High Stakes

Download High Stakes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309173469
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis High Stakes by : National Research Council

Download or read book High Stakes written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-12-16 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Everyone is in favor of "high education standards" and "fair testing" of student achievement, but there is little agreement as to what these terms actually mean. High Stakes looks at how testing affects critical decisions for American students. As more and more tests are introduced into the country's schools, it becomes increasingly important to know how those tests are usedâ€"and misusedâ€"in assessing children's performance and achievements. High Stakes focuses on how testing is used in schools to make decisions about tracking and placement, promotion and retention, and awarding or withholding high school diplomas. This book sorts out the controversies that emerge when a test score can open or close gates on a student's educational pathway. The expert panel: Proposes how to judge the appropriateness of a test. Explores how to make tests reliable, valid, and fair. Puts forward strategies and practices to promote proper test use. Recommends how decisionmakers in education shouldâ€"and should notâ€"use test results. The book discusses common misuses of testing, their political and social context, what happens when test issues are taken to court, special student populations, social promotion, and more. High Stakes will be of interest to anyone concerned about the long-term implications for individual students of picking up that Number 2 pencil: policymakers, education administrators, test designers, teachers, and parents.

No Litmus Test

Download No Litmus Test PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 9780742550308
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (53 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis No Litmus Test by : Michael C. Dorf

Download or read book No Litmus Test written by Michael C. Dorf and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2006 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The courts and, indeed, the law itself are under assault from both right and left. By analyzing the most pressing controversies of our day, No Litmus Test defends the possibility of principled legal decision-making against the attacks of both the right and the left. From Bush v. Gore to the war in Iraq, No Litmus Test demonstrates that even when the law provides no clear-cut right answers, it offers tools for distinguishing good arguments from bad ones.

550 AP U. S. Government and Politics Practice Questions

Download 550 AP U. S. Government and Politics Practice Questions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton Review
ISBN 13 : 0804124434
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 550 AP U. S. Government and Politics Practice Questions by : Princeton Review (Firm)

Download or read book 550 AP U. S. Government and Politics Practice Questions written by Princeton Review (Firm) and published by Princeton Review. This book was released on 2013-12 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents subject reviews, two full-length practice tests with answer explanations, and tips and strategies to help maximize performance.

Red Skin, White Masks

Download Red Skin, White Masks PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452942439
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Red Skin, White Masks by : Glen Sean Coulthard

Download or read book Red Skin, White Masks written by Glen Sean Coulthard and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2014-08-15 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WINNER OF: Frantz Fanon Outstanding Book from the Caribbean Philosophical Association Canadian Political Science Association’s C.B. MacPherson Prize Studies in Political Economy Book Prize Over the past forty years, recognition has become the dominant mode of negotiation and decolonization between the nation-state and Indigenous nations in North America. The term “recognition” shapes debates over Indigenous cultural distinctiveness, Indigenous rights to land and self-government, and Indigenous peoples’ right to benefit from the development of their lands and resources. In a work of critically engaged political theory, Glen Sean Coulthard challenges recognition as a method of organizing difference and identity in liberal politics, questioning the assumption that contemporary difference and past histories of destructive colonialism between the state and Indigenous peoples can be reconciled through a process of acknowledgment. Beyond this, Coulthard examines an alternative politics—one that seeks to revalue, reconstruct, and redeploy Indigenous cultural practices based on self-recognition rather than on seeking appreciation from the very agents of colonialism. Coulthard demonstrates how a “place-based” modification of Karl Marx’s theory of “primitive accumulation” throws light on Indigenous–state relations in settler-colonial contexts and how Frantz Fanon’s critique of colonial recognition shows that this relationship reproduces itself over time. This framework strengthens his exploration of the ways that the politics of recognition has come to serve the interests of settler-colonial power. In addressing the core tenets of Indigenous resistance movements, like Red Power and Idle No More, Coulthard offers fresh insights into the politics of active decolonization.

The Politics of Bitcoin

Download The Politics of Bitcoin PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452953813
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Politics of Bitcoin by : David Golumbia

Download or read book The Politics of Bitcoin written by David Golumbia and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2016-09-26 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its introduction in 2009, Bitcoin has been widely promoted as a digital currency that will revolutionize everything from online commerce to the nation-state. Yet supporters of Bitcoin and its blockchain technology subscribe to a form of cyberlibertarianism that depends to a surprising extent on far-right political thought. The Politics of Bitcoin exposes how much of the economic and political thought on which this cryptocurrency is based emerges from ideas that travel the gamut, from Milton Friedman, F.A. Hayek, and Ludwig von Mises to Federal Reserve conspiracy theorists. Forerunners: Ideas First is a thought-in-process series of breakthrough digital publications. Written between fresh ideas and finished books, Forerunners draws on scholarly work initiated in notable blogs, social media, conference plenaries, journal articles, and the synergy of academic exchange. This is gray literature publishing: where intense thinking, change, and speculation take place in scholarship.

AP U.S. Government and Politics Crash Course

Download AP U.S. Government and Politics Crash Course PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Research & Education Assoc.
ISBN 13 : 0738608092
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (386 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis AP U.S. Government and Politics Crash Course by : Larry Krieger

Download or read book AP U.S. Government and Politics Crash Course written by Larry Krieger and published by Research & Education Assoc.. This book was released on 2009-12-04 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: REA's Crash Course for the AP® U.S. Government & Politics Exam - Gets You a Higher Advanced Placement® Score in Less Time Crash Course is perfect for the time-crunched student, the last-minute studier, or anyone who wants a refresher on the subject. Are you crunched for time? Have you started studying for your Advanced Placement® U.S. Government & Politics exam yet? How will you memorize everything you need to know before the test? Do you wish there was a fast and easy way to study for the exam AND boost your score? If this sounds like you, don't panic. REA's Crash Course for AP® U.S. Government & Politics is just what you need. Our Crash Course gives you: Targeted, Focused Review - Study Only What You Need to Know The Crash Course is based on an in-depth analysis of the AP® U.S. Government & Politics course description outline and actual AP® test questions. It covers only the information tested on the exam, so you can make the most of your valuable study time. Our easy-to-read format gives you a crash course in the major ideas and concepts in government and politics, including constitutional underpinnings of the U.S. government, political culture, federalism, civil rights/civil liberties, elections & campaigns, congress, the presidency & the executive branch, and more. Expert Test-taking Strategies Written by a former AP® teacher, the author’s question-level strategy and advice explains how to handle the multiple-choice and free-response questions so you can raise your overall point score! Key Terms You Must Know Mastering AP® vocabulary terms is an easy way to increase your total score. Our AP® expert gives you the key terms all AP® U.S. Government & Politics students must know before test day. Take REA's FREE Practice Exam After studying the material in the Crash Course, go to the online REA Study Center and test what you've learned. Our free practice exam features timed testing, detailed explanations of answers, and automatic scoring analysis. The exam is balanced to include every topic and type of question found on the actual AP® exam, so you know you're studying the smart way. Whether you're cramming for the test at the last minute, looking for extra review, or want to study on your own in preparation for the exams - this is the study guide every AP® U.S. Government & Politics student must have. When it's crucial crunch time and your Advanced Placement® exam is just around the corner, you need REA's Crash Course for AP® U.S. Government & Politics! About the AuthorLarry Krieger earned his B.A. and M.A.T. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and his M.A. from Wake Forest University. In a career spanning more than 40 years, Mr. Krieger has taught a variety of AP® subjects including American History, World History, European History, American Government, and Art History. His popular courses were renowned for their energetic presentations, commitment to scholarship, and helping students achieve high AP® exam scores.

The Politics of Annihilation

Download The Politics of Annihilation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452959676
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Politics of Annihilation by : Benjamin Meiches

Download or read book The Politics of Annihilation written by Benjamin Meiches and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2019-03-19 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How did a powerful concept in international justice evolve into an inequitable response to mass suffering? For a term coined just seventy-five years ago, genocide has become a remarkably potent idea. But has it transformed from a truly novel vision for international justice into a conservative, even inaccessible term? The Politics of Annihilation traces how the concept of genocide came to acquire such significance on the global political stage. In doing so, it reveals how the concept has been politically contested and refashioned over time. It explores how these shifts implicitly impact what forms of mass violence are considered genocide and what forms are not. Benjamin Meiches argues that the limited conception of genocide, often rigidly understood as mass killing rooted in ethno-religious identity, has created legal and political institutions that do not adequately respond to the diversity of mass violence. In his insistence on the concept’s complexity, he does not undermine the need for clear condemnations of such violence. But neither does he allow genocide to become a static or timeless notion. Meiches argues that the discourse on genocide has implicitly excluded many forms of violence from popular attention including cases ranging from contemporary Botswana and the Democratic Republic of Congo, to the legacies of colonial politics in Haiti, Canada, and elsewhere, to the effects of climate change on small island nations. By mapping the multiplicity of forces that entangle the concept in larger assemblages of power, The Politics of Annihilation gives us a new understanding of how the language of genocide impacts contemporary political life, especially as a means of protesting the social conditions that produce mass violence.

A Postcapitalist Politics

Download A Postcapitalist Politics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452908834
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Postcapitalist Politics by : J. K. Gibson-Graham

Download or read book A Postcapitalist Politics written by J. K. Gibson-Graham and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is there life after capitalism? In this creatively argued follow-up to their book The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It), J. K. Gibson-Graham offer already existing alternatives to a global capitalist order and outline strategies for building alternative economies. A Postcapitalist Politics reveals a prolific landscape of economic diversity—one that is not exclusively or predominantly capitalist—and examines the challenges and successes of alternative economic interventions. Gibson-Graham bring together political economy, feminist poststructuralism, and economic activism to foreground the ethical decisions, as opposed to structural imperatives, that construct economic “development” pathways. Marshalling empirical evidence from local economic projects and action research in the United States, Australia, and Asia, they produce a distinctive political imaginary with three intersecting moments: a politics of language, of the subject, and of collective action. In the face of an almost universal sense of surrender to capitalist globalization, this book demonstrates that postcapitalist subjects, economies, and communities can be fostered. The authors describe a politics of possibility that can build different economies in place and over space. They urge us to confront the forces that stand in the way of economic experimentation and to explore different ways of moving from theory to action. J. K. Gibson-Graham is the pen name of Katherine Gibson and Julie Graham, feminist economic geographers who work, respectively, at the Australian National University in Canberra and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Producers, Parasites, Patriots

Download Producers, Parasites, Patriots PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452960348
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Producers, Parasites, Patriots by : Daniel Martinez HoSang

Download or read book Producers, Parasites, Patriots written by Daniel Martinez HoSang and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2019-04-09 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The shifting meaning of race and class in the age of Trump The profound concentration of economic power in the United States in recent decades has produced surprising new forms of racialization. In Producers, Parasites, Patriots, Daniel Martinez HoSang and Joseph E. Lowndes show that while racial subordination is an enduring feature of U.S. political history, it continually changes in response to shifting economic and political conditions, interests, and structures. The authors document the changing politics of race and class in the age of Trump across a broad range of phenomena, showing how new forms of racialization work to alter the economic protections of whiteness while promoting some conservatives of color as models of the neoliberal regime. Through careful analyses of diverse political sites and conflicts—racially charged elections, attacks on public-sector unions, new forms of white precarity, the rise of black and brown political elites, militia uprisings, multiculturalism on the far right—they highlight new, interwoven deployments of race in the ascendant age of inequality. Using the concept of “racial transposition,” the authors demonstrate how racial meanings and signification can be transferred from one group to another to shore up both neoliberalism and racial hierarchy. From the militia movement to the Alt-Right to the mainstream Republican Party, Producers, Parasites, Patriots brings to light the changing role of race in right-wing politics.

No Bull Review - US Government and Politics

Download No Bull Review - US Government and Politics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781491253533
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (535 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis No Bull Review - US Government and Politics by : Jeremy Klaff

Download or read book No Bull Review - US Government and Politics written by Jeremy Klaff and published by . This book was released on 2013-08-08 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No Bull...This is the most concise and to the point review available for AP U.S. Government and Politics. Your review book shouldn't need a review book, and that's why we're here!This book contains definitions and explanations for the most important terms, concepts, and themes in the U.S. Government and Politics curriculum. With 200 multiple choice questions, 24 practice Free Response Questions, and an incredible review sheet that follows the entire book, the No Bull Review is a must-have whether you are purchasing it for government class in September, or hours before the big exam.

The Anti-Politics Machine

Download The Anti-Politics Machine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CUP Archive
ISBN 13 : 9780521373821
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (738 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Anti-Politics Machine by : James Ferguson

Download or read book The Anti-Politics Machine written by James Ferguson and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on 1990-06-14 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Attributes Canadian withdrawal from the Thaba-Tseka rural development project largely to problems accompanying the expansion of state power ("etatization"). Includes an introductory literature survey on development planning and evaluation in general.

ASAP U.S. Government & Politics: A Quick-Review Study Guide for the AP Exam

Download ASAP U.S. Government & Politics: A Quick-Review Study Guide for the AP Exam PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton Review
ISBN 13 : 1524757713
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (247 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis ASAP U.S. Government & Politics: A Quick-Review Study Guide for the AP Exam by : The Princeton Review

Download or read book ASAP U.S. Government & Politics: A Quick-Review Study Guide for the AP Exam written by The Princeton Review and published by Princeton Review. This book was released on 2018-01-30 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looking for sample exams, practice questions, and test-taking strategies? Check out our extended, in-depth prep guide, Cracking the AP U.S. Government & Politics Exam! LIKE CLASS NOTES—ONLY BETTER. The Princeton Review's ASAP U.S. Government & Politics is designed to help you zero in on just the information you need to know to successfully grapple with the AP test. No questions, no drills: just review. Advanced Placement exams require students to have a firm grasp of content—you can't bluff or even logic your way to a 5. Like a set of class notes borrowed from the smartest student in your grade, this book gives you exactly that. No tricks or crazy stratagems, no sample essays or practice sets: Just the facts, presented with lots of helpful visuals. Inside ASAP U.S. Government & Politics, you'll find: • Essential concepts, institutions, and policies for AP United States Gov & Politics—all explained clearly & concisely • Lists, charts, and graphs for quick visual reference • A three-pass icon system designed to help you prioritize learning what you MUST, SHOULD, and COULD know in the time you have available • "Ask Yourself" questions to help identify areas where you might need extra attention • A resource that's perfect for last-minute exam prep and for daily class work Topics covered in ASAP U.S. Government & Politics include: • The institutions of national government • Constitutional underpinnings • Political beliefs & behaviors • Civil rights & civil liberties • Congress, the presidency, the bureaucracy, and the federal courts • Public policy • Political parties, interest groups, and mass media ... and more!

The Logic of Political Survival

Download The Logic of Political Survival PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262261774
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (622 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Logic of Political Survival by : Bruce Bueno De Mesquita

Download or read book The Logic of Political Survival written by Bruce Bueno De Mesquita and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2005-01-14 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors of this ambitious book address a fundamental political question: why are leaders who produce peace and prosperity turned out of office while those who preside over corruption, war, and misery endure? Considering this political puzzle, they also answer the related economic question of why some countries experience successful economic development and others do not. The authors construct a provocative theory on the selection of leaders and present specific formal models from which their central claims can be deduced. They show how political leaders allocate resources and how institutions for selecting leaders create incentives for leaders to pursue good and bad public policy. They also extend the model to explain the consequences of war on political survival. Throughout the book, they provide illustrations from history, ranging from ancient Sparta to Vichy France, and test the model against statistics gathered from cross-national data. The authors explain the political intuition underlying their theory in nontechnical language, reserving formal proofs for chapter appendixes. They conclude by presenting policy prescriptions based on what has been demonstrated theoretically and empirically.

AP US Government and Politics Premium

Download AP US Government and Politics Premium PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Barrons Educational Services
ISBN 13 : 1506258697
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis AP US Government and Politics Premium by : Curt Lader

Download or read book AP US Government and Politics Premium written by Curt Lader and published by Barrons Educational Services. This book was released on 2019-12-31 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Be prepared for exam day with Barron’s. Trusted content from AP experts! Barron’s AP U.S. Government and Politics Premium: 2020-2021 includes in-depth content review and online practice. It’s the only book you’ll need to be prepared for exam day. Written by Experienced Educators Learn from Barron’s--all content is written and reviewed by AP experts Build your understanding with comprehensive review tailored to the most recent exam Get a leg up with tips, strategies, and study advice for exam day--it’s like having a trusted tutor by your side Be Confident on Exam Day Sharpen your test-taking skills with 5 full-length practice tests--2 in the book and 3 more online Strengthen your knowledge with in-depth review covering all Units on the AP U.S. Government and Politics Exam Reinforce your learning with practice questions at the end of each chapter Interactive Online Practice Continue your practice with 3 full-length practice tests on Barron’s Online Learning Hub Simulate the exam experience with a timed test option Deepen your understanding with detailed answer explanations and expert advice Gain confidence with automated scoring to check your learning progress

AP US Government and Politics 2019 & 2020 Prep Book

Download AP US Government and Politics 2019 & 2020 Prep Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Test Prep Books
ISBN 13 : 9781628456431
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (564 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis AP US Government and Politics 2019 & 2020 Prep Book by : Test Prep Books

Download or read book AP US Government and Politics 2019 & 2020 Prep Book written by Test Prep Books and published by Test Prep Books. This book was released on 2019-05-23 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Test Prep Books' AP US Government and Politics 2019 & 2020 Prep Book: AP United States Government and Politics Study Guide & Practice Test Questions [Updated for the NEW Outline] Made by Test Prep Books experts for test takers trying to achieve a great score on the AP US Government and Politics exam. This comprehensive study guide includes: -Quick Overview Find out what's inside this guide! -Test-Taking Strategies Learn the best tips to help overcome your exam! -Introduction Get a thorough breakdown of what the test is and what's on it! -Unit 1: Foundations of American Democracy -Unit 2: Interactions Among Branches of Government -Unit 3: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights -Unit 4: American Political Ideologies and Beliefs -Unit 5: Political Participation -Practice Questions Practice makes perfect! -Detailed Answer Explanations Figure out where you went wrong and how to improve! Disclaimer: *AP(R) and Advanced Placement(R) are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product. Studying can be hard. We understand. That's why we created this guide. Each section of the test has a comprehensive review created by Test Prep Books. These reviews go into detail to cover all of the AP US Government and Politics test. The Test Prep Books AP US Government and Politics practice test questions are followed by answer explanations. If you miss a question, it's important to understand why. That way, you can avoid missing it again in the future. The answer explanations will help you learn from your mistakes. Knowing the latest test-taking strategies is essential for the exam. A test taker has to understand the material that is being covered. They also must be familiar with test strategies. These strategies are necessary to properly use the time provided. They also help test takers complete the test without making any errors. Test Prep Books has provided the top test-taking tips. Anyone planning to take this exam should take advantage of this Test Prep Books study guide. Purchase it today to receive access to: -AP US Government and Politics review materials -Practice test questions -Test-taking strategies

The Three Languages of Politics

Download The Three Languages of Politics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781948647427
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (474 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Three Languages of Politics by : Arnold Kling

Download or read book The Three Languages of Politics written by Arnold Kling and published by . This book was released on 2019-08-13 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now available in its 3rd edition, with new commentary on political psychology and communication in the Trump era, Kling's book could not be any more timely, as Americans--whether as media pundits or conversing at a party--talk past one another with even greater volume, heat, and disinterest in contrary opinions.The Three Languages of Politics it is a book about how we communicate issues and our ideologies, and how language intended to persuade instead divides.

Test Policy and the Politics of Opportunity Allocation: The Workplace and the Law

Download Test Policy and the Politics of Opportunity Allocation: The Workplace and the Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400925026
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Test Policy and the Politics of Opportunity Allocation: The Workplace and the Law by : Bernard R. Gifford

Download or read book Test Policy and the Politics of Opportunity Allocation: The Workplace and the Law written by Bernard R. Gifford and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bernard R. Gifford In the United States, the standardized test has become one of the major sources of information for reducing uncertainty in the determination of individual merit and in the allocation of merit-based educational, training, and employment opportunities. Most major institutions of higher education require applicants to supplement their records of academic achievements with scores on standardized tests. Similarly, in the workplace, as a condition of employment or assignment to training programs, more and more employers are requiring prospective employees to sit for standardized tests. In short, with increasing frequency and intensity, individual members of the political economy are required to transmit to the opportunity marketplace scores on standardized examinations that purport to be objective measures of their and potential. In many instances, these test scores are the abilities, talents, only signals about their skills that job applicants are permitted to send to prospective employers. THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON TESTING AND PUBLIC POLICY In view of the importance of these issues to our current national agenda, it was proposed that the Human Rights and Governance and the Education and Culture Programs of the Ford Foundation support the establishment of a ''blue ribbon" National Commission on Testing and Public Policy to investigate some of the major problems as well as the untapped opportunities created by recent trends in the use of standardized tests, particularly in the workplace and in schools.