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The Role Of Nitric Oxide In Type 2 Diabetes
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Book Synopsis The Role of Nitric Oxide in Type 2 Diabetes by : Asghar Ghasemi
Download or read book The Role of Nitric Oxide in Type 2 Diabetes written by Asghar Ghasemi and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2022-12-01 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose metabolism and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. No effective treatments are available for T2D, although there have been many developments in the therapeutic arena. Nitric oxide (NO) is an endocrine agent with multiple and important biological roles in most mammalian tissues. NO has emerged as a central regulator of energy metabolism and body composition. NO bioavailability is decreased in T2D. Several of the pharmaceuticals used in T2D affect the NO system and perhaps even more so by the drugs we use to treat diabetic cardiovascular complications. Experimental works in animal models of T2D show promising results with interventions aimed to increase NO signaling. However, translation into human studies has so far been less successful, but more large-scale prolonged studies are clearly needed to understand its role. This book is a collection of reviews that deal with the role of nitric oxide in type 2 diabetes, providing a unique overview of NO signaling, and pointing out key areas for more detailed research. The book includes contributions about the pathophysiology of T2D, a brief history of discovery and timeline of NO research, a comprehensive overview of impaired NO metabolism in T2D, precursors of NO (i.e., L-arginine, L-citrulline, nitrate, nitrites, and NO donors), NO and T2D from genetic points of view, NO and diabetic wound healing, NO and osteoporosis, NO and hyperuricemia, NO and Alzheimer’s Disease, therapeutic applications of NO and NO donors in T2D. The compilation is of great value to anyone interested in the biochemistry of NO and its relationship to diabetes.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Type 2 Diabetes on the Transcription of Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 by :
Download or read book The Effect of Type 2 Diabetes on the Transcription of Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Type 2 diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Type 2 diabetes can lead to many secondary complications including impairment in cognitive function and memory. Studies suggest that an increase of fat and fructose in American diets are contributing factors to the abundance of type 2 diabetes. High-fat diets lead to an excess formation of fatty tissue deposits, which cause a chronic release of free fatty acids in the blood stream, which diminishes insulin sensitivity. High-fructose diets lead to insulin resistance via impaired function in hepatic carbohydrate metabolism. During type 2 diabetes the enzyme nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) is misregulated. Misregulation of NOS1 is linked to many of the secondary complications attributed to type 2 diabetes, such as deficits in cognition, learning, and memory formation. High-fructose diets cause more diabetes associated pathology as compared to a high-fat diet. Therefore, NOS1 expression is expected to change more in a rat that is fed a high-fructose diet compared with a rat fed a high-fat diet. This study examines changes in NOS1 expression in the cerebral cortex of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, fed either a high-fat or a high-fructose diet. SD rats model the early development of diabetes, called pre-diabetes. In rodents, NOS1 is regulated by at least five distinct promoters (1a-1c, 1h, 1k), which initiate transcription at a unique first exon, which is then spliced to common downstream exons 2-17. Real-time PCR analysis was used to quantify the relative gene expression of the overall NOS1 transcript and the first three individual promoters (1a-1c). The SD high-fat and high-fructose models showed overall downregulation in NOS1 transcription; however, neither downregulation was statically significant. Therefore, it is unclear if one diet has a greater role in the downregulation of NOS1 in the cerebral cortex of SD pre-diabetic rats.
Book Synopsis Diabetic Dysregulation of Endothelial Glucose Metabolism by : Matthew Brent West
Download or read book Diabetic Dysregulation of Endothelial Glucose Metabolism written by Matthew Brent West and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evident increase in obesity and sedentary lifestyles across the globe is consistent with a rise in the incidence of both non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Type 2 diabetes is a clinically polygenic disease that has become an emergent global problem. Like CVD, diabetes is exaggerated by dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and smoking, and it has been suggested that type 2 diabetes is a cardiovascular disease. Indeed, CVD and diabetes share identical and overlapping risk factors ("common soil hypothesis"). A majority of diabetic complications are a result of both micro and macrovascular changes that either directly or indirectly contribute to these chronic pathologies.
Book Synopsis Role of Nitric Oxide in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes with American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius. L.). by : Zheng Xu
Download or read book Role of Nitric Oxide in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes with American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius. L.). written by Zheng Xu and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the treatment of diabetes with American ginseng extract (AG), a double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 24 type 2 diabetic subjects. They were randomized to take either AG 2.25g/day or placebo for 8 weeks, then crossover with at least 4 weeks washout. Blood pressure was determined and fasting blood was taken to assess NO, glycemic parameters and lipid peroxidation. During AG treatment, NO increased significantly compared to placebo (P = 0.031). The change was negatively correlated to HbA1c (R = -0.42, P = 0.043), which decreased (P = 0.026) following AG. Fasting blood glucose, lipid peroxidation and blood pressure were improved with AG (P
Book Synopsis Role of Nitric Oxide in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes with American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius. L.). by :
Download or read book Role of Nitric Oxide in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes with American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius. L.). written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nitric Oxide in Diabetes and Hypertension by : Shiekh gazalla Ayub
Download or read book Nitric Oxide in Diabetes and Hypertension written by Shiekh gazalla Ayub and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2015-10-20 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitric oxide is one the pivotal molecule released by endothelium and its turnover is vital for proper endothelial function. Various chronic risk factors associated with Type II Diabetes Mellitus and hypertension may disrupt the homeostatic balance in vascular system potentiating endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction accompanies all cardiovascular risk factors and presumably plays a prime role in the occurrence of cardiovascular events associated with diabetes and hypertension. Although, it is apparent that NO turnover has a deep influence on the etiology of diabetes and hypertension, much remains to be done to substantiate NO-targeted therapies for the treatment of these disorders. Likewise, a systematic detail of ascertaining the relationship of NO dynamics with such disorders need to be elucidated before NO-targeted therapeutic proposition is considered. Our study is an attempt to quantitate and compare the NO level status in these different pathological conditions and analyse it in relation to the effect of disease.
Book Synopsis In Vivo Analysis of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Transcription and Translation During the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by :
Download or read book In Vivo Analysis of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Transcription and Translation During the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Endothelium written by Michel Félétou and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in direct contact with the blood/lymph and the circulating cells. The endothelium is a major player in the control of blood fluidity, platelet aggregation and vascular tone, a major actor in the regulation of immunology, inflammation and angiogenesis, and an important metabolizing and an endocrine organ. Endothelial cells controls vascular tone, and thereby blood flow, by synthesizing and releasing relaxing and contracting factors such as nitric oxide, metabolites of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 pathways, various peptides (endothelin, urotensin, CNP, adrenomedullin, etc.), adenosine, purines, reactive oxygen species and so on. Additionally, endothelial ectoenzymes are required steps in the generation of vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin II. An endothelial dysfunction linked to an imbalance in the synthesis and/or the release of these various endothelial factors may explain the initiation of cardiovascular pathologies (from hypertension to atherosclerosis) or their development and perpetuation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells / Calcium Signaling in Vascular Cells and Cell-to-Cell Communications / Endothelium-Dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone / Conclusion / References
Book Synopsis Medical Complications of Type 2 Diabetes by : Colleen Croniger
Download or read book Medical Complications of Type 2 Diabetes written by Colleen Croniger and published by IntechOpen. This book was released on 2011-09-12 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Obesity and type 2 diabetes are increasing worldwide problems. In this book we reviewed insulin secretion in both healthy individuals and in patients with type 2 diabetes. Because of the risk associated with progression from insulin resistance to diabetes and cardiovascular complications increases along a continuum, we included several chapters on the damage of endothelial cells in type 2 diabetes and genetic influences on endothelial cell dysfunction. Cardiovascular complications occur at a much lower glucose levels, thus a review on the oral glucose tolerance test compared to other methods was included. The medical conditions associated with type 2 diabetes such as pancreatic cancer, sarcopenia and sleep disordered breathing with diabetes were also discussed. The book concludes with several chapters on the treatments for this disease offering us hope in prevention and successful alleviation of the co-morbidities associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Book Synopsis Endothelial Dysfunction by : Helena Lenasi
Download or read book Endothelial Dysfunction written by Helena Lenasi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The endothelium enables communication between blood and tissues and is actively involved in cardiovascular homeostasis. Endothelial dysfunction has been recognized as an early step in the development of cardiovascular diseases: respectively, endothelium represents a potential therapeutic niche with multiple targets. The purpose of the book is to point out some recent findings of endothelial physiology and pathophysiology emphasizing various aspects of endothelial dysfunction connected to the body's internal and external environment. While basic features of the endothelium are presented in an introductory chapter, the authors of the following 17 chapters have provided extensive insight into some selected topics of endothelial (dys)function. The book would hopefully be useful for anyone interested in recapitulating endothelial (patho)physiology and expanding knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in endothelial dysfunction, relevant also for further clinical investigations.
Book Synopsis Insulin, Nitric Oxide and Vascular Dysfunction in an Animal Model of Type 2 Diabetes by : Erika Síofra Harno
Download or read book Insulin, Nitric Oxide and Vascular Dysfunction in an Animal Model of Type 2 Diabetes written by Erika Síofra Harno and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cardiovascular Function in Animal Models of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes by :
Download or read book Cardiovascular Function in Animal Models of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and oxidative stress have been shown to be associated with compromised cardiovascular function in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes. The aim of the project is to investigate cardiovascular abnormalities in a rat model of type 2 diabetes (Zucker diabetes fatty or ZDF rats) and two models of metabolic syndrome (fructose-fed rats and Zucker obese rats), and to provide direct evidence linking iNOS and oxidative stress to abnormal cardiovascular function in these disorders. Blood pressure, cardiac contractility, cardiac index, regional flow, vascular resistance and venous tone were measured in diseased as well as normal rats. Biochemical analyses such as activities of iNOS, immunostaining of iNOS and western-blot analysis of iNOS in the heart tissue were carried out. The results showed that cardiac contractile response to dobutamine was compromised in the ZDF rats, and this was associated with increased myocardial protein expression as well as activity of iNOS. The formation of peroxynitrite was increased in the heart tissue of the ZDF rats. Selective inhibition of iNOS by 1400W (N-3-aminomethyl-benzyl-acetamidine) did not alter responses to dobutamine in the control rats, but augmented the contractile effects of dobutamine in the diabetic rats. The regional blood flow was altered in the ZDF rats, and iNOS played a negligible role in regulating regional flow in the ZDF rats. Although venous response to noradrenaline was also altered in the Zucker obese rats, NOS may not be involved in venous tone regulation. Anti-oxidative treatment with N-acetylcysteine inhibited the development of insulin resistance, blood pressure elevation and the increase of 8-isoprostane formation in the fructose-fed rats. We conclude that heart function is compromised and regional blood flow is altered in the ZDF rats. Activation of iNOS plays an important role in suppressing heart dysfunction but does not affect regional blood flow.
Book Synopsis Diabetes and Hypertension by : Samy I. McFarlane
Download or read book Diabetes and Hypertension written by Samy I. McFarlane and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-19 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diabetes and hypertension have evolved as two of the modern day epidemics affecting millions of people around the world. These two common co-morbidities lead to substantial increase in cardiovascular disease, the major cause of morbidity and mortality of adults around the world. In Diabetes and Hypertension: Evaluation and Management, a panel of renowned experts address a range of critical topics -- from basic concepts in evaluation and management of diabetes and hypertension, such as dietary interventions, to evaluation and management of secondary hypertension in clinical practice. Other chapters focus on high cardiovascular risk populations such as those with coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease and minority patients. In addition, evolving concepts and new developments in the field are presented in other chapters, such as prevention of type 2 diabetes and the epidemic of sleep apnea and its implication for diabetes and hypertension evaluation and management. An important title covering two of the most troubling disorders of our time, Diabetes and Hypertension: Evaluation and Management will provide the busy practitioner with cutting edge knowledge in the field as well as practical information that can translate into better care provided to the high-risk population of diabetics and hypertensive patients.
Book Synopsis Type 2 Diabetes by : Claire J. Stocker
Download or read book Type 2 Diabetes written by Claire J. Stocker and published by Humana. This book was released on 2019-10-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition volume expands on the previous editions with updates on the commonly used techniques and analysis used by clinicians and scientists to study diabetes. The chapters in this book cover topics such as nutritional models of type 2 diabetes mellitus; the isolation and purification of rodent pancreatic islets of Langerhans; nitric oxide and redox state measurements in pancreatic beta cells; and primary adipocytes as a model for insulin sensitivity. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and practical, Type 2 Diabetes: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition is a valuable resource for all researchers who are interested in learning more about this important and evolving field.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Diet on Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in the Kidney of Diabetic Rats by :
Download or read book The Effect of Diet on Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in the Kidney of Diabetic Rats written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Type-2 diabetes affects approximately 8% of all Americans and is the leading cause of kidney disease in the United States. Consumption of diets containing excessive fat and/or fructose are potential risk factors for type-2 diabetes development. Interestingly fat and fructose affect different signaling mechanisms to raise blood glucose levels. Previous studies in our lab have suggested that diet will cause a decreased expression of NOS1 in rats fed a high fructose diet; moreover, knocking out three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3) leads to kidney problems and other symptoms of diabetes development. It is hypothesized that both high fat and high fructose diets will cause misregulation of NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 expression in the kidney. To test this Sprague Dawley Rats were fed either a 60% fat diet or a 66% fructose diet for 10 or 12 weeks respectively. RNA was harvested from kidney tissues and real-time PCR was utilized to compare the amount of NOS1, NOS2 or NOS3 RNA in animals fed control diets versus high fat or high fructose diets. While we were unable to detect NOS2 in the kidney samples, NOS1 expression was down regulated to 36.06% ± 36.41% of controls in high fructose fed animals and NOS3 transcription was increased to 141.94% ± 88.75% in high fructose fed rats. Preliminary data in high fat fed rats suggest that NOS1 will be decreased to 61.24% ± 17.11% and NOS3 expression will decrease to 75.18% ± 34.55% of controls. The different diets also induced different trends in regards to weight, glucose, and insulin between the two treatment groups. Differences in NOS1 and NOS3 expression between diets may be due to different signaling mechanisms between the fat and fructose diets causing differences in factors that regulate NOS expression such as glucose, leptin and insulin.
Book Synopsis Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease by : Michael T. Johnstone
Download or read book Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease written by Michael T. Johnstone and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-28 with total page 645 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cause of diabetes mellitus is metabolic in origin. However, its major clinical manifestations, which result in most of the morbidity and mortality, are a result of its vascular pathology. In fact, the American Heart Association has recently stated that, “from the point of view of cardiovascular medicine, it may be appropriate to say, diabetes is a cardiovascular disease” (1). But diabetic vascular disease is not limited to just the macrovasculature. Diabetes mellitus also affects the microcirculation with devastating results, including nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States, while diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of new-onset blindness in working-age Americans. The importance of this text on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease is evident by the magnitude of the population affected by diabetes mellitus. Over 10 million Americans have been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, while another 5 million remain undiagnosed. The impact from a public health perspective is huge and increasing. As the population of the United States grows older, more sedentary, and obese, the risk of developing diabetes and its complications will increase. Epidemiological studies have identified diabetes mellitus as a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Over 65% of patients with diabetes mellitus die from a cardiovascular cause. The prognosis of patients with diabetes mellitus who develop overt clinical cardiovascular disease is much worse than those cardiovascular patients free of diabetes mellitus.
Download or read book Nitric Oxide written by Louis J. Ignarro and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2000-09-13 with total page 1023 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas that transmits signals in an organism. Signal transmission by a gas that is produced by one cell and which penetrates through membranes and regulates the function of another cell represents an entirely new principle for signaling in biological systems. NO is a signal molecule of key importance for the cardiovascular system acting as a regulator of blood pressure and as a gatekeeper of blood flow to different organs. NO also exerts a series of other functions, such as acting a signal molecule in the nervous system and as a weapon against infections. NO is present in most living creatures and made by many different types of cells. NO research has led to new treatments for treating heart as well as lung diseases, shock, and impotence. Scientists are currently testing whether NO can be used to stop the growth of cancerous tumors, since the gas can induce programmed cell death, apoptosis. This book is the first comprehensive text on nitric oxide to cover all aspects--basic biology, chemistry, pathobiology, effects on various disease states, and therapeutic implications. Edited by Nobel Laureate Louis J. Ignarro, editor of the Academic Press journal, Nitric Oxide Authored by world experts on nitric oxide Includes an overview of basic principles of biology and chemical biology Covers principles of pathobiology, including the nervous system, cardiovascular function, pulmonary function, and immune defense
