela Carpenter

Download or read book Oil Pollution in the North Sea written by Angela Carpenter and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-27 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers a review of measures taken at different levels to prevent oil inputs to the North Sea from sources such as shipping and oil installations. A range of data from satellites, remote sensing, aerial surveillance, in-situ monitoring, oil spill sampling and beached bird surveys presents a comprehensive portrait of trends in oil pollution over many years. Topics include Bonn Agreement-based actions to eliminate illegal and accidental pollution from ships, OSPAR monitoring of oil installations, EMSA CleanSeaNet activities, and an internationally approved common standard for oil spills presented by the Bonn-OSINet. A chapter on the role of the IMO in preventing oil pollution from ships provides an international context, while others discuss efforts being made at the national level. A decadal review of the state of the North Sea prepared by OSPAR supports the view that there has been a significant reduction of oil inputs to the sea. This thorough review addresses national and international agencies and government bodies, as well as policymakers and practitioners in the fields of shipping, ports and terminals, oil extraction and marine management. Further, it provides researchers with essential reference material on tools and techniques for monitoring oil pollution and offers a valuable resource for undergraduate and post-graduate students in the field of marine oil pollution.

The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309478219
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-04-24 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whether the result of an oil well blowout, vessel collision or grounding, leaking pipeline, or other incident at sea, each marine oil spill will present unique circumstances and challenges. The oil type and properties, location, time of year, duration of spill, water depth, environmental conditions, affected biomes, potential human community impact, and available resources may vary significantly. Also, each spill may be governed by policy guidelines, such as those set forth in the National Response Plan, Regional Response Plans, or Area Contingency Plans. To respond effectively to the specific conditions presented during an oil spill, spill responders have used a variety of response optionsâ€"including mechanical recovery of oil using skimmers and booms, in situ burning of oil, monitored natural attenuation of oil, and dispersion of oil by chemical dispersants. Because each response method has advantages and disadvantages, it is important to understand specific scenarios where a net benefit may be achieved by using a particular tool or combination of tools. This report builds on two previous National Research Council reports on dispersant use to provide a current understanding of the state of science and to inform future marine oil spill response operations. The response to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill included an unprecedented use of dispersants via both surface application and subsea injection. The magnitude of the spill stimulated interest and funding for research on oil spill response, and dispersant use in particular. This study assesses the effects and efficacy of dispersants as an oil spill response tool and evaluates trade-offs associated with dispersant use.