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The Response Of Plant Community Structure And Productivity To Changes In Hydrology In Alaskan Boreal Peatlands
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Book Synopsis The Response of Plant Community Structure and Productivity to Changes in Hydrology in Alaskan Boreal Peatlands by : Amber Churchill
Download or read book The Response of Plant Community Structure and Productivity to Changes in Hydrology in Alaskan Boreal Peatlands written by Amber Churchill and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Northern peatlands have been a long-term sink for atmospheric CO2, and have had a net cooling effect on global climate for the last 8,000 to 11,000 years. Across Alaska, peatlands face increased effects of climate change through hydrologic disturbance, both drying and flooding, and these conditions alter the ability of peatlands to accumulate carbon. Here, I examined the influence of changing hydrology in a moderate rich fen and a bog located in the discontinuous permafrost zone of interior Alaska. In both sites, I quantified how changing hydrology affected vegetation composition and ecosystem carbon uptake. At the fen, drying via a lowered water table treatment caused larger changes in vegetation composition and primary productivity than flooding via a raised water table treatment. In the bog, an area of recent permafrost thaw (collapse scar) had increased rates of understory net primary production and gross primary production, relative to an adjacent but older collapse scar and the surrounding permafrost plateau. Together, results from these studies highlight possible community responses to projected change in water availability, whether through drying or flooding, and demonstrate initial mechanisms for community responses altering ecosystem processes.
Book Synopsis BIOGEOCHEMICAL RESPONSE TO VEGETATION AND HYDROLOGIC CHANGE IN AN ALASKAN BOREAL FEN ECOSYSTEM by :
Download or read book BIOGEOCHEMICAL RESPONSE TO VEGETATION AND HYDROLOGIC CHANGE IN AN ALASKAN BOREAL FEN ECOSYSTEM written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Boreal peatlands store approximately one third of the earth's terrestrial carbon, locked away in currently waterlogged and frozen conditions. Peatlands of boreal and arctic ecosystems are affected increasingly by shifting hydrology caused by climate change. The consequences of these relatively rapid ecosystem changes on carbon cycling between the landscape and the atmosphere could provide an amplifying feedback to climate warming. Alternatively, the advancement of terrestrial vegetation into once waterlogged soils could uptake carbon as a sink. Previous work suggests that fens will become an increasingly dominant landscape feature in the boreal. However, studies investigating fens, their response to hydrologic and vegetative change, and their carbon cycling dynamics are relatively few compared with other peatland types. This research investigates the biological and geochemical controls over carbon dioxide and methane cycling in a central Alaskan rich fen. The research concentrates on how these processes react to changes in water table and vegetation composition. The objectives of this body of research were to 1) Gain insights on how water table change affects carbon dioxide and methane transformation in a boreal rich fen from the pore water to the atmosphere; 2) Assess the mechanistic controls of specific boreal rich fen plant functional groups on carbon cycling; and 3) Profile the microbial community of a boreal rich fen and report on its response to water table change and specific plant functional groups. Although the oxidation of methane is prevalent in the studied rich fen, a raised water table and associated root exudates from greater sedge abundance fuels greater methane production than oxidation, for a net effect of greater methane production. However, the net methane that is released from the fen site is likely diminished compared with expected emissions due to the oxidizing nature of sedge, grass, and horsetail rhizospheres. Methanogens may also be in competition with other microorganisms for metabolic resources in this fen, which is recharged by the cyclic rewetting characteristic of these ecosystems. Overall, fens as a peatland type appear to have a resilience buffer in their carbon cycling response to hydrologic change more so than other peatland types.
Book Synopsis Canadian Journal of Forest Research by :
Download or read book Canadian Journal of Forest Research written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Wetland Ecology and Biogeochemistry Under Natural and Human Disturbance by : Jianghua Wu
Download or read book Wetland Ecology and Biogeochemistry Under Natural and Human Disturbance written by Jianghua Wu and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-12-07 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cover Image taken by Topic Editor Jianghua Wu
Book Synopsis The Structure and Function of Peatlands in the Hudson Bay Lowland by : Lorna Harris
Download or read book The Structure and Function of Peatlands in the Hudson Bay Lowland written by Lorna Harris and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The peatlands of the Hudson Bay Lowland (HBL) are the world's second largest expanse of northern peatland and are globally important carbon (C) stores. Within the bogs and fens covering this extensive landscape, small-scale variations in surface elevation (microtopography - hummocks and hollows) form distinct spatial patterns accentuated by different vegetation cover related to water table depth. These spatial differences in peatland structure and biogeochemical function enable peatlands to occupy alternate dry and wet stable states, therefore increasing peatland resilience to environmental change. The objectives of this research were to examine mechanisms controlling peatland structure and function through analysis of field evidence from HBL peatlands. Relationships among vegetation, hydrology, and nutrients were examined for peatland microforms to test current hypotheses and conditions of peatland development models, and whether these models are applicable to HBL peatlands. My analysis shows the development of surface patterns of microforms within the HBL peatlands may be explained by small-scale structuring mechanisms that control peat accumulation at the microform scale, specifically, the peat accumulation and water ponding mechanisms. Vegetation type is an important control, with greater shrub cover on hummocks associated with larger production for hummocks than hollows. My results also suggest the occurrence of different spatial patterns depends on position within a peat landform, with these differences attributed to varying ecohydrological settings related to landscape-scale hydrology. In turn, the ecohydrological setting influences the strength and direction of feedback mechanisms controlling peat accumulation at the microform scale. Mat-forming lichens cover a large area of the surface of HBL peatlands (up to 50 % in places) and are an important control for peat accumulation and microform development. My results demonstrate that where there are thick lichen mats, local peat accumulation ceases through smaller productivity, faster lichen decay rates, and a loss of structural integrity in underlying peat. Lichens therefore represent a significant temporary limit to peat growth, likely constraining or reducing hummock height relative to adjacent hollows.The potential effects of hydrological change (drier conditions and lower water tables caused by gradual short-term drainage) on these relationships, and on peatland structure and function, were also assessed. My results reveal changes in vegetation and biogeochemical processes are dependent on microform. A significant loss of vegetation and associated biogeochemical changes in dry pools indicate a shift in ecosystem state. Minor changes for hummocks and intermediate microforms however, demonstrate the resilience of HBL peatlands to hydrological change that may be analogous to future climate change scenarios. This thesis contributes new knowledge on the current state of bogs and fens in the HBL for which there has been limited research, and provides insight into possible mechanisms controlling peatland structure and function. This understanding will be invaluable when considering the risks of climate change and increasing development for infrastructure and mining in these iconic peatlands. " --
Book Synopsis Predictive Species and Habitat Modeling in Landscape Ecology by : C. Ashton Drew
Download or read book Predictive Species and Habitat Modeling in Landscape Ecology written by C. Ashton Drew and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-25 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most projects in Landscape Ecology, at some point, define a species-habitat association. These models are inherently spatial, dealing with landscapes and their configurations. Whether coding behavioral rules for dispersal of simulated organisms through simulated landscapes, or designing the sampling extent of field surveys and experiments in real landscapes, landscape ecologists must make assumptions about how organisms experience and utilize the landscape. These convenient working postulates allow modelers to project the model in time and space, yet rarely are they explicitly considered. The early years of landscape ecology necessarily focused on the evolution of effective data sources, metrics, and statistical approaches that could truly capture the spatial and temporal patterns and processes of interest. Now that these tools are well established, we reflect on the ecological theories that underpin the assumptions commonly made during species distribution modeling and mapping. This is crucial for applying models to questions of global sustainability. Due to the inherent use of GIS for much of this kind of research, and as several authors’ research involves the production of multicolored map figures, there would be an 8-page color insert. Additional color figures could be made available through a digital archive, or by cost contributions of the chapter authors. Where applicable, would be relevant chapters’ GIS data and model code available through a digital archive. The practice of data and code sharing is becoming standard in GIS studies, is an inherent method of this book, and will serve to add additional research value to the book for both academic and practitioner audiences.
Book Synopsis The Biology of Peatlands, 2e by : Håkan Rydin
Download or read book The Biology of Peatlands, 2e written by Håkan Rydin and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-07-18 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive and up to date overview of peatland ecosystems. It examines the entire range of biota present in this habitat and considers management, conservation, and restoration issues.
Book Synopsis Vegetation-climate Interactions Along a Transition from Tundra to Boreal Forest in Alaska by : Catharine Copass Thompson
Download or read book Vegetation-climate Interactions Along a Transition from Tundra to Boreal Forest in Alaska written by Catharine Copass Thompson and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The climate of the Alaskan Arctic is warming more rapidly than at any time in the last 400 years. Climate changes of the magnitude occurring in high latitudes have the potential to alter both the structure and function of arctic ecosystems. Structural responses reflect changes in community composition, which may also influence ecosystem function. Functional responses change the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients. We examined the structural and functional interactions between vegetation and climate across a gradient of vegetation types from arctic tundra to boreal forest. Canopy complexity combines vegetation structural properties such as biomass, cover, height, leaf area index (LAT) and stem area index (SAT). Canopy complexity determines the amount of the energy that will be available in an ecosystem and will also greatly influence the partitioning of that energy into different land surface processes such as heating the air, evaporating water and warming the ground. Across a gradient of sites in Western Alaska, we found that increasing canopy complexity was linked to increased sensible heating. Thus, vegetation structural changes could represent an important positive feedback to warming. Structural changes in ecosystems are linked to changes in ecosystem function. High latitude ecosystems play an important role in the earth's climate system because they contain nearly 40% of the world's reactive soil carbon. We examined Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) in major community types of Northern Alaska using a combination of field-based measurements and modeling. Modeled NEP decreased in both warmer and drier and warmer and wetter conditions. However, in colder and wetter conditions, NEP increased. The net effect for the region was a slight gain in ecosystem carbon; however, our research highlights the importance of climate variability in the carbon balance of the study region during the last two decades. The next step forward with this research will be to incorporate these results into coupled models of the land-atmosphere system. Improved representations of ecosystem structure and function will improve our ability to predict future responses of vegetation composition, carbon storage, and climate and will allow us to better examine the interactions between vegetation and the atmosphere in the context of a changing climate"--Leaves iii-iv.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Long-Term Drainage on Plant Community Composition, Biomass, and Productivity in Boreal Continental Peatlands by : Courtney A. Miller
Download or read book The Effect of Long-Term Drainage on Plant Community Composition, Biomass, and Productivity in Boreal Continental Peatlands written by Courtney A. Miller and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Representing Northern Peatland Microtopography and Hydrology Within the Community Land Model by :
Download or read book Representing Northern Peatland Microtopography and Hydrology Within the Community Land Model written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 3381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Predictive understanding of northern peatland hydrology is a necessary precursor to understanding the fate of massive carbon stores in these systems under the influence of present and future climate change. Current models have begun to address microtopographic controls on peatland hydrology, but none have included a prognostic calculation of peatland water table depth for a vegetated wetland, independent of prescribed regional water tables. We introduce here a new configuration of the Community Land Model (CLM) which includes a fully prognostic water table calculation for a vegetated peatland. Our structural and process changes to CLM focus on modifications needed to represent the hydrologic cycle of bogs environment with perched water tables, as well as distinct hydrologic dynamics and vegetation communities of the raised hummock and sunken hollow microtopography characteristic of peatland bogs. The modified model was parameterized and independently evaluated against observations from an ombrotrophic raised-dome bog in northern Minnesota (S1-Bog), the site for the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Climatic and Environmental Change experiment (SPRUCE). Simulated water table levels compared well with site-level observations. The new model predicts significant hydrologic changes in response to planned warming at the SPRUCE site. At present, standing water is commonly observed in bog hollows after large rainfall events during the growing season, but simulations suggest a sharp decrease in water table levels due to increased evapotranspiration under the most extreme warming level, nearly eliminating the occurrence of standing water in the growing season. Simulated soil energy balance was strongly influenced by reduced winter snowpack under warming simulations, with the warming influence on soil temperature partly offset by the loss of insulating snowpack in early and late winter. The new model provides improved predictive capacity for seasonal hydrological dynamics in northern peatlands, and provides a useful foundation for investigation of northern peatland carbon exchange.
Book Synopsis Wetland Indicators by : Ralph W. Tiner
Download or read book Wetland Indicators written by Ralph W. Tiner and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-12-19 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understand the current concept of wetland and methods for identifying, describing, classifying, and delineating wetlands in the United States with Wetland Indicators - capturing the current state of science's role in wetland recognition and mapping. Environmental scientists and others involved with wetland regulations can strengthen their knowledge about wetlands, and the use of various indicators, to support their decisions on difficult wetland determinations. Professor Tiner primarily focuses on plants, soils, and other signs of wetland hydrology in the soil, or on the surface of wetlands in his discussion of Wetland Indicators. Practicing - and aspiring - wetland delineators alike will appreciate Wetland Indicators' critical insight into the development and significance of hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and other factors. Features Color images throughout illustrate wetland indicators. Incorporates analysis and coverage of the latest Army Corps of Engineers delineation manual. Provides over 60 tables, including extensive tables of U.S. wetland plant communities and examples for determining hydrophytic vegetation.
Book Synopsis Peatland and Water in the Northern Lake States by : Don H. Boelter
Download or read book Peatland and Water in the Northern Lake States written by Don H. Boelter and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book CRREL Bibliography written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Phytoecology of a Greenstone Habitat at Eagle, Alaska by : Hansford T. Shacklette
Download or read book Phytoecology of a Greenstone Habitat at Eagle, Alaska written by Hansford T. Shacklette and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The origin, composition, and biogeochemical significance of a plant community that grows on soil derived from mafic rocks in a subarctic nonglaciated refugium.
Book Synopsis The Biology of Peatlands by : Hakan Rydin
Download or read book The Biology of Peatlands written by Hakan Rydin and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2006-06-08 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a growing awareness that peatlands are a key component of the global carbon cycle due to their role as an important carbon sink. However, many ecologists and conservation biologists lack a general understanding of peatlands despite the fact that they are also often repositories for rare species and, in many regions, represent the last remnants of natural vegetation. This book provides a concise but comprehensive introduction to peatland ecology. As with other books in the Biology of Habitats Series, the emphasis in this book will be on the organisms that dominate peatland habitats although their management, conservation and restoration will also be considered.
Book Synopsis Peatlands on National Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains by : Steve Chadde
Download or read book Peatlands on National Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains written by Steve Chadde and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This overview of peatland ecology and conservation on National Forests in the Northern Rocky Mountains describes physical components, vegetation, vascular and nonvascular flora, and invertebrate fauna on peatlands. Detailed site descriptions for 58 peatlands in Idaho, Montana, and northeastern Washington are included.
Book Synopsis Structure and Function of Peatland-forest Ecotones in Southeastern Alaska by : Anthony Spencer Hartshorn
Download or read book Structure and Function of Peatland-forest Ecotones in Southeastern Alaska written by Anthony Spencer Hartshorn and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
