The Parthenon Marbles And International Law

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The Parthenon Marbles and International Law

Author : Catharine Titi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303126357X
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

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Book Synopsis The Parthenon Marbles and International Law by : Catharine Titi

Download or read book The Parthenon Marbles and International Law written by Catharine Titi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-05-24 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Parthenon marbles case is the most famous international cultural heritage dispute concerning repatriation of looted antiquities, the Parthenon marbles in the British Museum’s ‘Elgin Collection’. The case has polarised observers ever since Elgin had the marbles hacked out of the ancient temple at the turn of the 19th century in Ottoman-occupied Athens. In 1816, a debt-stricken Elgin sold the marbles to the British government, which subsequently entrusted them to the British Museum, where they have remained since then. Much ink has been spilled on the Parthenon marbles. The ethical and cultural merits of their repatriation have been fiercely debated for years. But what has generally not been considered are the legal merits of their return in light of contemporary international law. This book is the first in legal scholarship to provide an international law perspective of the cause célèbre of international cultural heritage disputes and, in doing so, to clarify the new customary international law on the return of cultural property unlawfully removed from its original context. The book, which includes a foreword by Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, is a unique reference work on the legal case for the return of the Parthenon marbles and the new normative framework for the protection of cultural heritage.

Who Owns History?

Author : Geoffrey Robertson
Publisher : Biteback Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1785905422
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (859 download)

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Book Synopsis Who Owns History? by : Geoffrey Robertson

Download or read book Who Owns History? written by Geoffrey Robertson and published by Biteback Publishing. This book was released on 2019-11-05 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The biggest question in the world of art and culture concerns the return of property taken without consent. Throughout history, conquerors or colonial masters have taken artefacts from subjugated peoples, who now want them returned from museums and private collections in Europe and the USA. The controversy rages on over the Elgin Marbles, and has been given immediacy by figures such as France's President Macron, who says he will order French museums to return hundreds of artworks acquired by force or fraud in Africa, and by British opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn, who has pledged that a Labour government would return the Elgin Marbles to Greece. Elsewhere, there is a debate in Belgium about whether the Africa Museum, newly opened with 120,000 items acquired mainly by armed forces in the Congo, should close. Although there is an international convention dated 1970 that deals with the restoration of artefacts stolen since that time, there is no agreement on the rules of law or ethics which should govern the fate of objects forcefully or lawlessly acquired in previous centuries. Who Owns History? delves into the crucial debate over the Elgin Marbles, but also offers a system for the return of cultural property based on human rights law principles that are being developed by the courts. It is not a legal text, but rather an examination of how the past can be experienced by everyone, as well as by the people of the country of origin.

The Parthenon Marbles

Author : Christopher Hitchens
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1786631822
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (866 download)

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Book Synopsis The Parthenon Marbles by : Christopher Hitchens

Download or read book The Parthenon Marbles written by Christopher Hitchens and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2016-06-14 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fascinating history of an art world scandal—the seizure and sale of Ancient Greek sculptures to the British Museum—and a passionate cry for their return to the Parthenon in Athens. The Parthenon Marbles (formerly known as the Elgin Marbles), designed and executed by Pheidias to adorn the Parthenon, are perhaps the greatest of all classical sculptures. In 1801, Lord Elgin, then ambassador to the Turkish government, had chunks of the frieze sawn off and shipped to England, where they were subsequently seized by Parliament and sold to the British Museum to help pay off his debts. This scandal, exacerbated by the inept handling of the sculptures by their self-appointed guardians, remains unresolved to this day. In his fierce, eloquent account of a shameful piece of British imperial history, Christopher Hitchens makes the moral, artistic, legal, and political case for re-unifying the Parthenon frieze in Athens. The opening of the New Acropolis Museum emphatically trumps the British Museum’s long-standing (if always questionable) objection that there is nowhere in Athens to house the Parthenon Marbles. With contributions by Nadine Gordimer and Professor Charalambos Bouras, The Parthenon Marbles will surely end all arguments about where these great treasures belong, and help bring a two-centuries-old disgrace to a just conclusion.

The Elgin Marbles

Author : Christopher Hitchens
Publisher : Verso
ISBN 13 : 9781859842201
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis The Elgin Marbles by : Christopher Hitchens

Download or read book The Elgin Marbles written by Christopher Hitchens and published by Verso. This book was released on 1997 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Elgin Marbles, designed and executed by Phidias to adorn the Parthenon, are some of the most beautiful sculptures of ancient Greece. In 1801 Lord Elgin, then British ambassador to the Turkish government in Athens, had pieces of the frieze sawn off and removed to Britain, where they remain, igniting a storm of controversy which has continued to the present day. In the first full-length work on this fiercely debated issue, Christopher Hitchens recounts the history of these precious sculptures and forcefully makes the case for their return to Greece. Drawing out the artistic, moral, legal and political perspectives of the argument, Hitchens's eloquent prose makes The Elgin Marbles an invaluable contribution to one of the most important cultural controversies of our times.

The Parthenon Sculptures

Author : Ian Dennis Jenkins
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780674026926
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (269 download)

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Book Synopsis The Parthenon Sculptures by : Ian Dennis Jenkins

Download or read book The Parthenon Sculptures written by Ian Dennis Jenkins and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Parthenon sculptures in the British Museum are unrivaled examples of classical Greek art, an inspiration to artists and writers since their creation in the fifth century bce. A superb visual introduction to these wonders of antiquity, this book offers a photographic tour of the most famous of the surviving sculptures from ancient Greece, viewed within their cultural and art-historical context. Ian Jenkins offers an account of the history of the Parthenon and its architectural refinements. He introduces the sculptures as architecture--pediments, metopes, Ionic frieze--and provides an overview of their subject matter and possible meaning for the people of ancient Athens. Accompanying photographs focus on the pediment sculptures that filled the triangular gables at each end of the temple; the metopes that crowned the architrave surmounting the outer columns; and the frieze that ran around the four sides of the building, inside the colonnade. Comparative images, showing the sculptures in full and fine detail, bring out particular features of design and help to contrast Greek ideas with those of other cultures. The book further reflects on how, over 2,500 years, the cultural identity of the Parthenon sculptures has changed. In particular, Jenkins expands on the irony of our intimate knowledge and appreciation of the sculptures--a relationship far more intense than that experienced by their ancient, intended spectators--as they have been transformed from architectural ornaments into objects of art.

New Property in International Law

Author : Jean Ho
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192873458
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (928 download)

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Book Synopsis New Property in International Law by : Jean Ho

Download or read book New Property in International Law written by Jean Ho and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-10-04 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until now, the definition of property in international law has been poorly addressed. It is assumed that international law possesses sufficient content to regulate property, that provisions in international instruments addressing property rights are shown to act, and that resolutions of property disputes are claimed to be in accordance with international law. Yet, when asked to define key attributes of property in international law are, the legal world draws a collective blank. New Property in International Law examines how international law consistently falls short when it comes to new property regulation, because key stakeholders have failed to define what property is. The book considers and categorises new property into three areas; cultural property, common property, and contingent property, aiming to carve out, update, and impart coherence to international property law. By sketching the contours of new property in international law through a rigorous analytical comparison of property concepts in the Western, Soviet, post-Soviet, Chinese and Islamic juristic traditions, this work enables a balanced distillation of core attributes of new property from diverse property concepts that can then be woven into a broadly acceptable and broadly applicable definition.

The Parthenon Marbles Dispute

Author : Alexander Herman
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1509967192
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis The Parthenon Marbles Dispute by : Alexander Herman

Download or read book The Parthenon Marbles Dispute written by Alexander Herman and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2023-09-21 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why are we still arguing over the Parthenon Marbles? This book offers a fresh take on the history of those famous pieces of ancient sculpture removed from the Acropolis in Athens by Lord Elgin's men in the early 19th century. It explains how they became the cause célèbre of the larger debates around cultural heritage and restitution now taking place. The subject is one that is currently embroiling museums, governments, universities and the public at large. Herman provides a balanced, thorough and critical account of the history of the Marbles, while considering the legalities of their initial removal and the ethics of their retention by the British Museum. It incorporates the views of curators, museum directors, lawyers, archaeologists, politicians and others in both London and Athens. It explains why this particular dispute has not been satisfactorily resolved, and suggests new ways of seeking resolution for the Parthenon Marbles and for the many other cultural treasures held in museum collections outside their countries of origin. The book sets out a way forward for this famously intractable dispute, one based on evidence of past practice, legal rules around the transfer of cultural objects and the role of museums in negotiating international exchanges.

The Return of Cultural Treasures

Author : Jeanette Greenfield
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521477468
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (774 download)

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Book Synopsis The Return of Cultural Treasures by : Jeanette Greenfield

Download or read book The Return of Cultural Treasures written by Jeanette Greenfield and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1996-01-26 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New edition of Greenfield's pioneering study about the legal, political and historical aspects of cultural restitution.

China, Cultural Heritage, and International Law

Author : Hui Zhong
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351605690
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis China, Cultural Heritage, and International Law by : Hui Zhong

Download or read book China, Cultural Heritage, and International Law written by Hui Zhong and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-27 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China is a country that is rich in antiquities, but it is also a victim of looting that occurred during the period from the First Opium War to the end of the Japanese Occupation (1840–1945) when innumerable cultural objects were lost overseas. The Chinese Government insists on asserting its interest over its wrongfully removed cultural heritage and has sought for the return of lost cultural heritage by all means in accordance with relevant international conventions and Chinese laws. However, securing the return has been, and continues to be, problematic. Little research has been done regarding the question as to whether China has a legal basis for recovery, which is the first legal hurdle that China needs to get over. In addition, China does not have a legal basis for all cultural heritage taken during the period of 1840–1945. Claims for return without a legal basis are usually silenced or, at best, discussed only but very rarely facilitated. This book provides an answer for the return of Chinese cultural heritage. It examines the law contemporaneous to the removal of Chinese cultural heritage and its application. For this lack of a legal basis, this book argues that a new customary international law is emerging, according to which the interests of the states of origin in their wrongfully removed heritage should be prioritised. This proposed customary rule supports the return of wrongfully removed heritage. Once this proposed customary rule is accepted, it will provide a stronger argument not only for China, but also for other states of origin with a similar dilemma, including South Korea, Egypt, Greece, Cambodia, Turkey, Peru, and Italy, to recover their wrongfully removed heritage. While dealing with a large pool of return cases, this book is valuable to museums and art collectors in the event of buying and accepting art objects, and settling recovery disputes with states of origin. It will also be of interest to researchers, academics, policymakers, and students in the fields of cultural heritage law, international law, international trade, and human rights law.

Thinking about the Elgin Marbles:Critical Essays on Cultural Property, Art and Law

Author : John Merryman
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 488 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Thinking about the Elgin Marbles:Critical Essays on Cultural Property, Art and Law by : John Merryman

Download or read book Thinking about the Elgin Marbles:Critical Essays on Cultural Property, Art and Law written by John Merryman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2000-05-19 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book begins with a critical reexamination of the rival Greek and British claims to the Elgin Marbles. That case study identifies the questions that still dominate the growing international debate about cultural property policy and are explored in subsequent essays: Why do people care about cultural property? Is cultural nationalism a sound organizing principle for dealing with cultural property questions? Or is it a relic of 19th century romanticism, kept alive by the power of Byron's poetry? How can cultural nationalism be rationalized with the idea that works of art and antiquities are 'the cultural heritage of all mankind?' What alternative ways are there of thinking about cultural property policy and law? The author examines in particular the law and policy relating to cultural property export controls and the evolution and development of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention on the Return of Stolen and Illegally Exported Cultural Property. In the second part of the book the author addresses a number of contemporary art law issues in essays on counterfeit art, the moral rights of artists, the artist's resale right (droit de suite), the litigation over the Mark Rothko estate, and problems of museum trustee negligence, conflict of interests, and misuse of inside information. The author, a Professor of Art Law at Stanford University, is a leading international figure in cultural property and art law circles.

The Parthenon Enigma

Author : Joan Breton Connelly
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0385350503
Total Pages : 521 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (853 download)

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Book Synopsis The Parthenon Enigma by : Joan Breton Connelly

Download or read book The Parthenon Enigma written by Joan Breton Connelly and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2014-01-28 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Built in the fifth century b.c., the Parthenon has been venerated for more than two millennia as the West’s ultimate paragon of beauty and proportion. Since the Enlightenment, it has also come to represent our political ideals, the lavish temple to the goddess Athena serving as the model for our most hallowed civic architecture. But how much do the values of those who built the Parthenon truly correspond with our own? And apart from the significance with which we have invested it, what exactly did this marvel of human hands mean to those who made it? In this revolutionary book, Joan Breton Connelly challenges our most basic assumptions about the Parthenon and the ancient Athenians. Beginning with the natural environment and its rich mythic associations, she re-creates the development of the Acropolis—the Sacred Rock at the heart of the city-state—from its prehistoric origins to its Periklean glory days as a constellation of temples among which the Parthenon stood supreme. In particular, she probes the Parthenon’s legendary frieze: the 525-foot-long relief sculpture that originally encircled the upper reaches before it was partially destroyed by Venetian cannon fire (in the seventeenth century) and most of what remained was shipped off to Britain (in the nineteenth century) among the Elgin marbles. The frieze’s vast enigmatic procession—a dazzling pageant of cavalrymen and elders, musicians and maidens—has for more than two hundred years been thought to represent a scene of annual civic celebration in the birthplace of democracy. But thanks to a once-lost play by Euripides (the discovery of which, in the wrappings of a Hellenistic Egyptian mummy, is only one of this book’s intriguing adventures), Connelly has uncovered a long-buried meaning, a story of human sacrifice set during the city’s mythic founding. In a society startlingly preoccupied with cult ritual, this story was at the core of what it meant to be Athenian. Connelly reveals a world that beggars our popular notions of Athens as a city of staid philosophers, rationalists, and rhetoricians, a world in which our modern secular conception of democracy would have been simply incomprehensible. The Parthenon’s full significance has been obscured until now owing in no small part, Connelly argues, to the frieze’s dismemberment. And so her investigation concludes with a call to reunite the pieces, in order that what is perhaps the greatest single work of art surviving from antiquity may be viewed more nearly as its makers intended. Marshalling a breathtaking range of textual and visual evidence, full of fresh insights woven into a thrilling narrative that brings the distant past to life, The Parthenon Enigma is sure to become a landmark in our understanding of the civilization from which we claim cultural descent.

Keeping Their Marbles

Author : Tiffany Jenkins
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198817185
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Keeping Their Marbles by : Tiffany Jenkins

Download or read book Keeping Their Marbles written by Tiffany Jenkins and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-02-08 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the past two centuries and more, the West has acquired the treasures of antiquity to fill its museums, so that visitors to the British Museum in London, the Louvre in Paris and the Metropolitan in New York - to name but a few - can wonder at the ingenuity of humanity throughout the ages. However, in the opinion of most people, many of these items are looted property and should be returned immediately. In 'Keeping Their Marbles', Tiffany Jenkins tells the intriguing and sometimes bloody story of how the West came to acquire these treasures. Originally published: 2016.

Intangible Cultural Heritage in International Law

Author : Lucas Lixinski
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191668893
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis Intangible Cultural Heritage in International Law by : Lucas Lixinski

Download or read book Intangible Cultural Heritage in International Law written by Lucas Lixinski and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2013-06-13 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the legal issues around intangible cultural heritage (also known as traditional cultural expressions or folklore). It explores both institutional and substantive responses the law offers to the safeguarding of intangible heritage, relying heavily on critiques internal and external to the law. These external critiques primarily come from the disciplines of anthropology and heritage studies. Intangible cultural heritage is safeguarded on three different levels: international, regional, and national. At the international level, the foremost instrument is the specific UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003). At the regional level, initiatives are undertaken both in schemes of political and economic integration, a common thread being that intangible cultural heritage helps promote a common identity for the region, becoming thus a desirable aspect of the integration process. Domestically, responses range from strong constitutional forms of protection to rather weak policy initiatives aimed primarily at attracting foreign aid. Intangible heritage can also be safeguarded via substantive law, and, in this respect, the book looks at the potential and pitfalls of human rights law, intellectual property tools, and contractual approaches. It investigates how the law works and ought to work towards protecting communities, defined as those from where intangible cultural heritage stems, and to whom benefits of its exploitation must return. The book takes the critiques from anthropological and heritage studies into account in order to posit a re-shaped law, offering tools that can be valuable to both scholars and practitioners when understanding how to safeguard intangible heritage.

Advanced Introduction to Cultural Heritage Law

Author : Lorenzo Casini
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1789900077
Total Pages : 171 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (899 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Introduction to Cultural Heritage Law by : Lorenzo Casini

Download or read book Advanced Introduction to Cultural Heritage Law written by Lorenzo Casini and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2024-03-14 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lorenzo Casini delves into the increasing globalization of cultural heritage law in this innovative and thought-provoking Advanced Introduction. In addition to answering fundamental questions on cultural property, Casini connects national and global aspects of cultural heritage law, dissects old and contemporary dilemmas, and examines the future challenges of cultural heritage law in the digital age.

Thinking about the Elgin Marbles

Author : John Henry Merryman
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9041128751
Total Pages : 610 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis Thinking about the Elgin Marbles by : John Henry Merryman

Download or read book Thinking about the Elgin Marbles written by John Henry Merryman and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2009-01-01 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new edition of this insightful work begins with a critical reexamination of the rival Greek and British claims to the Elgin Marbles. That case study identifies the questions that continue to dominate the growing international debate about cultural property policy and which are subsequently explored in a newly expanded array of essays. The work goes on to pay particular attention to the law and policy relating to cultural property export controls and the evolution and development of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention on the Return of Stolen and Illegally Exported Cultural Property. The second part of this highly regarded book addresses a number of contemporary art law issues in essays on counterfeit art, the moral rights of artists, the artist's resale right (droit de suite),the litigation over the Mark Rothko estate, and problems of museum trustee negligence, conflict of interests, and misuse of inside information.

International Law and the Protection of Cultural Heritage

Author : Craig Forrest
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135224501
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (352 download)

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Book Synopsis International Law and the Protection of Cultural Heritage by : Craig Forrest

Download or read book International Law and the Protection of Cultural Heritage written by Craig Forrest and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-08-06 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world’s cultural heritage is under threat from war, illicit trafficking, social and economic upheaval, unregulated excavation and neglect. Over a period of almost fifty years, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation has adopted five international conventions that attempt to protect this cultural heritage. This book comprehensively and critically considers these five UNESCO cultural heritage conventions. The book looks at the conventions in the context of recent events that have exposed the dangers faced by cultural heritage, including the destruction of cultural heritage sites in Iraq and the looting of the Baghdad museum, the destruction the Buddhas of Bamiyan in Afghanistan, the salvage of artefacts from the RMS Titanic and the illicit excavation and trade in Chinese, Peruvian and Italian archaeological objects. As the only existing work to consider all five of the cultural heritage conventions adopted by UNESCO, the book acts as an introduction to this growing area of international law. However, the book does not merely describe the conventional principles and rules, but, critically evaluates the extent to which these international law principles and rules provide an effective and coherent international law framework for the protection of cultural heritage. It is suitable not only for those schooled in the law, but also for those who work with cultural heritage in all its manifestations seeking a broad but critical consideration of this important area of international law.

Claiming the Stones, Naming the Bones

Author : Elazar Barkan
Publisher : Getty Publications
ISBN 13 : 0892366737
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (923 download)

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Book Synopsis Claiming the Stones, Naming the Bones by : Elazar Barkan

Download or read book Claiming the Stones, Naming the Bones written by Elazar Barkan and published by Getty Publications. This book was released on 2003-01-09 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These fourteen essays address controversies over a variety of cultural properties, exploring them from perspectives of law, archeology, physical anthropology, ethnobiology, ethnomusicology, history, and cultural and literary study. The book divides cultural property into three types: Tangible, unique property like the Parthenon marbles; intangible property such as folktales, music, and folk remedies; and communal "representations," which have lead groups to censor both outsiders and insiders as cultural traitors.