The Outrageous Idea of Christian Scholarship

Download The Outrageous Idea of Christian Scholarship PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197751105
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (977 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Outrageous Idea of Christian Scholarship by : George M. Marsden

Download or read book The Outrageous Idea of Christian Scholarship written by George M. Marsden and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1997, The Outrageous Idea of Christian Scholarship is a landmark work that offered a bold call to re-establish Christian perspectives in academia. For this second edition, George M. Marsden has added a new preface as well as an entirely new chapter reflecting on the changing landscape of academia in the quarter century since the book first appeared.

Science, Belief and Society

Download Science, Belief and Society PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bristol University Press
ISBN 13 : 1529206944
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (292 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Science, Belief and Society by : Jones, Stephen

Download or read book Science, Belief and Society written by Jones, Stephen and published by Bristol University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-22 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between science and belief has been a prominent subject of public debate for many years, one that has relevance to everything from science communication, health and education to immigration and national values. Yet, sociological analysis of these subjects remains surprisingly scarce. This wide-ranging book critically reviews the ways in which religious and non-religious belief systems interact with scientific theories and practices. Contributors explore how, for some secularists, ‘science’ forms an important part of social identity. Others examine how many contemporary religious movements justify their beliefs by making a claim upon science. Moving beyond the traditional focus on the United States, the book shows how debates about science and belief are firmly embedded in political conflict, class, community and culture.

Religious Convictions and Political Choice

Download Religious Convictions and Political Choice PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0195067797
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (95 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Religious Convictions and Political Choice by : Kent Greenawalt

Download or read book Religious Convictions and Political Choice written by Kent Greenawalt and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1991 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How far may Americans properly rely on their religious beliefs when they make and defend political decisions? For example, are ordinary citizens or legislators doing something wrong when they consciously allow their decisions respecting abortion laws to be determined by their religious views? Despite its intense contemporary relevance, the full dimensions of this issue have until now not been thoroughly examined. Religious Convictions and Political Choice represents the first attempt to fill this gap. Beginning with an account of the basic premises of our liberal democracy, Greenawalt moves to a comparison between rational secular grounds of decision and grounds based on religious convictions. He discusses particular issues such as animal rights and abortion, showing how religious convictions can bear on an individual's decisions about them, and inquires whether reliance on such convictions is compatible with liberal democratic premises. In conclusion, he argues that citizens cannot be expected to rely exclusively on rational, secular grounds.

Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions

Download Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9781402082641
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (826 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions by : Anne Runehov

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions written by Anne Runehov and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-05-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "To all who love the God with a 1000 names and respect science” In the last quarter century, the academic field of Science and Theology (Religion) has attracted scholars from a wide variety of disciplines. The question is, which disciplines are attracted and what do these disciplines have to contribute to the debate? In order to answer this question, the encyclopedia maps the (self)-identified disciplines and religious traditions that participate or might come to participate in the Science and Religion debate. This is done by letting each representative of a discipline and tradition answer specific chosen questions. They also need to identify the discipline in relation to the Science and Religion debate. Understandably representatives of several disciplines and traditions answered in the negative to this question. Nevertheless, they can still be important for the debate; indeed, scholars and scientists who work in the field of Science and Theology (Religion) may need knowledge beyond their own specific discipline. Therefore the encyclopedia also includes what are called general entries. Such entries may explain specific theories, methods, and topics. The general aim is to provide a starting point for new lines of inquiry. It is an invitation for fresh perspectives on the possibilities for engagement between and across sciences (again which includes the social and human sciences) and religions and theology. This encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work for scholars interested in the topic of ‘Science and Religion.’ It covers the widest spectrum possible of academic disciplines and religious traditions worldwide, with the intent of laying bare similarities and differences that naturally emerge within and across disciplines and religions today. The A–Z format throughout affords easy and user-friendly access to relevant information. Additionally, a systematic question-answer format across all Sciences and Religions entries affords efficient identification of specific points of agreement, conflict, and disinterest across and between sciences and religions. The extensive cross-referencing between key words, phrases, and technical language used in the entries facilitates easy searches. We trust that all of the entries have something of value for any interested reader. Anne L.C. Runehov and Lluis Oviedo

The Slain God

Download The Slain God PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191632058
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Slain God by : Timothy Larsen

Download or read book The Slain God written by Timothy Larsen and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2014-08-29 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout its entire history, the discipline of anthropology has been perceived as undermining, or even discrediting, Christian faith. Many of its most prominent theorists have been agnostics who assumed that ethnographic findings and theories had exposed religious beliefs to be untenable. E. B. Tylor, the founder of the discipline in Britain, lost his faith through studying anthropology. James Frazer saw the material that he presented in his highly influential work, The Golden Bough, as demonstrating that Christian thought was based on the erroneous thought patterns of 'savages.' On the other hand, some of the most eminent anthropologists have been Christians, including E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Mary Douglas, Victor Turner, and Edith Turner. Moreover, they openly presented articulate reasons for how their religious convictions cohered with their professional work. Despite being a major site of friction between faith and modern thought, the relationship between anthropology and Christianity has never before been the subject of a book-length study. In this groundbreaking work, Timothy Larsen examines the point where doubt and faith collide with anthropological theory and evidence.

Divine Variations

Download Divine Variations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 1503604373
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Divine Variations by : Terence Keel

Download or read book Divine Variations written by Terence Keel and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2018-01-09 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Divine Variations offers a new account of the development of scientific ideas about race. Focusing on the production of scientific knowledge over the last three centuries, Terence Keel uncovers the persistent links between pre-modern Christian thought and contemporary scientific perceptions of human difference. He argues that, instead of a rupture between religion and modern biology on the question of human origins, modern scientific theories of race are, in fact, an extension of Christian intellectual history. Keel's study draws on ancient and early modern theological texts and biblical commentaries, works in Christian natural philosophy, seminal studies in ethnology and early social science, debates within twentieth-century public health research, and recent genetic analysis of population differences and ancient human DNA. From these sources, Keel demonstrates that Christian ideas about creation, ancestry, and universalism helped form the basis of modern scientific accounts of human diversity—despite the ostensible shift in modern biology towards scientific naturalism, objectivity, and value neutrality. By showing the connections between Christian thought and scientific racial thinking, this book calls into question the notion that science and religion are mutually exclusive intellectual domains and proposes that the advance of modern science did not follow a linear process of secularization.

Darwin's Cathedral

Download Darwin's Cathedral PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 9780226901350
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Darwin's Cathedral by : David Wilson

Download or read book Darwin's Cathedral written by David Wilson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2003-10 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the great intellectual battles of modern times is between evolution and religion. Until now, they have been considered completely irreconcilable theories of origin and existence. David Sloan Wilson's Darwin's Cathedral takes the radical step of joining the two, in the process proposing an evolutionary theory of religion that shakes both evolutionary biology and social theory at their foundations. The key, argues Wilson, is to think of society as an organism, an old idea that has received new life based on recent developments in evolutionary biology. If society is an organism, can we then think of morality and religion as biologically and culturally evolved adaptations that enable human groups to function as single units rather than mere collections of individuals? Wilson brings a variety of evidence to bear on this question, from both the biological and social sciences. From Calvinism in sixteenth-century Geneva to Balinese water temples, from hunter-gatherer societies to urban America, Wilson demonstrates how religions have enabled people to achieve by collective action what they never could do alone. He also includes a chapter considering forgiveness from an evolutionary perspective and concludes by discussing how all social organizations, including science, could benefit by incorporating elements of religion. Religious believers often compare their communities to single organisms and even to insect colonies. Astoundingly, Wilson shows that they might be literally correct. Intended for any educated reader, Darwin's Cathedral will change forever the way we view the relations among evolution, religion, and human society.

The Power of Religion in the Public Sphere

Download The Power of Religion in the Public Sphere PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 023152725X
Total Pages : 149 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Power of Religion in the Public Sphere by : Judith Butler

Download or read book The Power of Religion in the Public Sphere written by Judith Butler and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2011-03-02 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Power of Religion in the Public Sphere represents a rare opportunity to experience a diverse group of preeminent philosophers confronting one pervasive contemporary concern: what role does or should religion play in our public lives? Reflecting on her recent work concerning state violence in Israel-Palestine, Judith Butler explores the potential of religious perspectives for renewing cultural and political criticism, while Jürgen Habermas, best known for his seminal conception of the public sphere, thinks through the ambiguous legacy of the concept of "the political" in contemporary theory. Charles Taylor argues for a radical redefinition of secularism, and Cornel West defends civil disobedience and emancipatory theology. Eduardo Mendieta and Jonathan VanAntwerpen detail the immense contribution of these philosophers to contemporary social and political theory, and an afterword by Craig Calhoun places these attempts to reconceive the significance of both religion and the secular in the context of contemporary national and international politics.

The Soul of the American University Revisited

Download The Soul of the American University Revisited PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190073330
Total Pages : 489 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Soul of the American University Revisited by : George M. Marsden

Download or read book The Soul of the American University Revisited written by George M. Marsden and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-28 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Soul of the American University is a classic and much discussed account of the changing roles of Christianity in shaping American higher education, presented here in a newly revised edition to offer insights for a modern era. As late as the World War II era, it was not unusual even for state schools to offer chapel services or for leading universities to refer to themselves as “Christian” institutions. From the 1630s through the 1950s, when Protestantism provided an informal religious establishment, colleges were expected to offer religious and moral guidance. Following reactions in the 1960s against the WASP establishment and concerns for diversity, this specifically religious heritage quickly disappeared and various secular viewpoints predominated. In this updated edition of a landmark volume, George Marsden explores the history of the changing roles of Protestantism in relation to other cultural and intellectual factors shaping American higher education. Far from a lament for a lost golden age, Marsden offers a penetrating analysis of the changing ways in which Protestantism intersected with collegiate life, intellectual inquiry, and broader cultural developments. He tells the stories of many of the nation's pace-setting universities at defining moments in their histories. By the late nineteenth-century when modern universities emerged, debates over Darwinism and higher criticism of the Bible were reshaping conceptions of Protestantism; in the twentieth century important concerns regarding diversity and inclusion were leading toward ever-broader conceptions of Christianity; then followed attacks on the traditional WASP establishment which brought dramatic disestablishment of earlier religious privilege. By the late twentieth century, exclusive secular viewpoints had become the gold standard in higher education, while our current era is arguably “post-secular”. The Soul of the American University Revisited deftly examines American higher education as it exists in the twenty-first century.

The Monk and the Book

Download The Monk and the Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226899020
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (268 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Monk and the Book by : Megan Hale Williams

Download or read book The Monk and the Book written by Megan Hale Williams and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2008-09-15 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the West, monastic ideals and scholastic pursuits are complementary; monks are popularly imagined copying classics, preserving learning through the Middle Ages, and establishing the first universities. But this dual identity is not without its contradictions. While monasticism emphasizes the virtues of poverty, chastity, and humility, the scholar, by contrast, requires expensive infrastructure—a library, a workplace, and the means of disseminating his work. In The Monk and the Book, Megan Hale Williams argues that Saint Jerome was the first to represent biblical study as a mode of asceticism appropriate for an inhabitant of a Christian monastery, thus pioneering the enduring linkage of monastic identities and institutions with scholarship. Revisiting Jerome with the analytical tools of recent cultural history—including the work of Bourdieu, Foucault, and Roger Chartier—Williams proposes new interpretations that remove obstacles to understanding the life and legacy of the saint. Examining issues such as the construction of Jerome’s literary persona, the form and contents of his library, and the intellectual framework of his commentaries, Williams shows that Jerome’s textual and exegetical work on the Hebrew scriptures helped to construct a new culture of learning. This fusion of the identities of scholar and monk, Williams shows, continues to reverberate in the culture of the modern university. "[Williams] has written a fascinating study, which provides a series of striking insights into the career of one of the most colorful and influential figures in Christian antiquity. Jerome's Latin Bible would become the foundational text for the intellectual development of the West, providing words for the deepest aspirations and most intensely held convictions of an entire civilization. Williams's book does much to illumine the circumstances in which that fundamental text was produced, and reminds us that great ideas, like great people, have particular origins, and their own complex settings."—Eamon Duffy, New York Review of Books

Economic Dynamics of Global Energy Geopolitics

Download Economic Dynamics of Global Energy Geopolitics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522542043
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Economic Dynamics of Global Energy Geopolitics by : Ikiz, Ahmet Salih

Download or read book Economic Dynamics of Global Energy Geopolitics written by Ikiz, Ahmet Salih and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2018-09-07 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dominant powers in world energy geopolitics have radically changed in last couple of decades due to the increased demand for natural energy resources (i.e., coal and oil). Because of these power shifts, the economics of energy has become much more entangled in international relations. Economic Dynamics of Global Energy Geopolitics provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of the geo-economics of energy resources and how this affects countries’ economies. It also explores the implementation of energy supply and demand in world markets. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as socio-economics, supply/demand fluctuations, and foreign direct investment, this book is ideally designed for engineers, economists, academicians, researchers, policymakers, and graduate-level students seeking current research on the role of economics and policy in energy geopolitics.

Consecrating Science

Download Consecrating Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520967909
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Consecrating Science by : Lisa H. Sideris

Download or read book Consecrating Science written by Lisa H. Sideris and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2017-08-15 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Debunking myths behind what is known collectively as the new cosmology—a grand, overlapping set of narratives that claim to bring science and spirituality together—Lisa H. Sideris offers a searing critique of the movement’s anthropocentric vision of the world. In Consecrating Science, Sideris argues that instead of cultivating an ethic of respect for nature, the new cosmology encourages human arrogance, uncritical reverence for science, and indifference to nonhuman life. Exploring moral sensibilities rooted in experience of the natural world, Sideris shows how a sense of wonder can foster environmental attitudes that will protect our planet from ecological collapse for years to come.

Christian Science and the Catholic Faith - Scholar's Choice Edition

Download Christian Science and the Catholic Faith - Scholar's Choice Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781293964699
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (646 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Christian Science and the Catholic Faith - Scholar's Choice Edition by : Augustin M. Bellwald

Download or read book Christian Science and the Catholic Faith - Scholar's Choice Edition written by Augustin M. Bellwald and published by . This book was released on 2015-02-08 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Paranoid Science

Download Paranoid Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479856622
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Paranoid Science by : Antony Alumkal

Download or read book Paranoid Science written by Antony Alumkal and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2019-04-01 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the Christian Right’s fierce opposition to science, explaining how and why its leaders came to see scientific truths as their enemy For decades, the Christian Right’s high-profile clashes with science have made national headlines. From attempts to insert intelligent design creationism into public schools to climate change denial, efforts to “cure” gay people through conversion therapy, and opposition to stem cell research, the Christian Right has battled against science. How did this hostility begin and, more importantly, why has it endured? Antony Alumkal provides a comprehensive background on the war on science—how it developed and why it will continue to endure. Drawing upon Richard Hofstadter’s influential 1965 essay “The Paranoid Style in American Politics,” Antony Alumkal argues that the Christian Right adopts a similar paranoid style in their approach to science. Alumkal demonstrates that Christian Right leaders see conspiracies within the scientific establishment, with scientists not only peddling fraudulent information, but actively concealing their true motives from the American public and threatening to destroy the moral foundation of society. By rejecting science, Christian Right leaders create their own alternative reality, one that does not challenge their literal reading of the Bible. While Alumkal recognizes the many evangelicals who oppose the Christian Right’s agenda, he also highlights the consequences of the war on reality—both for the evangelical community and the broader American public. A compelling glimpse into the heart of the Christian Right’s anti-science agenda, Paranoid Science is a must-read for those who hope to understand the Christian Right’s battle against science, and for the scientists and educators who wish to stop it.

Christianity and the Leaders of Modern Science - Scholar's Choice Edition

Download Christianity and the Leaders of Modern Science - Scholar's Choice Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Scholar's Choice
ISBN 13 : 9781295964994
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (649 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Christianity and the Leaders of Modern Science - Scholar's Choice Edition by : Karl Alois Kneller

Download or read book Christianity and the Leaders of Modern Science - Scholar's Choice Edition written by Karl Alois Kneller and published by Scholar's Choice. This book was released on 2015-02-08 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Religion of Man and Ethics of Science - Scholar's Choice Edition

Download Religion of Man and Ethics of Science - Scholar's Choice Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781296234751
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (347 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Religion of Man and Ethics of Science - Scholar's Choice Edition by : Hudson Tuttle

Download or read book Religion of Man and Ethics of Science - Scholar's Choice Edition written by Hudson Tuttle and published by . This book was released on 2015-02-18 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Walford's Guide to Reference Material: Social and historical sciences, philosophy and religion

Download Walford's Guide to Reference Material: Social and historical sciences, philosophy and religion PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : London : Library Association Pub.
ISBN 13 : 9781856043694
Total Pages : 816 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (436 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Walford's Guide to Reference Material: Social and historical sciences, philosophy and religion by : Albert John Walford

Download or read book Walford's Guide to Reference Material: Social and historical sciences, philosophy and religion written by Albert John Walford and published by London : Library Association Pub.. This book was released on 1999 with total page 816 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A revised and updated guide to reference material. It contains selective and evaluative entries to guide the enquirer to the best source of reference in each subject area, be it journal article, CD-ROM, on-line database, bibliography, encyclopaedia, monograph or directory. It features full critical annotations and reviewers' comments and comprehensive author-title and subject indexes. The contents include: philosophy and psychology; religion; social sciences, sociology, statistics, politics, economics, labour and employment; land and property, business organizations, finance and banking, and economic surveys; economic policies and controls, trade and commerce, business and management, and law; public administration, social services and welfare, education, customs and traditions; geography; biography; and history.