The Top 100 Drugs

Download The Top 100 Drugs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780702055164
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (551 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Top 100 Drugs by : Andrew Hitchings

Download or read book The Top 100 Drugs written by Andrew Hitchings and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prescribing for the first time is a nerve-wracking experience. This volume is a direct response to requests from students for a compendium of the 100 most important drugs in the NHS. Key information about the clinical pharmacology and practical prescribing of each drug is presented side-by-side, allowing you to direct your attention as appropriate for your stage of training.

The Top 100 Drugs

Download The Top 100 Drugs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780323834452
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (344 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Top 100 Drugs by : Andrew Hitchings

Download or read book The Top 100 Drugs written by Andrew Hitchings and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-11 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its third edition, this small and accessible guide contains essential information for the safe prescribing of the most commonly used drugs in the NHS. The Top 100 Drugs combines the best elements of a students' textbook with those of a prescribers' manual. It gives equal weight to essential information on the science of pharmacology as well as the real-world practicalities of prescribing, all in an accessible and clear format. Written by leaders in the field of clinical pharmacology, this popular book has been fully revised and updated to include the drugs used today, including monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs for COVID-19. With common indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, important interactions and a clinical tip for each drug as well as questions to test knowledge, this book is key to helping students understand everything they need to know about the drugs they are likely to use in practice. Compact and easy to follow - can be carried around on the wards Logically ordered - offers multiple ways to find the drug you are looking for A Clinical Tip for each drug, drawn from the authors' experience 100 self-assessment questions to encourage integration and revision of knowledge and understanding Fully updated to include the most commonly prescribed drugs today, based on original research led by the authors of over 1 billion community prescriptions and approximately 1 million hospital prescriptions All drug monographs extensively reviewed and updated Dedicated section emergency drugs Updated self-assessment material, now including calculation and prescription-writing questions, in addition to single-best-answer questions

The Top 100 Drugs e-book

Download The Top 100 Drugs e-book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Top 100 Drugs e-book by : Hitchings

Download or read book The Top 100 Drugs e-book written by Hitchings and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Top 100 Drugs - E-Book

Download The Top 100 Drugs - E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323834469
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Top 100 Drugs - E-Book by : Andrew Hitchings

Download or read book The Top 100 Drugs - E-Book written by Andrew Hitchings and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2022-08-31 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its third edition, this small and accessible guide contains essential information for the safe prescribing of the most commonly used drugs in the NHS. The Top 100 Drugs combines the best elements of a students' textbook with those of a prescribers' manual. It gives equal weight to essential information on the science of pharmacology as well as the real-world practicalities of prescribing, all in an accessible and clear format. Written by leaders in the field of clinical pharmacology, this popular book has been fully revised and updated to include the drugs used today, including monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs for COVID-19. With common indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, important interactions and a clinical tip for each drug as well as questions to test knowledge, this book is key to helping students understand everything they need to know about the drugs they are likely to use in practice. Compact and easy to follow – can be carried around on the wards Logically ordered – offers multiple ways to find the drug you are looking for A Clinical Tip for each drug, drawn from the authors’ experience 100 self-assessment questions to encourage integration and revision of knowledge and understanding Fully updated to include the most commonly prescribed drugs today, based on original research led by the authors of over 1 billion community prescriptions and approximately 1 million hospital prescriptions All drug monographs extensively reviewed and updated Dedicated section emergency drugs Updated self-assessment material, now including calculation and prescription-writing questions, in addition to single-best-answer questions

The Top 100 Drugs

Download The Top 100 Drugs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0702074411
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Top 100 Drugs by : Andrew Hitchings

Download or read book The Top 100 Drugs written by Andrew Hitchings and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2018-10-25 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its second edition, this highly successful guide to safe prescribing of the most common classes of drugs is your starting point for safe and effective practice. The first edition was a direct response to requests from students for a compendium of the 100 most important drugs in the NHS. Research led by Professor Emma Baker identified the ‘top 100 drugs’ by their importance and prescribing frequency. The top 100 drugs and the five most important intravenous fluids are presented using a clear, consistent layout across double-page spreads. Drugs are arranged alphabetically and also listed by organ system and clinical indication, providing multiple pathways into the information. Clinical pharmacology is discussed under the headings: common indications; mechanisms of action; important adverse effects; warnings; and important interactions. Practical prescribing is discussed under the headings: prescription; administration; communication; monitoring; and cost. A clinical tip is presented for every drug. Single-best-answer questions are provided for self-assessment and to show how information from several drugs may be integrated.

Top 100 Drugs / Medications

Download Top 100 Drugs / Medications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (874 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Top 100 Drugs / Medications by : May House

Download or read book Top 100 Drugs / Medications written by May House and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2021-12-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about top 100 Medications. It has generic name, brand name and uses. Author May is graduated in Biology, she got admitted into Ross University School of Medicine. She held a Pharmacy Technician license.

The Top 100 Drugs - Elsevier E-Book on VitalSource (Retail Access Card)

Download The Top 100 Drugs - Elsevier E-Book on VitalSource (Retail Access Card) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780323834490
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (344 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Top 100 Drugs - Elsevier E-Book on VitalSource (Retail Access Card) by : Andrew Hitchings

Download or read book The Top 100 Drugs - Elsevier E-Book on VitalSource (Retail Access Card) written by Andrew Hitchings and published by . This book was released on 2022-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its third edition, this small and accessible guide contains essential information for the safe prescribing of the most commonly used drugs in the NHS. The Top 100 Drugs combines the best elements of a students' textbook with those of a prescribers' manual. It gives equal weight to essential information on the science of pharmacology as well as the real-world practicalities of prescribing, all in an accessible and clear format. Written by leaders in the field of clinical pharmacology, this popular book has been fully revised and updated to include the drugs used today, including monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs for COVID-19. With common indications, mechanism of action, adverse effects, important interactions and a clinical tip for each drug as well as questions to test knowledge, this book is key to helping students understand everything they need to know about the drugs they are likely to use in practice. Compact and easy to follow - can be carried around on the wards Logically ordered - offers multiple ways to find the drug you are looking for A Clinical Tip for each drug, drawn from the authors' experience 100 self-assessment questions to encourage integration and revision of knowledge and understanding Fully updated to include the most commonly prescribed drugs today, based on original research led by the authors of over 1 billion community prescriptions and approximately 1 million hospital prescriptions All drug monographs extensively reviewed and updated Dedicated section emergency drugs Updated self-assessment material, now including calculation and prescription-writing questions, in addition to single-best-answer questions

The Risks of Prescription Drugs

Download The Risks of Prescription Drugs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231146922
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Risks of Prescription Drugs by : Donald Light

Download or read book The Risks of Prescription Drugs written by Donald Light and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few people realize that prescription drugs have become a leading cause of death, disease, and disability. Adverse reactions to widely used drugs, such as psychotropics and birth control pills, as well as biologicals, result in FDA warnings against adverse reactions. The Risks of Prescription Drugs describes how most drugs approved by the FDA are under-tested for adverse drug reactions, yet offer few new benefits. Drugs cause more than 2.2 million hospitalizations and 110,000 hospital-based deaths a year. Serious drug reactions at home or in nursing homes would significantly raise the total. Women, older people, and people with disabilities are least used in clinical trials and most affected. Health policy experts Donald Light, Howard Brody, Peter Conrad, Allan Horwitz, and Cheryl Stults describe how current regulations reward drug companies to expand clinical risks and create new diseases so millions of patients are exposed to unnecessary risks, especially women and the elderly. They reward developing marginally better drugs rather than discovering breakthrough, life-saving drugs. The Risks of Prescription Drugs tackles critical questions about the pharmaceutical industry and the privatization of risk. To what extent does the FDA protect the public from serious side effects and disasters? What is the effect of giving the private sector and markets a greater role and reducing public oversight? This volume considers whether current rules and incentives put patients' health at greater risk, the effect of the expansion of disease categories, the industry's justification of high U.S. prices, and the underlying shifts in the burden of risk borne by individuals in the world of pharmaceuticals. Chapters cover risks of statins for high cholesterol, SSRI drugs for depression and anxiety, and hormone replacement therapy for menopause. A final chapter outlines six changes to make drugs safer and more effective. Suitable for courses on health and aging, gender, disability, and minority studies, this book identifies the Risk Proliferation Syndrome that maximizes the number of people exposed to these risks. Additional Columbia / SSRC books on the privatization of risk and its implications for Americans: Bailouts: Public Money, Private ProfitEdited by Robert E. Wright Disaster and the Politics of InterventionEdited by Andrew Lakoff Health at Risk: America's Ailing Health System-and How to Heal ItEdited by Jacob S. Hacker Laid Off, Laid Low: Political and Economic Consequences of Employment InsecurityEdited by Katherine S. Newman Pensions, Social Security, and the Privatization of RiskEdited by Mitchell A. Orenstein

Top 300 Drugs Pocket Reference Guide (2024 Edition)

Download Top 300 Drugs Pocket Reference Guide (2024 Edition) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Coventry House Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Top 300 Drugs Pocket Reference Guide (2024 Edition) by : Coventry House Publishing

Download or read book Top 300 Drugs Pocket Reference Guide (2024 Edition) written by Coventry House Publishing and published by Coventry House Publishing. This book was released on 2024-07-23 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Top 300 Drugs Pocket Reference Guide serves as a portable reference to learn the essential information for the most commonly prescribed drugs. This on-the-go resource details the brand name, pharmacologic class, mechanism of action, dosage form, common use, and other clinical details for each drug. Whether you’re a pharmacy student or healthcare professional, this guide will serve as an effective resource to learn the basic characteristics of the most popular drugs. Drug details include: • Brand Names • Pharmacologic Classes • Mechanisms of Action • Common Uses • Dosage Forms • Dosing Information • Administration Methods • Monitoring Guidelines • Contraindications • Drug Interactions • Adverse Effects • Black Box Warnings

Mosby's Nursing Drug Cards E-Book

Download Mosby's Nursing Drug Cards E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323550169
Total Pages : 1020 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (235 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mosby's Nursing Drug Cards E-Book by : Kathleen Jo Gutierrez

Download or read book Mosby's Nursing Drug Cards E-Book written by Kathleen Jo Gutierrez and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2018-03-01 with total page 1020 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get a head-start to becoming a pharmacology expert! Mosby's Nursing Drug Cards, 24th Edition is the ideal, pocket-sized drug information reference with over 400 sturdy cards containing guidelines for 700+ generic and 600 brand-name drugs. Each card lists the most up-to-date nursing information, including descriptions, use(s), mechanism(s), pharmacokinetics, side/adverse effects, contraindications/precautions, interactions, dosing, and nursing management priorities. Best of all, these pre-made drug cards come ready-to-go for use in the classroom or during clinicals! Tall Man lettering of over 700 generic and 600 brand-name drugs provides one-stop access to the information most needed for clinical practice. High-alert drugs and Black Box Warnings point out these need-to-know medications. Portable 4x6-inch cards are smaller than most drug cards and fit easily into a pocket. Alphabetic organization helps you find information quickly. Consistent format features a drug’s generic name, pronunciation, category, pregnancy category, brand name, dosage forms, use, action, pharmacokinetics, side/adverse effects, contraindications, interactions, dosage, and nursing management priorities. Nursing management priorities follow a nursing process format: assess, diagnose, implement, and evaluate. Comprehensive index contains generic and trade names, drug classes and combination products. Critical Thinking fill-in-the-blank card may be used on any drug to prompt students to think about the drug category, action, patient teaching, and more. Drug interaction information includes subheadings for drug, food, and laboratory interactions. Drug pronunciations are listed for each generic drug and drug category. Common conversion formulas are found on the inside lid of the box. Dosage calculation formulas are listed in the appendix. NEW! 20 additional drugs and drug categories have been added to this edition to reflect the most recent FDA-approved drugs. NEW! 100 new drug facts offer the latest information on dosage forms, new brand names, contraindications, side effects, actions, drug interactions, uses, and nursing management priorities. NEW! Condensed category cards feature essential information to help you find what you need fast! NEW! Separate coverage of the top 200 commonly used drugs gives you quick access to medications you may reference the most.

The Pill Book

Download The Pill Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781973929079
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Pill Book by : Harold M. Silverman

Download or read book The Pill Book written by Harold M. Silverman and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-07-26 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pill BookBy Harold M. Silverman

Top 100 Drugs

Download Top 100 Drugs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 26 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (316 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Top 100 Drugs by : Carolyn Gretton

Download or read book Top 100 Drugs written by Carolyn Gretton and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lists the leading drugs by worldwide sales. Included in each table entry is the brand name of the drug, rank, product type, marketer, and worldwide and United States sales. Also, includes text on different product types noting changes and trends in sales.

Drugs for the Heart

Download Drugs for the Heart PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Saunders
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Drugs for the Heart by : Lionel H. Opie

Download or read book Drugs for the Heart written by Lionel H. Opie and published by Saunders. This book was released on 2005 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new 6th Edition continues to be the definitive pocket-sized guide on the "hows" and "whys" of cardiovascular drugs. It provides in-depth information on all of the drug classes used to treat heart disease, and covers drug use, new drug classes, drug use for single and multiple problem management, and more. A user-friendly organization speed readers to the information they need, and dynamic new full-color drawings illustrate key pharmacological and physiological actions. The new edition includes access to the companion website, which offers bi-annual content updates to keep you current with new drugs, indications and leading trials. The website also has the feature of fully searchable text to access book content via drug, disease or drug action.

Synthesis of Best-Seller Drugs

Download Synthesis of Best-Seller Drugs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0124115241
Total Pages : 870 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (241 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Synthesis of Best-Seller Drugs by : Ruben Vardanyan

Download or read book Synthesis of Best-Seller Drugs written by Ruben Vardanyan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-01-07 with total page 870 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesis of Best-Seller Drugs is a key reference guide for all those involved with the design, development, and use of the best-selling drugs. Designed for ease of use, this book provides detailed information on the most popular drugs, using a practical layout arranged according to drug type. Each chapter reviews the main drugs in each of nearly 40 key therapeutic areas, also examining their classification, novel structural features, models of action, and synthesis. Of high interest to all those who work in the captivating areas of biologically active compounds and medicinal drug synthesis, in particular medicinal chemists, biochemists, and pharmacologists, the book aims to support current research efforts, while also encouraging future developments in this important field. Describes methods of synthesis, bioactivity and related drugs in key therapeutic areas Reviews the main drugs in each of nearly 40 key therapeutic areas, also examining their classification, novel structural features, models of action, and more Presents a practical layout designed for use as a quick reference tool by those working in drug design, development and implementation

Free and Low Cost Prescription Drugs

Download Free and Low Cost Prescription Drugs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780974294100
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (941 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Free and Low Cost Prescription Drugs by : Cost Containment Research Institute

Download or read book Free and Low Cost Prescription Drugs written by Cost Containment Research Institute and published by . This book was released on 2003-09-01 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book gives hard to find information on how and where to get free and low cost prescription drugs. Now includes over one hundred programs and over1,100 drug listings. Find out the top seventeen ways to cut your prescription drug costs, and maybe even get your medication totally free!

Top 200 Drugs

Download Top 200 Drugs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 42 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (45 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Top 200 Drugs by : Professor Lohner Mba Bs Pharm

Download or read book Top 200 Drugs written by Professor Lohner Mba Bs Pharm and published by . This book was released on 2020-04-27 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many medical, nursing, and pharmacy students think that it is really difficult to remember all the drugs so they say, just memorize whatever you can. There is a way or a "hack" to remember all the 200 drugs. You can do this by grouping them basedon their use, the organs or systems they affect, knowing the most commonly used prefixes, roots, and suffixes used in generic names of drugs. What do I mean by that?Here's an example: -al, a common suffix for drugs like tadalafil (Brand Name: Cialis) and sildenal (Brand Name: Viagra). These drugs fall under the category PDE inhibitor or phosphodiesterase inhibitor. These are drugs that are used for erectiledysfunction or ED. Another example is -sone, a suffix for a drug called fluticasone. Fluticasone is a corticosteroid. Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs so, it is safe to make the educated guess during a test that drugs that end in -sone (applies to generic names only) are steroids. Barbiturates, group of drugs used as anesthetics or antiepileptics, have the root -barb. Examples of these drugs are: phenobarbital and secobarbital. The suffix -olol is used for beta blockers. Beta blockers are drugs used for hypertension. Another one would be -statin, atorvastatin and simvastatin are used to lower elevated cholesterol levels and these drugs are classified as antihyperlipidemics or HMG Co-enzyme A Reductase Inhibitor. Statins are used to lower elevated cholesterol levels in the blood.Yes, studying DRUGS can be gruesome. Students, more often than not, get overwhelmed by so much information given to them to study all at once. A lot of them give up due to information overload or anxiety that comes with seeing all the thick textbooks and materials that need to be covered, studied, understood and tested on. This is why I organized not just the Top 200 Drugs but, the Top 250 Drugs in this book for you by their class and I included the cheat codes in memorizing them easily.Students also told me that the list was no good since "the list doesn't talk to them" like I do during lectures and they do not know how to pronounce half the drugs on the list. Oh yeah, I hear you say that, too, "Yeah, it's a nice and handy list but, I do not know how to say or pronounce more than half of these drugs, if not all." You do not have to worry, I have made a compilation of my audio lectures from my live classes to go with this ebook so, MEMORIZING DRUGS CAN REALLY BE THIS RIDICULOUSLY EASY and the link is inside the book.Repetition is key to remembering anything. And by you carrying me, I mean, carrying this ebook with you everywhere you go, you can pull it out anytime, anywhere, for a quick study or review. I will be with you everywhere you go, I promise and because I really want you to succeed, I included a list of the Top 250 Drugs, instead of just the Top 200 Drugs. -Prof. Lohner

Advanced Pharmacology for Prescribers

Download Advanced Pharmacology for Prescribers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826195474
Total Pages : 659 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Pharmacology for Prescribers by : Brent Q. Luu, PharmD, BCPS, BCACP

Download or read book Advanced Pharmacology for Prescribers written by Brent Q. Luu, PharmD, BCPS, BCACP and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2021-01-13 with total page 659 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Delivers the critical information primary care providers need to be thoroughly informed prescribers This unique resource—an evidence-based pharmacology text and reference for advanced practice students and clinicians—guides users in analyzing the pharmacological foundations of drug therapy and fosters the development of sound clinical judgment in determining the appropriate medication for every patient across the lifespan. Targeting the specific needs of APRN and PA students and clinicians, the text is a “bridge” between standard, lengthy pharmacology texts and quick pocket references that lack information regarding key pharmacotherapy principles. Featuring an applied therapeutic approach to major disorders and their pharmacologic treatment, the book examines how medications act on the body and visa versa, while teaching the rationale for using specific therapeutic agents or drug classes. Each chapter includes case studies that apply the concepts discussed, relevant diagnostic studies, applicable guidelines, genomics, and important lifespan considerations. Of special interest is a chapter on pharmacogenetics explaining the basic principles underlying our current understanding of genetic variations in response to pharmacotherapy and adverse drug reactions. Easily digestible chapters include objectives and review questions. Ancillary resources include an instructor manual with learning objectives, chapter summaries, and case studies; chapter PowerPoint slides; test bank; and image bank. Key Features: Delivers an applied, evidence-based foundation on the basic science underlying prescribing Targets the specific needs of APRN and PA students and professionals and related healthcare providers Provides clinical decision-making tools and principles to support sound prescribing judgment Focuses on synthesizing drugs to manage commonly occurring disorders Includes strategies for addressing the needs of specific populations throughout the lifespan Includes abundant case studies illuminating key concepts Includes a robust instructor manual with learning objectives, chapter summaries, and case studies; PowerPoint slides; test bank; and image bank. Purchase includes access to the eBook for use on most mobile devices or computers.