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Book Synopsis The Thermal Response of TATB-Based PBXs by :
Download or read book The Thermal Response of TATB-Based PBXs written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the design mode of operation, TATB-based PBXs, such as PBX 9502 or LX-17, are promptly initiated by a detonator and booster system. In abnormal situations, such as accidents, a wide variety of non-design-mode insults can arise and it is desirable that these do not produce detonation but rather that, at most, they lead to a low chemical energy release. The most significant abnormal hazard is the direct shock initiation threat arising from high-velocity fragment impact. This is quite well defined and may result in a detonative response if the fragment is large enough and fast enough. However, it is of considerably greater significance to the safety envelope of these explosives whether they are at all capable of DDT (deflagration-to-detonation transition), either at ambient or elevated temperatures since accidental insults to the explosive, either mechanical or thermal, that may produce local burning are both more numerous and more likely than shock loading. The purpose of this document is to demonstrate, based on the accumulated body of conservative experimental testing, that in explosive geometries and masses relevant to the Weapons Program, TATB-based PBXs do not present a deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) hazard at any temperature. This is a significant statement since it removes detonative outcome concerns from the majority of insult scenarios on TATB-based charges. It does not address the response of included detonator and booster assemblies, the response of which must be considered separately.
Book Synopsis High Energy Materials by : Jai Prakash Agrawal
Download or read book High Energy Materials written by Jai Prakash Agrawal and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-11-20 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authored by an insider with over 40 years of high energy materials (HEMs) experience in academia, industry and defense organizations, this handbook and ready reference covers all important HEMs from the 1950s to the present with their respective properties and intended purposes. Written at an attainable level for professionals, engineers and technicians alike, the book provides a comprehensive view of the current status and suggests further directions for research and development. An introductory chapter on the chemical and thermodynamic basics allows the reader to become acquainted with the fundamental features of explosives, before moving on to the important safety aspects in processing, handling, transportation and storage of high energy materials. With its collation of results and formulation strategies hitherto scattered in the literature, this should be on the shelf of every HEM researcher and developer.
Book Synopsis Energetic Polymers by : How Ghee Ang
Download or read book Energetic Polymers written by How Ghee Ang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-03-26 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This up-to-date overview provides the latest information on the performance, sensitivity, strength and processability aspects of propellants and explosive formulations, with the nature of polymer binder/plasticizer as the variable factor. Apart from applications, this monograph explores the principles behind energetic polymers, while discussing the synthetic routes and energetic characteristics of individual family of energetic polymers. Furthermore, a number of case studies illustrate the role of energetic polyerms on enhancing the performance of formulations as compared to their inert counterparts. The emphasis is on safety throughout, with practical guidance on how to safely handle and formulate energetic polymer based formulations. With the advent of a new generation of energetic polymers, this book is relevant to industry and defense organizations as well as for academic research.
Book Synopsis Temperature-dependent Shock Initiation of TATB-based High Explosives by :
Download or read book Temperature-dependent Shock Initiation of TATB-based High Explosives written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of temperature on the shock sensitivity of two TATB formulations PBX 9502 and LX-17 are studied over the temperature range -54°C to 252°C. The shock Hugoniot curves over this same temperature range are developed. Thermal expansion properties and porosities are used to help determine the mechanisms of thermal sensitization. Impact sensitivities over the range from ambient to 300°C are reported. Analyses of these results imply that thermal sensitization is the result of purely chemical kinetics enhancement and intracrystalline hot-spot growth. Additional results on the ambient shock sensitivity of PBX 9502 and LX-17 following thermal cycling to 252°C and back to ambient is presented.
Book Synopsis Thermal Expansion of PBX 9501 and PBX 9502 Plastic-bonded Explosives by :
Download or read book Thermal Expansion of PBX 9501 and PBX 9502 Plastic-bonded Explosives written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two applications of thermal expansion measurements on plastic-bonded explosive (PBX) composites are described. In the first dilatometer application, thermal expansion properties of HMX-based PBX 9501 are measured over a broad thermal range that includes glass and domain-restructuring transitions in the polymeric binder. Results are consistent with other thermal measurements and analyses performed on the composite, as well as on the binder itself. The second application used the dilatometer to distinguish the reversible and irreversible components of thermal expansion in PBX 9502, a TATB-based explosive. Irreversible expansion of the composite is believed to derive from the highly-anisotropic coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) values measured on single T A TB crystals, although the mechanism is not well understood. Effects of specimen density, thermal ramp rate, and thermal range variation (warm first or cold first) were explored, and the results are presented and discussed. Dilatometer measurements are ongoing towards gaining insight into the mechanism(s) responsible for PBX 9502 irreversible thermal expansion.
Download or read book Proceedings written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 1126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :2690 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 ( download)
Book Synopsis Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 1996: Department of Energy fiscal year 1996 budget justifications by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development
Download or read book Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 1996: Department of Energy fiscal year 1996 budget justifications written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 2690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :2698 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (121 download)
Book Synopsis Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 1996 by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development
Download or read book Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 1996 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 2698 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Modeling the Thermal Deformation of TATB-based Explosives. Part 1 by :
Download or read book Modeling the Thermal Deformation of TATB-based Explosives. Part 1 written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We detail a modeling approach to simulate the anisotropic thermal expansion of polycrystalline (1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) TATB-based explosives that utilizes microstructural information including porosity, crystal aspect ratio, and processing-induced texture. This report, the first in a series, focuses on nonlinear thermal expansion of "neat-pressed" polycrystalline TATB specimens which do not contain any binder; additional complexities related to polymeric binder and irreversible ratcheting behavior are briefly discussed, however detailed investigation of these aspects are deferred to subsequent reports. In this work we have, for the first time, developed a mesoscale continuum model relating the thermal expansion of polycrystal TATB specimens to their microstructural characteristics. A self-consistent homogenization procedure is used to relate macroscopic thermoelastic response to the constitutive behavior of single-crystal TATB. The model includes a representation of grain aspect ratio, porosity, and crystallographic texture attributed to the consolidation process. A quantitative model is proposed to describe the evolution of preferred orientation of graphitic planes in TATB during consolidation and an algorithm constructed to develop a discrete representation of the associated orientation distribution function. Analytical and numerical solutions using this model are shown to produce textures consistent with previous measurements and characterization for isostatic and uniaxial "die-pressed" specimens. Predicted thermal strain versus temperature for textured specimens are shown to be in agreement with corresponding experimental measurements. Using the developed modeling approach, several simulations have been run to investigate the influence of microstructure on macroscopic thermal expansion behavior. Results from these simulations are used to identify qualitative trends. Implications of the identified trends are discussed in the context of thermal deformation of engineered components whose consolidation process is generally more complex than isostatic or die-pressed specimens. Finally, an envisioned application of the modeling approach to simulating thermal expansion of weapon systems and components is outlined along with necessary future work to introduce the effects of binder and ratcheting behavior. Key conclusions from this work include the following. Both porosity and grain aspect ratio have an influence on the thermal expansion of polycrystal TATB considering realistic material variability. Thepreferred orientation of the single crystal TATB [001] poles within a polycrystal gives rise to pronounced anisotropy of the macroscopic thermal expansion. The extent of this preferred orientation depends on the magnitude of deformation, and consequently, is expected to vary spatially throughout manufactured components much like porosity. The modeling approach presented here has utility toward bringing spatially variable microstructural features into macroscale system engineering modelsAbstract Not Provided.
Book Synopsis Shock Compression of Condensed Matter--1995 by : S. C. Schmidt
Download or read book Shock Compression of Condensed Matter--1995 written by S. C. Schmidt and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Proceedings, Seventh Symposium (International) on Detonation by :
Download or read book Proceedings, Seventh Symposium (International) on Detonation written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 1120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis In-Situ Monitoring of the Microstructure of TATB-based Explosive Formulations During Temperature Cycling Using Ultra-small Angle X-ray Scattering by :
Download or read book In-Situ Monitoring of the Microstructure of TATB-based Explosive Formulations During Temperature Cycling Using Ultra-small Angle X-ray Scattering written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TATB (1,3,5 triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene), an extremely insensitive explosive, is used both in plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs) and as an ultra-fine pressed powder (UFTATB). With both PBXs and UFTATB, an irreversible expansion occurs with temperature cycling known as ratchet growth. In TATB-based explosives using Kel-F 800 as binder (LX-17 and PBX-9502), additional voids, sizes hundreds of nanometers to a few microns account for much of the volume expansion caused by temperature cycling. These voids are in the predicted size regime for hot-spot formation during ignition and detonation, and thus an experimental measure of these voids is important feedback for hot-spot theory and for determining the relationship between void size distributions and detonation properties. Also, understanding the mechanism of ratchet growth allows future choice of explosive/binder mixtures to minimize these types of changes to explosives, further extending PBX shelf life. This paper presents the void size distributions of LX-17, UFTATB, and PBXs using commercially available Cytop M, Cytop A, and Hyflon AD60 binders during temperature cycling between -55 C and 70 C. These void size distributions are derived from ultra-small angle x-ray scattering (USAXS), a technique sensitive to structures from about 10 nm to about 2 mm. Structures with these sizes do not appreciably change in UFTATB, indicating voids or cracks larger than a few microns appear in UFTATB during temperature cycling. Compared to Kel-F 800 binders, Cytop M and Cytop A show relatively small increases in void volume from 0.9% to 1.3% and 0.6% to 1.1%, respectively, while Hyflon fails to prevent irreversible volume expansion (1.2% to 4.6%). Computational mesoscale models of ratchet growth and binder wetting and adhesion properties point to mechanisms of ratchet growth, and are discussed in combination with the experimental results.
Book Synopsis A Comparison of Thermal Explosions in PBX 9501 and PBX N-9 by :
Download or read book A Comparison of Thermal Explosions in PBX 9501 and PBX N-9 written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We have used a variety of observables to study the response of HMX based energetic materials formulations to thermal stimuli. In this paper, we compare the response of PBX 9501 and PBX N-9 to a temperature of 205 C. Both undergo thermal runaway at this boundary condition with similar preignition behavior. However, the post-ignition burn propagations of the two formulations are very different with the final reaction violence significantly lower for PBX N-9 than for PBX 9501.
Download or read book ERDA Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Shock Waves in Condensed Matter - 1983 by : J.R. Asay
Download or read book Shock Waves in Condensed Matter - 1983 written by J.R. Asay and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shock Waves in Condensed Matter – 1983 covers the proceedings of the American Physical Society Topical Conference, held in Santa Fe, New Mexico on July 18-21, 1983. The book focuses on the response of matter to dynamic high pressure and temperature. The selection first elaborates on the review of theoretical calculations of phase transitions and comparisons with experimental results; theoretical and experimental studies of shock-compressed benzene and polybutene; and theory of the iron equation of state and melting curve to very high pressures. The text then ponders on nonhydrostatic effects in stress-wave induced phase transformation of calcite; Bauschinger effect model suitable for use in large computer codes; and strain rate sensitivity prediction for porous bed compaction. The manuscript takes a look at flaw nucleation and energetics of dynamic fragmentation, shock loading behavior of fused quartz, and aluminum damage simulation in high-velocity impact. Shock wave diagnostics by time-resolved infrared radiometry and non-linear Raman spectroscopy; Raman scattering temperature measurement behind a shock wave; and experiments and simulation on laser-driven shock wave evolution in aluminum targets are also discussed. The selection is a dependable reference for scientists and readers interested in the response of matter when exposed to dynamic high pressure and temperature.
