The Throne of Osiris

Download The Throne of Osiris PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : FriesenPress
ISBN 13 : 1525567454
Total Pages : 588 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Throne of Osiris by : Bolesław Prus

Download or read book The Throne of Osiris written by Bolesław Prus and published by FriesenPress. This book was released on 2022-05-25 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Egypt 1100 BCE – disease and old age have weakened Pharaoh’s grip on power. Egypt’s Council of Archpriests seeks to supplant him. But their pride and heavy-handedness have plunged the kingdom into dire straits. In order to avert a crisis twenty-two year old Crown Prince Ramses issues directives that will ease the suffering of his people and gain much needed funding for his own future reign. The priests however thwart his efforts. Conflict erupts. While the high priests have but a few allies and the wealth of the temples as well as an unusually smart organizing capability, a great majority of the people, the police, the army, and even many of the subordinate priests all side with the young fair-minded ruler. Uneven as these odds are the outcome is far from certain, and the consequent power struggle threatens the kingdom and the ancient world with the collapse of the social order. The Throne of Osiris is a historical saga of intrigue and subterfuge, an epic account of crisis in government and the struggle for dominance. This classic tale serves up a lavish depiction of life in ancient Egypt, the structure of its society, its religious beliefs, and traditions. With numerous parallels to today’s world it is a study in the raw mechanisms of power and explores the attempts of the young to govern and to right society’s wrongs.

Of Isis and Osiris

Download Of Isis and Osiris PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781468024111
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (241 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Of Isis and Osiris by : Plutarch

Download or read book Of Isis and Osiris written by Plutarch and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2011-12-03 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: And therefore the desire of truth, especially in what relates to the Gods, is a sort of grasping after divinity, it using learning and enquiry for a kind of resumption of things sacred, a work doubtless of more religion than any ritual purgation or charge of temples whatever, and especially most acceptable to the Goddess you serve, since she is more eminently wise and speculative, and since knowledge and science (as her very name seems to import) appertain more peculiarly to her than any other thing. For the name of Isis is Greek, and so is that of her adversary Typhon, who, being puffed up through ignorance and mistake, pulls in pieces and destroys that holy doctrine, which she on the contrary collects, compiles, and delivers down to such as are regularly advanced unto the deified state; which, by constancy of sober diet, and abstaining from sundry meats and the use of women, both restrains the intemperate and voluptuous part, and habituates them to austere and hard services in the temples, the end of which is the knowledge of the original, supreme, and mental being, which the Goddess would have them enquire for, as near to herself and as dwelling with her.

Book of the Dead

Download Book of the Dead PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oriental Institute Press
ISBN 13 : 9781614910381
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Book of the Dead by : Foy Scalf

Download or read book Book of the Dead written by Foy Scalf and published by Oriental Institute Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover how the ancient Egyptians controlled their immortal destiny! This book, edited by Foy Scalf, explores what the Book of the Dead was believed to do, how it worked, how it was made, and what happened to it.

The War of Horus and Set

Download The War of Horus and Set PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1782003304
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (82 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The War of Horus and Set by : David McIntee

Download or read book The War of Horus and Set written by David McIntee and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2013-05-20 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Long ago the brother gods Osiris and Set ruled peacefully over the lands of Upper and Lower Egypt, each in his own kingdom. But over time Set came to covet his brother's lands and crown, and eventually the temptation overwhelmed him. Usurping Osiris's throne, Set began a blood feud that spread war, death and mutilation through both the heavens and the earth. Gods and men chose sides and took up arms on behalf of both Set and Horus, the heir of Osiris. This book retells the mythic struggle between Horus and Set, exploring the variations and background to the feud, and examining the earthly realities that inspired, or reflected, the actions and allegiances of the Gods, such as the political rivalries between the two kingdoms, and the invasion of Egypt by Cambyses II. Ancient Egyptian weapons and strategies are also examined, showing how their gods and men did battle.

Seth

Download Seth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781720605065
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Seth by : Charles River Charles River Editors

Download or read book Seth written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes ancient accounts *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading "On the third day Typhon [Seth] was born, but not in due season or manner, but with a blow he broke through his mother's side and leapt forth ... For this reason the kings considered the third of the intercalated days as inauspicious, and transacted no business on that day, nor did they give any attention to their bodies until nightfall." - Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris Africa may have given rise to the first human beings, and Egypt probably gave rise to the first great civilizations, which continue to fascinate modern societies across the globe nearly 5,000 years later. From the Library and Lighthouse of Alexandria to the Great Pyramid at Giza, the Ancient Egyptians produced several wonders of the world, revolutionized architecture and construction, created some of the world's first systems of mathematics and medicine, and established language and art that spread across the known world. With world-famous leaders like King Tut and Cleopatra, it's no wonder that today's world has so many Egyptologists. To the ancient Egyptians, as was the case with any society made up of inquiring humans, the world was a confusing and often terrifying place of destruction, death and unexplained phenomena. In order to make sense of such an existence, they resorted to teleological stories. Giving a phenomenon a story made it less horrifying, and it also helped them make sense of the world around them. Unsurprisingly, then, the ancient Egyptian gods permeated every aspect of existence. In the first dynastic period there is a symbolic depiction of the earliest form of kingship. The symbol consisted of the "Two Ladies and Two Lords." The Ladies were the goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjyt, who represented the Upper and Lower kingdoms of Egypt, each with her crown of either White or Red; the Two Lords were the conflicting gods Horus and Seth. The contention between these two gods was transmuted into real-world conflict when, during the Second Dynasty, king Peribsen chose to put the mysterious "Seth Animal" above his name, thus favoring one of the "Two Lords" over the other. Peribsen kept this close association with Seth, betraying the earlier kingly association with Horus, until king Khasekhemwy dethroned him and placed both gods" animals above his own name and declared "the Two Lords are at rest." The modern historian Geraldine Pinch suggests that this is a very early example of the Egyptians" tendency to mythologize their real-world conflicts, a trait the Egyptians would continue well into their long history. It's true that the vast history of Egypt can only be given a cursory view at any one time, but, in the case of its myths, just enough to contextualize the story can be sufficient to understand the progression of a deity like Seth through the millennia. In fact, the development of Seth's character throughout history is possibly one of the most fascinating and divisive among the Egyptian deities. Beginning as one of the "Two Lords" Seth's pre-eminence among the gods continues well into the later dynasties as he never loses his place among the principal nine deities, known as the Ennead, despite his nefarious dealings with his brother, Osiris, his sister and sister-in-law, Isis, and his nephew, their son, Horus. At first glance it is easy to see how Seth came to be vilified as a kind of "demon" or "devil" but, with an understanding of the belief structure he was born out of, modern readers can see that this divisive god was much more complex than a mere "adversary." Seth: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Egyptian God Who Killed Osiris to Usurp the Throne looks at the mythology surrounding one of antiquity's most famous deities. Along with pictures depicting important people, places, and events, you will learn about Seth like never before.

Before the Throne

Download Before the Throne PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Anchor
ISBN 13 : 0307742563
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Before the Throne by : Naguib Mahfouz

Download or read book Before the Throne written by Naguib Mahfouz and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2012-07-03 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nearly sixty of Egypt’s past leaders—from the time of the Pharoahs to the twentieth century—are summoned to judgment in the Court of Osiris in the Afterlife, in this extraordinary novel by Nobel Prize–winning author Naguib Mahfouz. Before the Throne calls forth a parade of those who have shaped the modern nation of Egypt—from the ruler who first unified Egypt in 3000 BC to Anwar Sadat, the president assassinated by religious extremists in 1981, and including figures as various as the famous pharaoh Ramesses II and the medieval vizier Qaraqush. As they defend their decisions under questioning by Osiris, Isis, and Horus, those who acted for the nation’s good are honored with immortality in paradise while those who failed to protect it are condemned either to the inferno or to “the place of insignificance.” Full of Mahfouz’s unique insight into his country’s timeless qualities, this provocative work skillfully traces five thousand years of Egypt’s past as it flows into the turbulent present. Translated from the Arabic by Raymond Stock

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses

Download Egyptian Gods & Goddesses PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc
ISBN 13 : 1622751558
Total Pages : 109 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (227 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Egyptian Gods & Goddesses by : Johnathan Deaver

Download or read book Egyptian Gods & Goddesses written by Johnathan Deaver and published by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. This book was released on 1900-01-01 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gods and goddesses—in human, animal, and other forms—were central to the ancient Egyptian way of life. Identified with the natural world, daily living, and the afterlife, they maintained order and prevented chaos from permeating the human world. The figures documented in ancient hieroglyphics are given dimension in this absorbing volume, which examines the characteristics and significance of many of the Egyptian gods and goddesses and also looks at related topics such as ancient symbols and the influence of Egyptian mythology on other cultures and belief systems.

Myths of Babylon

Download Myths of Babylon PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1787556298
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (875 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Myths of Babylon by : J.K. Jackson

Download or read book Myths of Babylon written by J.K. Jackson and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2018-12-15 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Babylonian myths, inherited in Mesopotamia from Sumeria, influenced by the ancient Assyrians represent a pinnacle of human achievement in the period around 1800 BC. Here we find humankind battling with the elements in their Flood myth, a grim creation story and the great Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the earliest recorded literary treasures. Babylon, a powerful city state at the time of the ancient Egyptians was a centre of profound spiritual, economic and military power, themes all represented in the fragments and myths of this book of classic tales. FLAME TREE 451: From mystery to crime, supernatural to horror and myth, fantasy and science fiction, Flame Tree 451 offers a healthy diet of werewolves and mechanical men, blood-lusty vampires, dastardly villains, mad scientists, secret worlds, lost civilizations and escapist fantasies. Discover a storehouse of tales gathered specifically for the reader of the fantastic.

Encyclopaedia Britannica

Download Encyclopaedia Britannica PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1090 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopaedia Britannica by : Hugh Chisholm

Download or read book Encyclopaedia Britannica written by Hugh Chisholm and published by . This book was released on 1910 with total page 1090 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eleventh edition was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time and it is considered to be a landmark encyclopaedia for scholarship and literary style.

Isis Magic

Download Isis Magic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781939112002
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Isis Magic by : M. Isidora Forrest

Download or read book Isis Magic written by M. Isidora Forrest and published by . This book was released on 2013-05-12 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Isis Magic: Cultivating a Relationship with the Goddess of 10,000 Names enables the many women and men who are today exploring Goddess spirituality to build a relationship with the Divine Feminine by focusing their exploration through the worship of one of the most well-known and well-loved Goddesses of all time: the Egyptian Isis. Today, as in ancient times, Isis, known as the Goddess of Ten Thousand Names, can become for Her devotees the One Goddess Who is All Goddesses. Isis Magic begins with a well-researched and in-depth history of the nature and worship of Isis from Her ancient Egyptian origins to the modern day. In the first part of the book, readers discover the many faces of Isis, from Ancient Bird of Prey Goddess and Lady of Magic to Queen of the Mysteries and Savior. Readers will learn how Isis later became disguised as a Black Madonna, a historical Queen of Egypt, and even as an Alchemical Principle--as well as how Her true identity as a Goddess was retained in the inner teachings of secret societies. Finally, readers follow Isis into the 20th and 21st centuries as Her undisguised worship is revived, first by colorful personalities like Dion Fortune and influential groups such as the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, and today by worldwide associations like the Fellowship of Isis. The book's second part applies this knowledge to a four-part spiritual journey to the heart of the Goddess. With each step, the reader enters a successively deeper stage of relationship with Isis. By participating in exercises, meditations, and powerful, beautifully written rituals, readers can initiate themselves into the magical religion of Isis and become, if they so desire, a dedicated priestess or priest. Written by M. Isidora Forrest, an ordained Priestess of Isis and Hermetic Adept, Isis Magic brings the worship of Isis to life. It is the perfect resource to aid the individual seeker, to inspire a circle, coven, or Iseum, or to serve as a program of spiritual growth and personal development for those called by Isis to be Her priestesses and priests.

Reflections of Osiris

Download Reflections of Osiris PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0195158717
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (951 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reflections of Osiris by : John Ray

Download or read book Reflections of Osiris written by John Ray and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2002 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A portrait of ancient Egypyt that evokes the flavor of life in that time through profiles of eleven actual people and the god Osiris.

Origins of Osiris and his cult

Download Origins of Osiris and his cult PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004378588
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Origins of Osiris and his cult by : John Gwyn Griffiths

Download or read book Origins of Osiris and his cult written by John Gwyn Griffiths and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2018-08-14 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Preliminary Material /J. Gwyn Griffiths -- The Original Myth /J. Gwyn Griffiths -- The Original Cult /J. Gwyn Griffiths -- An Upper Egyptian God of The Royal Dead /J. Gwyn Griffiths -- The Association with Water and Vegetation /J. Gwyn Griffiths -- The Ruler and Judge of the Dead /J. Gwyn Griffiths -- The Cult and the Society /J. Gwyn Griffiths -- An Embryonic System of Salvation /J. Gwyn Griffiths -- Addenda /J. Gwyn Griffiths -- Bibliography /J. Gwyn Griffiths -- Index of Texts Cited /J. Gwyn Griffiths -- General Index /J. Gwyn Griffiths -- Linguistic Indices /J. Gwyn Griffiths.

Following Osiris

Download Following Osiris PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019958222X
Total Pages : 666 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (995 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Following Osiris by : Mark Smith

Download or read book Following Osiris written by Mark Smith and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Osiris, god of the dead, was one of ancient Egypt's most important deities. The earliest secure evidence for belief in him dates back to the fifth dynasty (c.2494-2345BC), but he continued to be worshipped until the fifth century AD. Following Osiris is concerned with ancient Egyptian conceptions of the relationship between Osiris and the deceased, or what might be called the Osirian afterlife, asking what the nature of this relationship was and what the prerequisites were for enjoying its benefits. It does not seek to provide a continuous or comprehensive account of Egyptian ideas on this subject, but rather focuses on five distinct periods in their development, spread over four millennia. The periods in question are ones in which significant changes in Egyptian ideas about Osiris and the dead are known to have occurred or where it has been argued that they did, as Egyptian aspirations for the Osirian afterlife took time to coalesce and reach their fullest form of expression. An important aim of the book is to investigate when and why such changes happened, treating religious belief as a dynamic rather than a static phenomenon and tracing the key stages in the development of these aspirations, from their origin to their demise, while illustrating how they are reflected in the textual and archaeological records. In doing so, it opens up broader issues for exploration and draws meaningful cross-cultural comparisons to ask, for instance, how different societies regard death and the dead, why people convert from one religion to another, and why they abandon belief in a god or gods altogether.

Gods of Ancient Egypt

Download Gods of Ancient Egypt PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : The History Press
ISBN 13 : 075249502X
Total Pages : 151 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (524 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gods of Ancient Egypt by : Barbara Watterson

Download or read book Gods of Ancient Egypt written by Barbara Watterson and published by The History Press. This book was released on 2003-09-04 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Illustrated in colour, this is an introduction for the general reader to Egyptian mythology and its mysteries. It includes a concise introduction to general aspects of Egyptian religion, followed by specific sections devoted to the most important of the gods. With sections on personal religion and temple ceremony, there are also accounts of mythological stories associated with the gods, and a map of the principle cult centres.

Isis and Osiris

Download Isis and Osiris PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Doubleday Books
ISBN 13 : 9780385417976
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (179 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Isis and Osiris by : Jonathan Cott

Download or read book Isis and Osiris written by Jonathan Cott and published by Doubleday Books. This book was released on 1994 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interviews worshipers, philosophers, historians, and psychologists worldwide to understand the tenacity and influence of the Ur myth of death and regeneration

Osiris

Download Osiris PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1405143568
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Osiris by : Bojana Mojsov

Download or read book Osiris written by Bojana Mojsov and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bojana Mojsov tells the story of the cult of Osiris from beginning to end, sketching its development throughout 3,000 years of Egyptian history. Draws together the numerous records about Osiris from the third millennium B.C. to the Roman conquest of Egypt. Demonstrates that the cult of Osiris was the most popular and enduring of the ancient religions. Shows how the cult provided direct antecedents for many ideas, traits and customs in Christianity, including the concept of the trinity, baptism in the sacred river, and the sacrament of the Eucharist. Reveals the cult’s influence on other western mystical traditions and groups, such as the Alchemists, Rosicrucians and Freemasons. Written for a general, as well as a scholarly audience.

Osiris, Zeus, and Odin: The History of the Most Prominent Gods in the Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Norse Pantheons

Download Osiris, Zeus, and Odin: The History of the Most Prominent Gods in the Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Norse Pantheons PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781799043287
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (432 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Osiris, Zeus, and Odin: The History of the Most Prominent Gods in the Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Norse Pantheons by : Markus Carabas

Download or read book Osiris, Zeus, and Odin: The History of the Most Prominent Gods in the Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Norse Pantheons written by Markus Carabas and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-03-07 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes ancient accounts *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading Given the abundance of funerary artifacts that have been found within the sands of Egypt, it sometimes seems as though the Ancient Egyptians were more concerned with the matters of the afterlife than they were with matters of the life they experienced from day to day. This is underscored most prominently by the pyramids, which have captured the world's imagination for centuries. Thus, it's little surprise that Osiris was one of the most important gods in the Egyptian pantheon, and he could well be the most famous of the Egyptian gods today. Aside from the ubiquity of the sun-god Re in much of modern popular culture, it is Osiris who captivates the minds of modern readers most. His story is both familiar and strangely alien. He is the god of the dead, but he became so by the very fact of his mortality. All the gods of ancient Egypt were capable of dying, but Osiris was also a symbol of resurrection, not unlike Christ in Christian theology. Osiris was betrayed by somebody close to him (in this case, his brother Seth) and was murdered and reborn, but here is where Osiris and Christ part ways. Osiris's death is brutal, and his resurrection is the product of his wife Isis's love for him. Furthermore, Osiris was associated with the kings of Egypt because the Egyptians believed he was a king himself. The ancient Egyptians could trace their kings back, one by one, to a time when the gods were believed to have ruled the land in person. Osiris was the third or fourth successor to the Egyptian throne after creation, and the Egyptians believed that Osiris's connection with kingship is what allowed their kings to be reborn in a way themselves. He was also said to be physically enormous - almost 15 and a half feet according to some sources - which was said to have aided him in his military campaigns. One of the reasons Zeus remains one of the most recognizable gods in history is because of the spread of his influence. Due to the conquests of Alexander the Great, Zeus was brought along with other elements of Hellenization to Egypt and the Near East, and a few centuries later, Rome all but adopted him as their own chief god, Jupiter. From there, he was exported around the Roman Empire and fused with numerous other local gods in the process. Ultimately, Zeus was a prominent god from the period of pre-recorded history until the Christianization of Greece, which was complete by the early 7th century A.D. It is difficult for modern observers to understand how a hot-headed, sex-obsessed god could command the love and admiration of so many Greeks, not to mention their cultural heirs throughout the Roman Empire. What did the worship of this god provide for his worshipers? How did belief in his existence fulfill their spiritual needs? How was he different from other members of his pantheon? This book explores the figure of Zeus, including his origins, the stories told about him, the way he was worshiped and how he is remembered today. Alongside his son Thor, Odin is one of the best known Norse gods, and it's often easy to forget that he was once at the heart of a pantheon devoutly worshiped by millions of Europeans in the Middle Ages. Odin has numerous names and titles (over 200 by one account), but his best known title is "The All-Father," the co-creator of Earth ("Midgard"), humanity and all of the creatures that inhabitant this world. He is also, importantly, the god of prophecy, ecstasy, and poetry, all roles that were closely connected in the Norse world, as the line between poet and prophet was a blurry one and they were seen as possessing their inspiration through a type of ecstatic fury. These roles were connected to Odin's patronage of knowledge, especially mystical knowledge, since he was the discoverer of magical runes and songs which he then passed to humanity.