The Political Diary of Alfred Rosenberg and the Onset of the Holocaust

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Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442251689
Total Pages : 529 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis The Political Diary of Alfred Rosenberg and the Onset of the Holocaust by : Jürgen Matthäus

Download or read book The Political Diary of Alfred Rosenberg and the Onset of the Holocaust written by Jürgen Matthäus and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2015-09-28 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum In December 2013, after years of exhaustive search, the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum received more than four hundred pages of diary notes written by one of the most prominent Nazis, the Party’s chief ideologue and Reich minister for the occupied Soviet territories Alfred Rosenberg. By combining Rosenberg’s diary notes with additional key documents and in-depth analysis, this book shows Rosenberg’s crucial role in the Nazi regime’s anti-Jewish policy. In the second half of 1941 the territory administered by Rosenberg became the region where the mass murder of Jewish men, women, and children first became a systematic pattern. Indeed, months before the emergence of German death camps in Poland, Nazi leaders perceived the occupied Soviet Union as the area where the “final solution of the Jewish question” could be executed on a European scale. Covering almost the entire duration of the Third Reich, these previously inaccessible sources throw new light on the thoughts and actions of the leading men around Hitler during critical junctures that led to war, genocide, and Nazi Germany’s final defeat.

The Devil's Diary

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Publisher : HarperCollins
ISBN 13 : 0062319035
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis The Devil's Diary by : Robert K. Wittman

Download or read book The Devil's Diary written by Robert K. Wittman and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2016-03-29 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A groundbreaking World War II narrative wrapped in a riveting detective story, The Devil’s Diary investigates the disappearance of a private diary penned by one of Adolf Hitler’s top aides—Alfred Rosenberg, his “chief philosopher”—and mines its long-hidden pages to deliver a fresh, eye-opening account of the Nazi rise to power and the genesis of the Holocaust An influential figure in Adolf Hitler’s early inner circle from the start, Alfred Rosenberg made his name spreading toxic ideas about the Jews throughout Germany. By the dawn of the Third Reich, he had published a bestselling masterwork that was a touchstone of Nazi thinking. His diary was discovered hidden in a Bavarian castle at war’s end—five hundred pages providing a harrowing glimpse into the mind of a man whose ideas set the stage for the Holocaust. Prosecutors examined it during the Nuremberg war crimes trial, but after Rosenberg was convicted, sentenced, and executed, it mysteriously vanished. New York Times bestselling author Robert K. Wittman, who as an FBI agent and then a private consultant specialized in recovering artifacts of historic significance, first learned of the diary in 2001, when the chief archivist for the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum contacted him to say that someone was trying to sell it for upwards of a million dollars. The phone call sparked a decade-long hunt that took them on a twisting path involving a pair of octogenarian secretaries, an eccentric professor, and an opportunistic trash-picker. From the crusading Nuremberg prosecutor who smuggled the diary out of Germany to the man who finally turned it over, everyone had reasons for hiding the truth. Drawing on Rosenberg’s entries about his role in the seizure of priceless artwork and the brutal occupation of the Soviet Union, his conversations with Hitler and his endless rivalries with Göring, Goebbels, and Himmler, The Devil’s Diary offers vital historical insight of unprecedented scope and intimacy into the innermost workings of the Nazi regime—and into the psyche of the man whose radical vision mutated into the Final Solution.

Memoirs

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Publisher : Ostara Publications
ISBN 13 : 9781646338139
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis Memoirs by : Alfred Rosenberg

Download or read book Memoirs written by Alfred Rosenberg and published by Ostara Publications. This book was released on 2019-06-26 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sensational memoirs of Alfred Rosenberg, the Third Reich's leading ideologue, Minister of the Occupied Eastern Territories, and author of the Myth of the 20th Century, written while in prison at Nuremberg. These memoirs contain a no-holds barred overview of his political life, from the time of his earliest involvement in the NSDAP, right up to the Nuremberg Trials. Here the reader will find astonishing revelations on, inter alia, the following topics: - The Jewish Communist Revolution in Munich; - The Spirit behind National Socialism; - How the Storm Troopers were organized in Response to Communist Violence; - Christianity and National Socialism and The Myth of the 20th Century; - Publication of The Myth of the 20th Century the Reason for Rosenberg's Exclusion from Hitler's first Cabinet; - Racial Respect and the Jewish Question; - A Prediction of the Racial Dissolution of America; - Race and Racial History; - The Euthanasia Program: Justified but Badly Implemented; - Oswald Mosley's Mistake in Choosing the Word "Fascist"; - The Strasser Brothers and Conflict within the Party; - Himmler's Ahenerbe and debate over Use of "Nordic"; - The Mistake of letting the Police Fall under Political Control; - Ernst Röhm, Homosexuality, and the SA; - Artur Axmann and the Alpine Redoubt; - Artistic Side of Hitler Led to his Downfall in Foreign Affairs; - Hitler, Art, and Architecture; - Hitler Rejected Christianity; - Did Hitler Risk the Existence of the Reich by Going to War?; - Hitler Made Same Mistake as Napoleon in Russia; - Rosenberg's Attempts to Stem Anti-Slavic Attitude; - Time will be Needed to Resurrect the Ideal from the Rubble of the Reich; and - Rosenberg's political testament, in which he outlined how a future democratic, National Socialist state should be constructed, in which there would be press freedom, democratic elections, and much, much more. An eye-opening work which provides an unparalleled insight into the thinking of one of the most senior figures of the Third Reich, and unquestionably the single most important National Socialist ideological leader after Hitler. This new edition contains over 200 explanatory footnotes and is fully indexed.

Alfred Rosenberg

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Publisher : Buccaneer Books
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Alfred Rosenberg by : Fritz Nova

Download or read book Alfred Rosenberg written by Fritz Nova and published by Buccaneer Books. This book was released on 1986 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Argues that Rosenberg's ideas, though irrational and frequently incomprehensible, are worthy of study since he was the official ideologue of the Nazi Party and formulated its racist and antisemitic ideology in his "Myth of the Twentieth Century" (1930). Traces the intellectual influences on Rosenberg, especially that of Houston Stewart Chamberlain. During the 1930s he tried to introduce racial definitions into the field of art and culture. Ch. 7 (pp. 103-124) examines Rosenberg's antisemitism. Ch. 12 (pp. 207-219) discusses the accusations made at the Nuremberg Trials that, as Minister for the Eastern Occupied Territories from 1941 on, he knew of and supported the liquidation of the ghettos and oversaw the operations of the SS and the Einsatzgruppen. Although he claimed not to have approved of extermination, he was found guilty and executed in October 1946.

Memoirs of Alfred Rosenberg

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Memoirs of Alfred Rosenberg by : Alfred Rosenberg

Download or read book Memoirs of Alfred Rosenberg written by Alfred Rosenberg and published by . This book was released on 1949 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Myth of the Twentieth Century

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Publisher : Blurb
ISBN 13 : 9781389584657
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (846 download)

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Book Synopsis The Myth of the Twentieth Century by : Alfred Rosenberg

Download or read book The Myth of the Twentieth Century written by Alfred Rosenberg and published by Blurb. This book was released on 2018-01-29 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regarded as the second most important book to come out of Nazi Germany, Alfred Rosenberg's Der Mythus des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts is a philosophical and political map which outlines the ideological background to the Nazi Party and maps out how that party viewed society, other races, social ordering, religion, art, aesthetics and the structure of the state. The "Mythus" to which Rosenberg (who was also editor of the Nazi Party newspaper) refers was the concept of blood, which, according to the preface, "unchains the racial world-revolution." Rosenberg's no-hold barred depiction of the history of Christianity earned it the accusation that it was anti-Christian, and that unjustified controversy overshadowed the most interesting sections of the book which deal with the world racial situation and the demand for racially homogenous states as the only method to preserve individual world cultures. Rosenberg was hanged at Nuremberg on charges of "waging wars of aggression" even though he had never served in the military, and it is likely that he was hanged purely because of this book. Contents Preface Book One: The Conflict of Values Chapter I. Race and Race Soul Chapter II. Love and Honour Chapter III. Mysticism and Action Book Two: Nature of Germanic Art Chapter I. Racial Aesthetics Chapter II. Will And Instinct Chapter III. Personality And Style Chapter IV. The Aesthetic Will Book Three: The Coming Reich Chapter I. Myth And Type Chapter II. The State And The Sexes Chapter III. Folk And State Chapter IV. Nordic German Law Chapter V. Church And School Chapter VI. A New System Of State Chapter VII. The Essential Unit

The Holocaust in Eastern Europe

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1474232221
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis The Holocaust in Eastern Europe by : Waitman Wade Beorn

Download or read book The Holocaust in Eastern Europe written by Waitman Wade Beorn and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2018-02-08 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waitman Wade Beorn's The Holocaust in Eastern Europe provides a comprehensive history of the Holocaust in the region that was the central location of the event itself while including material often overlooked in general Holocaust history texts. First introducing Jewish life as it was lived before the Nazis in Eastern Europe, the book chronologically surveys the development of Nazi policies in the area over the period from 1939 to 1945. This book provides an overview of both the German imagination and obsession with the East and its impact on the Nazi genocidal project there. It also covers the important period of Soviet occupation and its effects on the unfolding of the Holocaust in Eastern Europe. This text also treats in detail other themes such as ghettoization, the Final Solution, rescue, collaboration, resistance, and many others. Throughout, Beorn includes detailed examples of the similarities and differences of the nature of the Holocaust in various regions, in the words of perpetrators, witnesses, collaborators, and victims/survivors. Beorn also illustrates the complex nature of the Holocaust by discussing the difficult subjects of collaboration, sexual violence, the use of slave labour, treatment of Soviet POWs, profiteering and others within a larger narrative framework. He also explores key topics like Jewish resistance, Jewish councils, memory, and explanations for perpetration, collaboration, and rescue. The book includes images and maps to orient the reader to the topic area. This important book explains the brutality and complexity of the Holocaust in the East for all students of the Holocaust and 20th-century Eastern European history.

Right-Wing Politics and the Rise of Antisemitism in Europe 1935-1941

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Publisher : Wallstein Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3835343009
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (353 download)

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Book Synopsis Right-Wing Politics and the Rise of Antisemitism in Europe 1935-1941 by : Frank Bajohr

Download or read book Right-Wing Politics and the Rise of Antisemitism in Europe 1935-1941 written by Frank Bajohr and published by Wallstein Verlag. This book was released on 2019-01-02 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A New Forum for International Holocaust Research. European Holocaust Studies (EHS) publishes key international research results on the murder of the European Jews and its wider contexts. This new English-language yearbook primarily aims to bring together and provide higher visibility to research contributions produced across different countries and institutions. It also strives to promote international exchange, especially among scholars from North America, Europe, and Israel. The EHS issues are thematic. Each issue features a selection of peer-reviewed research articles, which offer novel perspectives on the main theme. Further sections include a discussion of key documents and a selection of research project descriptions related to the overall topic, as well as a literature review or essay dealing with historiographical debates on the subject.

Historicizing Modernists

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350215058
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Historicizing Modernists by : Matthew Feldman

Download or read book Historicizing Modernists written by Matthew Feldman and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-06-17 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focussing upon both canonical figures such as Woolf, Eliot, Pound, and Stein and emergent themes such as Christian modernism, intermedial modernism, queer Harlem Renaissance, this volume brings together previously unseen materials, from various archives, to bear upon cutting-edge interpretation of modernism. It provides an overview of approaches to modernism via the employment of various types of primary source material: correspondence, manuscripts and drafts, memoirs and production notes, reading notes and marginalia, and all manner of useful contextualising sources like news reports or judicial records. While having much to say to literary criticism more broadly, this volume is closely focused upon key modernist figures and emergent themes in light of the discipline's 'archival turn' – termed in a unifying introduction 'achivalism'. An essential ingredient separating the above, recent tendency from a much older and better-established new historicism, in modernist studies at least, is that 'the literary canon' remains an important starting point. Whereas new historicism 'is interested in history as represented and recorded in written documents' and tends toward a 'parallel study of literature and non-literary texts', archival criticism tends toward recognised, oftentimes canonical or critically-lauded, writers, presented in Part 1. Sidestepping the vicissitudes of canon formation, manuscript scholars tend to gravitate toward leading modernist authors: James Joyce, Ezra Pound, Virginia Woolf, Gertrude Stein, T.S. Eliot and Samuel Beckett. Part of the reason is obvious: known authors frequently leave behind sizeable literary estates, which are then acquired by research centres. A second section then applies the same empirical methodology to key or emergent themes in the study of modernism, including queer modernism; spatial modernism; little magazines (and online finding aids structuring them); and the role of faith and/or emotions in the construction of 'modernism' as we know it.

"A Terrible and Terribly Interesting Epoch"

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Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538155036
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis "A Terrible and Terribly Interesting Epoch" by : Alexandra Garbarini

Download or read book "A Terrible and Terribly Interesting Epoch" written by Alexandra Garbarini and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2021-11-15 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum This extraordinary wartime diary provides a rare glimpse into the daily life of French and foreign-born Jewish refugees under the Vichy regime during World War II. Long hidden, the diary was written by Lucien Dreyfus, a native of Alsacewho was a teacher at the most prestigious high school in Strasbourg, an editor of the leading Jewish newspaper of Alsace and Lorraine, the devoted father of an only daughter, and the doting grandfather of an only granddaughter. In 1939, after the French declaration of war on Hitler's Germany, Lucien and his wife, Marthe, were forced by the French state to leave Strasbourg along with thousands of other Jewish and non-Jewish residents of the city. The couple found refuge in Nice, on the Mediterranean coast in the south of France. Anti-Jewish laws prevented Lucien from resuming his teaching career and his work as a newspaper editor. But he continued to write, recording his trenchant reflections on the situation of France and French Jews under the Vichy regime. American visas allowed his daughter, son-in-law, and granddaughter to escape France in the spring of 1942 and establish new lives in the United States, but Lucien and Marthe were not so lucky. Rounded up during an SS raid in September 1943, they were deported and murdered in Auschwitz-Birkenau two months later. As the only diary by an observant Jew raised bi-culturally in French and German, Dreyfus's writing offers a unique philosophical and moral reflection on the Holocaust as it was unfolding in France.

Jewish Responses to Persecution

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Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 9780759119086
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Jewish Responses to Persecution by : Jürgen Matthäus

Download or read book Jewish Responses to Persecution written by Jürgen Matthäus and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2010 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A history of the Holocaust from 1933 to 1938 told from the Jewish perspective through period documents, annotations, and black-and-white photographs.

Nuremberg Diary

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (934 download)

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Book Synopsis Nuremberg Diary by : Gustav M. Gilbert

Download or read book Nuremberg Diary written by Gustav M. Gilbert and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Antisemitism on the Rise

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Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 1496228472
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (962 download)

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Book Synopsis Antisemitism on the Rise by : Ari Kohen

Download or read book Antisemitism on the Rise written by Ari Kohen and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2021-10 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We live in uncertain and unsettling times. Tragically, today’s global culture is rife with violent bigotry, nationalism, and antisemitism. The rhetoric is not new; it is grounded in attitudes and values from the 1930s and the 1940s in Europe and the United States. Antisemitism on the Rise is a collection of essays by some of the world’s leading experts, including Joseph Bendersky, Jean Cahan, R. Amy Elman, Leonard Greenspoon, and Jürgen Matthäus, regarding two key moments in antisemitic history: the interwar period and today. Ari Kohen and Gerald J. Steinacher have collected important examples on this crucial topic to illustrate new research findings and learning techniques that have become increasingly vital with the recent rise of white supremacist movements, many of which have a firm root in antisemitism. Part 1 focuses on the antisemitic beliefs and ideas that were predominant during the 1930s and 1940s, while part 2 draws comparisons between this period and today, including examples of ways to teach others about contemporary antisemitism. The volume seeks to inform readers about the historical progression of antisemitism and in doing so asks readers to think about what is at stake and how to bridge the gap between research and teaching.

The Third Reich

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Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1451651155
Total Pages : 672 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis The Third Reich by : Thomas Childers

Download or read book The Third Reich written by Thomas Childers and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2017-10-10 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Riveting…An elegantly composed study, important and even timely” (Kirkus Reviews, starred review) history of the Third Reich—how Adolf Hitler and a core group of Nazis rose from obscurity to power and plunged the world into World War II. In “the new definitive volume on the subject” (Houston Press), Thomas Childers shows how the young Hitler became passionately political and anti-Semitic as he lived on the margins of society. Fueled by outrage at the punitive terms imposed on Germany by the Versailles Treaty, he found his voice and drew a loyal following. As his views developed, Hitler attracted like-minded colleagues who formed the nucleus of the nascent Nazi party. Between 1924 and 1929, Hitler and his party languished in obscurity on the radical fringes of German politics, but the onset of the Great Depression gave them the opportunity to move into the mainstream. Hitler blamed Germany’s misery on the victorious allies, the Marxists, the Jews, and big business—and the political parties that represented them. By 1932 the Nazis had become the largest political party in Germany, and within six months they transformed a dysfunctional democracy into a totalitarian state and began the inexorable march to World War II and the Holocaust. It is these fraught times that Childers brings to life: the Nazis’ unlikely rise and how they consolidated their power once they achieved it. Based in part on German documents seldom used by previous historians, The Third Reich is a “powerful…reminder of what happens when power goes unchecked” (San Francisco Book Review). This is the most comprehensive and readable one-volume history of Nazi Germany since the classic The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.

The Jews, the Holocaust, and the Public

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030286754
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis The Jews, the Holocaust, and the Public by : Larissa Allwork

Download or read book The Jews, the Holocaust, and the Public written by Larissa Allwork and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-25 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the work and legacy of Professor David Cesarani OBE, a leading British scholar and expert on Jewish history who helped to shape Holocaust research, remembrance and education in the UK. It is a unique combination of chapters produced by researchers, curators and commemoration activists who either worked with and/or were taught by the late Cesarani. The chapters in this collection consider the legacies of Cesarani’s contribution to the discipline of history and the practice of public history. The contributors offer reflections on Cesarani’s approach and provide new insights into the study of Anglo-Jewish history, immigrants and minorities and the history and public legacies of the Holocaust.

Religion, Ethnonationalism, and Antisemitism in the Era of the Two World Wars

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Publisher : McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP
ISBN 13 : 0228010217
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Religion, Ethnonationalism, and Antisemitism in the Era of the Two World Wars by : Kevin P. Spicer

Download or read book Religion, Ethnonationalism, and Antisemitism in the Era of the Two World Wars written by Kevin P. Spicer and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 2022-01-15 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the wake of the devastating First World War, leaders of the victorious powers reconfigured the European continent, resulting in new understandings of nation, state, and citizenship. Religious identity, symbols, and practice became tools for politicians and church leaders alike to appropriate as instruments to define national belonging, often to the detriment of those outside the faith tradition. Religion, Ethnonationalism, and Antisemitism in the Era of the Two World Wars places the interaction between religion and ethnonationalism – a particular articulation of nationalism based upon an imagined ethnic community – at the centre of its analysis, offering a new lens through which to analyze how nationalism, ethnicity, and race became markers of inclusion and exclusion. Those who did not embrace the same ethnonationalist vision faced ostracization and persecution, with Jews experiencing pervasive exclusion and violence as centuries of antisemitic Christian rhetoric intertwined with right-wing nationalist extremism. The thread of antisemitism as a manifestation of ethnonationalism is woven through each of the essays, along with the ways in which individuals sought to critique religious ethnonationalism and the violence it inspired. With case studies from the United States, France, Italy, Germany, Finland, Croatia, Ukraine, and Romania, Religion, Ethnonationalism, and Antisemitism in the Era of the Two World Wars thoroughly explores the confluence of religion, race, ethnicity, and antisemitism that led to the annihilative destruction of the Second World War and the Holocaust, challenging readers to identify and confront the inherent dangers of narrowly defined ideologies.

How Did It Happen?

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Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538150328
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis How Did It Happen? by : Christoph Dieckmann

Download or read book How Did It Happen? written by Christoph Dieckmann and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2021-10-15 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this compelling book, Lithuanian author Ruta Vanagaite holds an extended conversation with noted historian Christoph Dieckmann. His exploration of the causes and consequences of the Holocaust in Lithuania provides the first overview for general readers that considers the perspectives of all the central groups involved—Jews, Lithuanians, and Germans. Drawing on a rich array of sources in all the key languages—Yiddish, Ivrit, Lithuanian, and German—Dieckmann considers not only the Berlin-based orientation of the German perpetrators but also the space where the Shoah took place—Lithuanian society with its Jewish minority under German occupation. He contends that this “space” of mass crimes is always linked with warfare and occupation. The Holocaust was unprecedented, but he makes a powerful case it cannot be isolated from the other mass crimes that took place at the same time in the same space against thousands of Soviet prisoners of war and forced refugees from the Soviet territories. Dieckmann shows that the Holocaust could not have unfolded throughout German-dominated Europe without the conditional cooperation of non-Germans in each occupied country. Existing antisemitism was radicalized from the 1930s onward, turning Jews, under the enormous stress of unrelenting warfare and often instable conditions of occupation, into what were perceived as deadly enemies. The Holocaust, its history and memory, can only be understood through this broader context. The authors’ searching exchanges illuminate the most profound questions we have as we struggle to understand the Holocaust.