The Role Of Twitter In The 2016 Us Election

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The Role of Twitter in the 2016 US Election

Author : Christopher J. Galdieri
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319689819
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis The Role of Twitter in the 2016 US Election by : Christopher J. Galdieri

Download or read book The Role of Twitter in the 2016 US Election written by Christopher J. Galdieri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assembles six chapters by respected and emerging scholars in political science and communication to produce a first sustained look at Twitter's role in the 2016 US Presidential Election. While much attention has already been paid to Trump's use of Twitter as a phenomenon—how it helps drive news cycles, distracts attention from other matters, or levies attacks against rivals, the news media, and other critics—there has been little scholarly analysis of the impact Twitter played in the actual election. These chapters apply an impressive diversity of theoretical explanations and methodological approaches to explore how this new technology shaped an American election, and what impact it could have in the future.

Trump, Twitter, and the American Democracy

Author : Yu Ouyang
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303044242X
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Trump, Twitter, and the American Democracy by : Yu Ouyang

Download or read book Trump, Twitter, and the American Democracy written by Yu Ouyang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-29 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes a social science approach to address two related questions: (1) what does Donald Trump say on Twitter? and (2) why? Since entering the 2016 Presidential Election, Donald Trump’s tweets have been a major part of his communications strategy with the public. While the popular media has devoted considerable attention to selected tweets, it is less clear what those selected tweets tell us about Trump the businessman, the political candidate, and, finally, the President of the United States. We argue that to fully understand Trump, we must take a more comprehensive approach to examining all of his activities on Twitter. Overall, our analysis presents a strikingly complex picture of Trump and how he uses Twitter. Not only has his pattern of tweets changed over time, we find that Trump’s use of Twitter is more deliberate than he has been given credit. Like most other politicians, Trump is strategically-minded about his presence on social media.

“Unpresidented” - Twitter as a Tool in Donald Trump’s Social Media Campaign

Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3668562695
Total Pages : 61 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (685 download)

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Book Synopsis “Unpresidented” - Twitter as a Tool in Donald Trump’s Social Media Campaign by :

Download or read book “Unpresidented” - Twitter as a Tool in Donald Trump’s Social Media Campaign written by and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presidential elections in the United States are, and always have been, major events in American and world history. They are watched by millions of people not only in the US but all over the world. A circumstance that is often not noticed by less informed viewers is that the most famous part of the elections, namely the presidential inauguration, is preceded by weeks, months and even years of presidential campaigning, where candidates raise and spend vast amounts of money in order to convince the American citizens to give them their vote. These campaigns have commonly consisted of journeys throughout the entire country, rallies, conventions and speeches but lately, another medium has been taking a great role in the competition: Social Media. Especially during the 2016 election cycle Twitter became a campaign tool that never has been used during political campaigns to this extent before. Donald Trump in particular has made use of Twitter to such a great extent that it sometimes even seemed like his official speaking tube. The introductory chapters of this work are dedicated to Obama’s social media pio-neer work during his 2008 election cycle. Then the Twitter phenomenon Trump will be analyzed based on an analysis of recurring patterns in a selection of his tweets. His controversial behavior online as well as offline will be set out as well. From the contents: Trump; Campaign; Twitter; Social Media; Politics; Presidential Elections; USA Dem Überblick über politische Wahlkampfstrategien vor und seit der Instrumentalisierung der neuen Medien ist eine konzise und zielführende Einführung in das US-amerikanische Wahlsystem vorangestellt. Zudem werden grundlegende Begrifflichkeiten der neuen Medien unter Bezug auf einschlägige Quellen angemessen erläutert. Die Wende hin zu den neuen Medien im Präsidentschaftswahlkampf seit Obama wird sehr gut zusammengefasst und mit Fragen der Wahlbeteiligung bzw. zur vermeintlichen Politikverdrossenheit in Verbindung gebracht. Im zweiten Kapitel wird Donald Trump als „Twitter-Phänomen“ diskutiert und aufgezeigt, welche Rolle sein Verhalten in der Kampagne einnahm. Es folgt eine genauere Analyse der Muster in den Tweets, gestützt auf gut ausgewählte medienanalytische Quellen.

The Dynamics of Political Communication

Author : Richard M. Perloff
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136294600
Total Pages : 489 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (362 download)

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Book Synopsis The Dynamics of Political Communication by : Richard M. Perloff

Download or read book The Dynamics of Political Communication written by Richard M. Perloff and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-12-04 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What impact do news and political advertising have on us? How do candidates use media to persuade us as voters? Are we informed adequately about political issues? Do 21st-century political communications measure up to democratic ideals? The Dynamics of Political Communication: Media and Politics in a Digital Age explores these issues and guides us through current political communication theories and beliefs. Author Richard M. Perloff details the fluid landscape of political communication and offers us an engaging introduction to the field and a thorough tour of the d.

"Unpresidented" - Twitter as a Tool in Donald Trump's Social Media Campaign

Author : Anonym
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783960951179
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (511 download)

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Book Synopsis "Unpresidented" - Twitter as a Tool in Donald Trump's Social Media Campaign by : Anonym

Download or read book "Unpresidented" - Twitter as a Tool in Donald Trump's Social Media Campaign written by Anonym and published by . This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presidential elections in the United States are, and always have been, major events in American and world history. They are watched by millions of people not only in the US but all over the world. A circumstance that is often not noticed by less informed viewers is that the most famous part of the elections, namely the presidential inauguration, is preceded by weeks, months and even years of presidential campaigning, where candidates raise and spend vast amounts of money in order to convince the American citizens to give them their vote. These campaigns have commonly consisted of journeys throughout the entire country, rallies, conventions and speeches but lately, another medium has been taking a great role in the competition: Social Media. Especially during the 2016 election cycle Twitter became a campaign tool that never has been used during political campaigns to this extent before. Donald Trump in particular has made use of Twitter to such a great extent that it sometimes even seemed like his official speaking tube. The introductory chapters of this work are dedicated to Obama's social media pio-neer work during his 2008 election cycle. Then the Twitter phenomenon Trump will be analyzed based on an analysis of recurring patterns in a selection of his tweets. His controversial behavior online as well as offline will be set out as well. From the contents: Trump; Campaign; Twitter; Social Media; Politics; Presidential Elections; USA Dem Uberblick uber politische Wahlkampfstrategien vor und seit der Instrumentalisierung der neuen Medien ist eine konzise und zielfuhrende Einfuhrung in das US-amerikanische Wahlsystem vorangestellt. Zudem werden grundlegende Begrifflichkeiten der neuen Medien unter Bezug auf einschlagige Quellen angemessen erlautert. Die Wende hin zu den neuen Medien im Prasidentschaftswahlkampf seit Obama wird sehr gut zusammengefasst und mit Fragen der Wahlbeteiligung bzw. zur vermeintlichen Politikverdrossenheit in Verbindung gebracht. Im zweit

Social Media, Political Marketing and the 2016 U.S. Election

Author : Christine B. Williams
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351105507
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Media, Political Marketing and the 2016 U.S. Election by : Christine B. Williams

Download or read book Social Media, Political Marketing and the 2016 U.S. Election written by Christine B. Williams and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Facebook, Twitter and Instagram create new ways to market political campaigns and new channels for candidates and voters to interact. This volume investigates the role and impact of social media in the 2016 U.S. election, focusing specifically on the presidential nominating contest. Through case studies, survey research and content analysis, the researchers employ both human and machine coding to analyse social media text and video content. Together, these illustrate the wide variety of methodological approaches and statistical techniques that can be used to probe the rich, vast stores of social media data now available. Individual chapters examine what different candidates posted about and which posts generated more of a response. The analyses shed light on what social media can reveal about campaign messaging strategies and explore the linkages between social media content and their audiences’ perceptions, opinions and political participation. The findings highlight similarities and differences among candidates and consider how continuity and change are manifest in the 2016 election. Finally, taking a look forward, the contributors consider the implications of their work for political marketing research and practice. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Political Marketing.

Twitter and Elections around the World

Author : Richard Davis
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317363132
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Twitter and Elections around the World by : Richard Davis

Download or read book Twitter and Elections around the World written by Richard Davis and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-09-01 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twitter already has become an important electoral communication tool between candidates, parties and their specific constituencies. No serious candidate campaign ignores Twitter, while political party organizations utilize Twitter to communicate with partisans, reinforce supporters, and mobilize voters. Whereas much scholarship to date has focused primarily on Twitter’s political usage in the United States, there still remain many questions about the political uses and effects of Twitter in a global context. Does Twitter effect how reporters interact with candidates or even with each other? Does Twitter increase voter participation? Who is tweeting about elections? Why do people use Twitter in electoral contexts? Which type of candidate is more likely to use Twitter and why? Do parties differ in their use of Twitter, and why? Does Twitter increase candidate-voter interaction? Is Twitter shaping elections in various system contexts, and if so how? What is the influence of system context on Twitter use by parties, candidates, reporters, and voters? Eloquently combining theory and practice, established and rising scholars in the field of political communication have been brought together to provide an essential overview of the influence of Twitter on elections in a comparative perspective. Readers of this book will not only learn everything there is to know about this specific influence of Twitter, but more broadly how to approach the study of various online tools in general.

The Presidency and Social Media

Author : Dan Schill
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351623184
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis The Presidency and Social Media by : Dan Schill

Download or read book The Presidency and Social Media written by Dan Schill and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-12-22 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The media have long played an important role in the modern political process and the 2016 presidential campaign was no different. From Trump’s tweets and cable-show-call-ins to Sander’s social media machine to Clinton’s "Trump Yourself" app and podcast, journalism, social and digital media, and entertainment media were front-and-center in 2016. Clearly, political media played a dominant and disruptive role in our democratic process. This book helps to explain the role of these media and communication outlets in the 2016 presidential election. This thorough study of how political communication evolved in 2016 examines the disruptive role communication technology played in the 2016 presidential primary campaign and general election and how voters sought and received political information. The Presidency and Social Media includes top scholars from leading research institutions using various research methodologies to generate new understandings—both theoretical and practical—for students, researchers, journalists, and practitioners.

Network Propaganda

Author : Yochai Benkler
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190923644
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Network Propaganda by : Yochai Benkler

Download or read book Network Propaganda written by Yochai Benkler and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-17 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Is social media destroying democracy? Are Russian propaganda or "Fake news" entrepreneurs on Facebook undermining our sense of a shared reality? A conventional wisdom has emerged since the election of Donald Trump in 2016 that new technologies and their manipulation by foreign actors played a decisive role in his victory and are responsible for the sense of a "post-truth" moment in which disinformation and propaganda thrives. Network Propaganda challenges that received wisdom through the most comprehensive study yet published on media coverage of American presidential politics from the start of the election cycle in April 2015 to the one year anniversary of the Trump presidency. Analysing millions of news stories together with Twitter and Facebook shares, broadcast television and YouTube, the book provides a comprehensive overview of the architecture of contemporary American political communications. Through data analysis and detailed qualitative case studies of coverage of immigration, Clinton scandals, and the Trump Russia investigation, the book finds that the right-wing media ecosystem operates fundamentally differently than the rest of the media environment. The authors argue that longstanding institutional, political, and cultural patterns in American politics interacted with technological change since the 1970s to create a propaganda feedback loop in American conservative media. This dynamic has marginalized centre-right media and politicians, radicalized the right wing ecosystem, and rendered it susceptible to propaganda efforts, foreign and domestic. For readers outside the United States, the book offers a new perspective and methods for diagnosing the sources of, and potential solutions for, the perceived global crisis of democratic politics.

Words That Matter

Author : Leticia Bode
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815731922
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis Words That Matter by : Leticia Bode

Download or read book Words That Matter written by Leticia Bode and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2020-05-26 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How the 2016 news media environment allowed Trump to win the presidency The 2016 presidential election campaign might have seemed to be all about one man. He certainly did everything possible to reinforce that impression. But to an unprecedented degree the campaign also was about the news media and its relationships with the man who won and the woman he defeated. Words that Matter assesses how the news media covered the extraordinary 2016 election and, more important, what information—true, false, or somewhere in between—actually helped voters make up their minds. Using journalists' real-time tweets and published news coverage of campaign events, along with Gallup polling data measuring how voters perceived that reporting, the book traces the flow of information from candidates and their campaigns to journalists and to the public. The evidence uncovered shows how Donald Trump's victory, and Hillary Clinton's loss, resulted in large part from how the news media responded to these two unique candidates. Both candidates were unusual in their own ways, and thus presented a long list of possible issues for the media to focus on. Which of these many topics got communicated to voters made a big difference outcome. What people heard about these two candidates during the campaign was quite different. Coverage of Trump was scattered among many different issues, and while many of those issues were negative, no single negative narrative came to dominate the coverage of the man who would be elected the 45th president of the United States. Clinton, by contrast, faced an almost unrelenting news media focus on one negative issue—her alleged misuse of e-mails—that captured public attention in a way that the more numerous questions about Trump did not. Some news media coverage of the campaign was insightful and helpful to voters who really wanted serious information to help them make the most important decision a democracy offers. But this book also demonstrates how the modern media environment can exacerbate the kind of pack journalism that leads some issues to dominate the news while others of equal or greater importance get almost no attention, making it hard for voters to make informed choices.

Presidential Campaigning in the Internet Age

Author : Jennifer Stromer-Galley
Publisher : Oxford Studies in Digital Poli
ISBN 13 : 0190694041
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Presidential Campaigning in the Internet Age by : Jennifer Stromer-Galley

Download or read book Presidential Campaigning in the Internet Age written by Jennifer Stromer-Galley and published by Oxford Studies in Digital Poli. This book was released on 2019 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the plugged-in presidential campaign has arguably reached maturity, Presidential Campaigning in the Internet Age challenges popular claims about the democratizing effect of Digital Communication Technologies (DCTs). Analyzing campaign strategies, structures, and tactics from the past six presidential election cycles, Stromer-Galley reveals how, for all their vaunted inclusivity and tantalizing promise of increased two-way communication between candidates and the individuals who support them, DCTs have done little to change the fundamental dynamics of campaigns. The expansion of new technologies has presented candidates with greater opportunities to micro-target potential voters, cheaper and easier ways to raise money, and faster and more innovative ways to respond to opponents. The need for communication control and management, however, has made campaigns slow and loathe to experiment with truly interactive internet communication technologies. Citizen involvement in the campaign historically has been and, as this book shows, continues to be a means to an end: winning the election for the candidate. For all the proliferation of apps to download, polls to click, videos to watch, and messages to forward, the decidedly undemocratic view of controlled interactivity is how most campaigns continue to operate. In the fully revised second edition, Presidential Campaigning in the Internet Age examines election cycles from 1996, when the World Wide Web was first used for presidential campaigning, through 2016 when campaigns had the full power of advertising on social media sites. As the book charts changes in internet communication technologies, it shows how, even as campaigns have moved from a mass mediated to a networked paradigm, the possibilities these shifts in interactivity seem to promise for citizen input and empowerment remain farther than a click away.

Computational Propaganda

Author : Samuel C. Woolley
Publisher : Oxford Studies in Digital Poli
ISBN 13 : 019093140X
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Propaganda by : Samuel C. Woolley

Download or read book Computational Propaganda written by Samuel C. Woolley and published by Oxford Studies in Digital Poli. This book was released on 2018-11-12 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social media platforms do not just circulate political ideas, they support manipulative disinformation campaigns. While some of these disinformation campaigns are carried out directly by individuals, most are waged by software, commonly known as bots, programmed to perform simple, repetitive, robotic tasks. Some social media bots collect and distribute legitimate information, while others communicate with and harass people, manipulate trending algorithms, and inundate systems with spam. Campaigns made up of bots, fake accounts, and trolls can be coordinated by one person, or a small group of people, to give the illusion of large-scale consensus. Some political regimes use political bots to silence opponents and to push official state messaging, to sway the vote during elections, and to defame critics, human rights defenders, civil society groups, and journalists. This book argues that such automation and platform manipulation, amounts to a new political communications mechanism that Samuel Woolley and Philip N. Noward call "computational propaganda." This differs from older styles of propaganda in that it uses algorithms, automation, and human curation to purposefully distribute misleading information over social media networks while it actively learns from and mimicks real people so as to manipulate public opinion across a diverse range of platforms and device networks. This book includes cases of computational propaganda from nine countries (both democratic and authoritarian) and four continents (North and South America, Europe, and Asia), covering propaganda efforts over a wide array of social media platforms and usage in different types of political processes (elections, referenda, and during political crises).

Tweeting to Power

Author : Jason Gainous
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199965099
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

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Book Synopsis Tweeting to Power by : Jason Gainous

Download or read book Tweeting to Power written by Jason Gainous and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using theory and data, Gainous and Wagner illustrate how online social media is bypassing traditional media and creating new forums for the exchange of political information and campaigning.

Election Interference

Author : Jens David Ohlin
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108861326
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Election Interference by : Jens David Ohlin

Download or read book Election Interference written by Jens David Ohlin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-16 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Russian interference in the 2016 US presidential election produced the biggest political scandal in a generation, marking the beginning of an ongoing attack on democracy. In the run-up to the 2020 election, Russia was found to have engaged in more “information operations,” a practice that has been increasingly adopted by other countries. In Election Interference, Jens David Ohlin makes the case that these operations violate international law, not as a cyberwar or a violation of sovereignty, but as a profound assault on democratic values protected by the international legal order under the rubric of self-determination. He argues that, in order to confront this new threat to democracy, countries must prohibit outsiders from participating in elections, enhance transparency on social media platforms, and punish domestic actors who solicit foreign interference. This important book should be read by anyone interested in protecting election integrity in our age of social media disinformation.

Corporate Language in Online Campaigning. Candidate Trump's Tweets in the 2016 Presidential Election Campaign

Author : Amelie Kersten
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3960956827
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (69 download)

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Book Synopsis Corporate Language in Online Campaigning. Candidate Trump's Tweets in the 2016 Presidential Election Campaign by : Amelie Kersten

Download or read book Corporate Language in Online Campaigning. Candidate Trump's Tweets in the 2016 Presidential Election Campaign written by Amelie Kersten and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2019-10-24 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social Media has brought profound changes to the way people communicate with one another. The 2016 U.S. American presidential elections have demonstrated its deep impact on political participation. But still, only a small segment of research has focused on the actual content of tweets during election campaigns. This is why Amelie Kersten explores Donald Trump’s preferred linguistic style within his presidential campaign. Did Trump use a simple marketing instrument called Corporate Language? Have all his tweets been written by himself? By using a particular style in his tweets the former business man convinced voters to become his followers - not only in the digital world. Kersten shows that there are various linguistic patterns which point to a systematic use. In fact, the verbalization of Trump’s tweets can be generated through means such as reverse engineering. In this book: - Political Presidential Campaigning; - Corporate Identity; - Hillary Clinton; - Twitter; - Social Networks

Political Marketing in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election

Author : Jamie Gillies
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319593455
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Political Marketing in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election by : Jamie Gillies

Download or read book Political Marketing in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election written by Jamie Gillies and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-04 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited collection is one of the first books to focus on the distinctive political marketing and branding strategies utilized by the candidates and their parties in one of the most gripping elections in U.S. history. It considers why this election was so unusual from a political marketing perspective, calling for new explanations and discussions about its implications for mainstream political marketing theory and practice. At a time of political upheaval, candidates from both parties – Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders in particular – have appeared to overturn the conventional wisdom that has hitherto dominated U.S. politics: that candidates should appear ‘presidential’, be politically experienced and qualified to run for office, and avoid controversial and politically incorrect positions. This book presents scholarly perspectives and research with practitioner-relatable content on practices and discourses that look specifically at the Trump, Clinton and Sanders campaigns and how they took current understandings of political marketing and branding in new directions.

Politics and the Twitter Revolution

Author : John H. Parmelee
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739165003
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Politics and the Twitter Revolution by : John H. Parmelee

Download or read book Politics and the Twitter Revolution written by John H. Parmelee and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2012 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Politics and the Twitter Revolution: How Tweets Influence the Relationship between Political Leaders and the Public by John H. Parmelee and Shannon L. Bichard is the first comprehensive examination of how Twitter is used politically. Surveys and in-depth interviews with political Twitter users answer several important questions, including: Who follows the political leaders on Twitter, and why? How persuasive are political tweets? Is political Twitter use good for democracy? These and other questions are answered from theoretical perspectives, such as uses and gratifications, word-of-mouth communication, selective exposure, innovation characteristics, and the continuity-discontinuity framework. In addition, content analysis and frame analysis illustrate how political leaders' tweets frame their policies and personalities. The findings in Politics and the Twitter Revolution show Twitter to be surprisingly influential on political discourse. Twitter has caused major changes in how people engage politically. Followers regularly take actions that are requested in leaders' tweets, and, in many cases, leaders' tweets shape followers' political views more than friends and family. Other findings raise concerns. For some, Twitter use contributes to political polarization, and there is frequently a disconnect between what followers expect from leaders on Twitter and what those leaders are giving them.