The Salazar New State And European Fascism

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The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914-1945

Author : Nicholas Doumanis
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199695660
Total Pages : 673 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914-1945 by : Nicholas Doumanis

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914-1945 written by Nicholas Doumanis and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The period spanning the two World Wars was unquestionably the most catastrophic in Europe's history. Despite such undeniably progressive developments as the radical expansion of women's suffrage and rising health standards, the era was dominated by political violence and chronic instability. Its symbols were Verdun, Guernica, and Auschwitz. By the end of this dark period, tens of millions of Europeans had been killed and more still had been displaced and permanently traumatized. If the nineteenth century gave Europeans cause to regard the future with a sense of optimism, the early twentieth century had them anticipating the destruction of civilization. The fact that so many revolutions, regime changes, dictatorships, mass killings, and civil wars took place within such a compressed time frame suggests that Europe experienced a general crisis. The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914-1945 reconsiders the most significant features of this calamitous age from a transnational perspective. It demonstrates the degree to which national experiences were intertwined with those of other nations, and how each crisis was implicated in wider regional, continental, and global developments. Readers will find innovative and stimulating chapters on various political, social, and economic subjects by some of the leading scholars working on modern European history today.

Salazar

Author : Tom Gallagher
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 1787384519
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Salazar by : Tom Gallagher

Download or read book Salazar written by Tom Gallagher and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-09-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fifty years after his death, Portugal's Salazar remains a controversial and enigmatic figure, whose conservative and authoritarian legacy still divides opinion. Some see him as a reactionary and oppressive figure who kept Portugal backward, while others praise his honesty, patriotism and dedication to duty. Contemporary radicals are wary of his unabashed elitism and skepticism about social progress, but many conservatives give credit to his persistent warnings about the threats to Western civilization from runaway materialism and endless experimentation. For a dictator, Salazar's end was anti-climactic--a domestic accident. But during his nearly four decades in power, he survived less through reliance on force and more through guile and charm. This probing biography charts the highs and lows of Salazar's rule, from rescuing Portugal's finances and keeping his strategically-placed nation out of World War II to maintaining a police state while resisting the winds of change in Africa. It explores Salazar's long-running suspicion of and conflict with the United States, and how he kept Hitler and Mussolini at arm's length while persuading his fellow dictator Franco not to enter the war on their side. Iberia expert Tom Gallagher brings to life a complex leader who deserves to be far better known.

An Authoritarian Third Way in the Era of Fascism

Author : António Costa Pinto
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000482138
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis An Authoritarian Third Way in the Era of Fascism by : António Costa Pinto

Download or read book An Authoritarian Third Way in the Era of Fascism written by António Costa Pinto and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-25 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes a transnational and comparative approach that analyses the process of diffusion of a third way in selected transitions to authoritarianism in Europe and Latin America. When looking at the authoritarian wave of the 1930s, it is not difficult to see how some regimes appeared to offer an authoritarian third way somewhere between democracy and fascism. It is in this context that some Iberian dictatorships, such as those of Primo de Rivera in Spain, Salazar’s New State in Portugal and the short-lived Dollfuss regime in Austria are mentioned frequently. Especially during the 1930s, and in those parts of Europe under Axis control, these models were discussed and often adopted by several dictatorships. This book considers how and why these dictatorships on the periphery of Europe, especially Salazar’s New State in Portugal, inspired some of these regimes’ new political institutions particularly within Europe and Latin America. It pays special attention to how, as they proposed and pursued these authoritarian reforms, these domestic political actors also looked at these institutional models as suitable for their own countries. The volume is ideal for students and scholars of comparative fascism, authoritarian regimes, and European and Latin American modern history and politics.

Salazar

Author : Filipe Ribeiro De Meneses
Publisher : Enigma Books
ISBN 13 : 1929631901
Total Pages : 658 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Salazar by : Filipe Ribeiro De Meneses

Download or read book Salazar written by Filipe Ribeiro De Meneses and published by Enigma Books. This book was released on 2013-10-18 with total page 658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The only complete political biography by a major Portuguese historian.

Fascist Pigs

Author : Tiago Saraiva
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262335719
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Fascist Pigs by : Tiago Saraiva

Download or read book Fascist Pigs written by Tiago Saraiva and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2016-10-07 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How the breeding of new animals and plants was central to fascist regimes in Italy, Portugal, and Germany and to their imperial expansion. In the fascist regimes of Mussolini's Italy, Salazar's Portugal, and Hitler's Germany, the first mass mobilizations involved wheat engineered to take advantage of chemical fertilizers, potatoes resistant to late blight, and pigs that thrived on national produce. Food independence was an early goal of fascism; indeed, as Tiago Saraiva writes in Fascist Pigs, fascists were obsessed with projects to feed the national body from the national soil. Saraiva shows how such technoscientific organisms as specially bred wheat and pigs became important elements in the institutionalization and expansion of fascist regimes. The pigs, the potatoes, and the wheat embodied fascism. In Nazi Germany, only plants and animals conforming to the new national standards would be allowed to reproduce. Pigs that didn't efficiently convert German-grown potatoes into pork and lard were eliminated. Saraiva describes national campaigns that intertwined the work of geneticists with new state bureaucracies; discusses fascist empires, considering forced labor on coffee, rubber, and cotton in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Eastern Europe; and explores fascist genocides, following Karakul sheep from a laboratory in Germany to Eastern Europe, Libya, Ethiopia, and Angola. Saraiva's highly original account—the first systematic study of the relation between science and fascism—argues that the “back to the land” aspect of fascism should be understood as a modernist experiment involving geneticists and their organisms, mass propaganda, overgrown bureaucracy, and violent colonialism.

Latin Fascist Elites

Author : Paul H. Lewis
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 0313013349
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Latin Fascist Elites by : Paul H. Lewis

Download or read book Latin Fascist Elites written by Paul H. Lewis and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2002-12-30 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many dictatorships are short-lived, but a few manage to stay in power for decades. Lewis takes three Latin fascist tyrants—Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar—and shows how they perpetuated their rule through the careful recruitment and circulation of top-echelon subordinates to carry out their orders. Long-established dictatorships have to respond to political and social pressures surrounding them, just as democracies do, but it is harder to study them because they are closed systems. One possible way of viewing their internal processes is by observing who they recruit into top leadership positions. Every dictator, however powerful, must delegate some authortiy to an elite stratum just below him. By watching which kinds of men are recruited, how long they are kept in power, and whether different skills are sought at different times, it may be possible to chart the evolution of a 20- or 30-year regime. The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar regimes all fit the criteria of being long-established. Mussolini ruled for almost 21 years, Franco for over 37, and Salazar for 36. Moreover, all three shared a family resemblance as being fascist. Comparing them affords the additional advantage of adding to our understanding of the Latin variant of fascism, as contrasted to the Central and Eastern European. A provocative work for scholars, students, and other researchers involved with European Politics, Modern European History, and fascist regimes.

Rethinking Fascism and Dictatorship in Europe

Author : António Costa Pinto
Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9781349480883
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Rethinking Fascism and Dictatorship in Europe by : António Costa Pinto

Download or read book Rethinking Fascism and Dictatorship in Europe written by António Costa Pinto and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2014-01-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fascism exerted a crucial ideological and political influence across Europe and beyond. Its appeal reached much further than the expanding transnational circle of 'fascists', crossing into the territory of the mainstream, authoritarian, and traditional right. Meanwhile, fascism's seemingly inexorable rise unfolded against the backdrop of a dramatic shift towards dictatorship in large parts of Europe during the 1920s and especially 1930s. These dictatorships shared a growing conviction that 'fascism' was the driving force of a new, post-liberal, fiercely nationalist and anti-communist order. The ten contributions to this volume seek to capture, theoretically and empirically, the complex transnational dynamic between interwar dictatorships. This dynamic, involving diffusion of ideas and practices, cross-fertilisation, and reflexive adaptation, muddied the boundaries between 'fascist' and 'authoritarian' constituencies of the interwar European right.

Reactionary Nationalists, Fascists and Dictatorships in the Twentieth Century

Author : Ismael Saz
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030224112
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Reactionary Nationalists, Fascists and Dictatorships in the Twentieth Century by : Ismael Saz

Download or read book Reactionary Nationalists, Fascists and Dictatorships in the Twentieth Century written by Ismael Saz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-23 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comparative study of fascisms and reactionary nationalisms. It presents these as transnational political cultures and examines the dictatorships and regimes in which these cultures played significant roles. The book is organised into three main sections, focusing on nationalists, fascists and dictatorships in turn. The chapters range across French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and German experiences, and include a broader overview of the political cultures in Central and Eastern Europe as well as Latin America. The chapters consider the identities, organizations and evolution of the various cultures and specific political movements, alongside the intersections between these movements and how they adapted to changing contexts. By doing so, the book offers a global view of fascisms and reactionary nationalisms, and promotes debate around these political cultures.

Fascism without Borders

Author : Arnd Bauerkämper
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 1785334697
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (853 download)

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Book Synopsis Fascism without Borders by : Arnd Bauerkämper

Download or read book Fascism without Borders written by Arnd Bauerkämper and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2017-05-01 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is one of the great ironies of the history of fascism that, despite their fascination with ultra-nationalism, its adherents understood themselves as members of a transnational political movement. While a true “Fascist International” has never been established, European fascists shared common goals and sentiments as well as similar worldviews. They also drew on each other for support and motivation, even though relations among them were not free from misunderstandings and conflicts. Through a series of fascinating case studies, this expansive collection examines fascism’s transnational dimension, from the movements inspired by the early example of Fascist Italy to the international antifascist organizations that emerged in subsequent years.

Fascism: A Warning

Author : Madeleine Albright
Publisher : HarperCollins
ISBN 13 : 006293127X
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (629 download)

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Book Synopsis Fascism: A Warning by : Madeleine Albright

Download or read book Fascism: A Warning written by Madeleine Albright and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2019-01-29 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: #1 New York Times Bestseller A personal and urgent examination of Fascism in the twentieth century and how its legacy shapes today’s world, written by one of the most admired public servants in American history, the first woman to serve as U.S. secretary of state A Fascist, observed Madeleine Albright, “is someone who claims to speak for a whole nation or group, is utterly unconcerned with the rights of others, and is willing to use violence and whatever other means are necessary to achieve the goals he or she might have.” The twentieth century was defined by the clash between democracy and Fascism, a struggle that created uncertainty about the survival of human freedom and left millions dead. Given the horrors of that experience, one might expect the world to reject the spiritual successors to Hitler and Mussolini should they arise in our era. Fascism: A Warning is drawn from Madeleine Albright's experiences as a child in war-torn Europe and her distinguished career as a diplomat to question that assumption. Fascism, as she shows, not only endured through the twentieth century but now presents a more virulent threat to peace and justice than at any time since the end of World War II. The momentum toward democracy that swept the world when the Berlin Wall fell has gone into reverse. The United States, which historically championed the free world, is led by a president who exacerbates division and heaps scorn on democratic institutions. In many countries, economic, technological, and cultural factors are weakening the political center and empowering the extremes of right and left. Contemporary leaders such as Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong-un are employing many of the tactics used by Fascists in the 1920s and 30s. Fascism: A Warning is a book for our times that is relevant to all times. Written by someone who not only studied history but helped to shape it, this call to arms teaches us the lessons we must understand and the questions we must answer if we are to save ourselves from repeating the tragic errors of the past.

Nazi Germany and Southern Europe, 1933-45

Author : Fernando Clara
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137551526
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (375 download)

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Book Synopsis Nazi Germany and Southern Europe, 1933-45 by : Fernando Clara

Download or read book Nazi Germany and Southern Europe, 1933-45 written by Fernando Clara and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-29 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nazi Germany and Southern Europe, 1933-45 is about transnational fascist discourse. It addresses the cultural and scientific links between Nazi Germany and Southern Europe focusing on a hybrid international environment and an intricate set of objects that include individual, social, cultural or scientific networks and events.

Fascists

Author : Michael Mann
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521538558
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (385 download)

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Book Synopsis Fascists by : Michael Mann

Download or read book Fascists written by Michael Mann and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-05-24 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fascists presents a new theory of fascism based on intensive analysis of the men and women who became fascists. It covers the six European countries in which fascism became most dominant - Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Romania and Spain. It is the most comprehensive analysis of who fascists actually were, what beliefs they held and what actions they committed. The book suggests that fascism was essentially a product of post World War I conditions in Europe and is unlikely to re-appear in its classic garb in the future. Nonetheless, elements of its ideology remain relevant to modern conditions and are now re-appearing, though mainly in different parts of the world.

Essays on Fascism

Author : Benito Mussolini
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781913176037
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on Fascism by : Benito Mussolini

Download or read book Essays on Fascism written by Benito Mussolini and published by . This book was released on 2019-03-25 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Ideology of Fascism" was written by Oswald Mosley in 1967 and provides a post WW2 analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of Fascism as a political doctrine, and utilising its strengths proposes a United Europe, in union with science, as a prime requirement for the 21st Century. "The Doctrine of Fascism" was written by Benito Mussolini and the Italian philosopher Giovanni Gentile. A key concept of which was that fascism was a rejection of previous models: "If the 19th century was the century of the individual we are free to believe that this is the 'collective' century, and therefore the century of the State." Giovanni Gentile was inspired by Italian intellectuals such as Mazzini, Rosmini, Gioberti, and Spaventa from whom he developed the idea of "self-construction," but also was strongly influenced by the German idealist and materialist schools of thought - namely Marx, Hegel, Fichte, and Nietzsche. Gentile was described by Mussolini, as 'the philosopher of Fascism'. Alfredo Rocco developed the economic and political theory of corporatism which would become part of the Fascist Manifesto of the National Fascist Party. Rocco denounced the European powers for imposing foreign culture on Italy and criticized the European powers for endorsing too much liberalism and individualism. The Fascist Manifesto was endorsed by a large number of intellectuals, and writers, including Luigi Pirandello, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and Giuseppe Ungaretti.

The Anatomy of Fascism

Author : Robert O. Paxton
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0307428125
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis The Anatomy of Fascism by : Robert O. Paxton

Download or read book The Anatomy of Fascism written by Robert O. Paxton and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2007-12-18 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is fascism? By focusing on the concrete: what the fascists did, rather than what they said, the esteemed historian Robert O. Paxton answers this question. From the first violent uniformed bands beating up “enemies of the state,” through Mussolini’s rise to power, to Germany’s fascist radicalization in World War II, Paxton shows clearly why fascists came to power in some countries and not others, and explores whether fascism could exist outside the early-twentieth-century European setting in which it emerged. "A deeply intelligent and very readable book. . . . Historical analysis at its best." –The Economist The Anatomy of Fascism will have a lasting impact on our understanding of modern European history, just as Paxton’s classic Vichy France redefined our vision of World War II. Based on a lifetime of research, this compelling and important book transforms our knowledge of fascism–“the major political innovation of the twentieth century, and the source of much of its pain.”

The Europe of Nations and Its Future

Author : Adam Wielomski
Publisher : Klub Zachowawczo-Monarchistyczny
ISBN 13 : 8392716663
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis The Europe of Nations and Its Future by : Adam Wielomski

Download or read book The Europe of Nations and Its Future written by Adam Wielomski and published by Klub Zachowawczo-Monarchistyczny. This book was released on 2017 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The topic of the booklet in front of you is the issue of nationalism as well as Euroscepticism in the European Union and in particular a new phenomenon, which is emerging before our eyes, i.e. nationalism at a European level. European nationalism? This conceptual cluster is only at a first glance internally contradictory. The era when nationalists from one country shot at nationalists from a neighbouring one is a thing of the past. In a globalized world and integrated Europe nationalism perceived in such a way is long gone. It is a historic relic, which could be exhibited in an ideological museum. Its last remaining followers could be dubbed indeed as dinosaurs. Contemporary European nationalists, or as they describe themselves – patriots – do not stare into the past and do not cherish memories of prior conflicts. Euronationalists are not nostalgic, but they are focusing on the future. The ascertainment stated above is the result of our trip to the European Parliament in Strasbourg, which we took in December of 2015 and our conversations that we had with the members of the European Parliament associated with the Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom (MENF) consisting of socalled Eurosceptics. The purpose of this work is to examine the origins, the essence and the perspectives of Euro-nationalism.

Modernism and Fascism

Author : R. Griffin
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230596126
Total Pages : 467 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Modernism and Fascism by : R. Griffin

Download or read book Modernism and Fascism written by R. Griffin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2007-05-22 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intellectual debates surrounding modernity, modernism and fascism continue to be active and hotly contested. In this ambitious book, renowned expert on fascism Roger Griffin analyzes Western modernity and the regimes of Mussolini and Hitler and offers a pioneering new interpretation of the links between these apparently contradictory phenomena.

A New Nationalist Europe Under Hitler

Author : Johannes Dafinger
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351627716
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis A New Nationalist Europe Under Hitler by : Johannes Dafinger

Download or read book A New Nationalist Europe Under Hitler written by Johannes Dafinger and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nazis, fascists and völkisch conservatives in different European countries not only cooperated internationally in the fields of culture, science, economy, and persecution of Jews, but also developed ideas for a racist and ethno-nationalist Europe under Hitler. The present volume attempts to combine an analysis of Nazi Germany’s transnational relations with an evaluation of the discourse that accompanied these relations.