The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: 1 June to 31 December 1792

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: 1 June to 31 December 1792 by : Thomas Jefferson

Download or read book The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: 1 June to 31 December 1792 written by Thomas Jefferson and published by . This book was released on 1950 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Papers of Thomas Jefferson

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 706 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis The Papers of Thomas Jefferson by : Thomas Jefferson

Download or read book The Papers of Thomas Jefferson written by Thomas Jefferson and published by . This book was released on 1950 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 24

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Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691185298
Total Pages : 927 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 24 by : Thomas Jefferson

Download or read book The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 24 written by Thomas Jefferson and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018-06-05 with total page 927 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume finds Thomas Jefferson grappling with problems arising from the radicalization of the French Revolution in Europe and the polarization of domestic politics in the United States. The overthrow of the French monarchy leads the Secretary of State to suspend debt payments to that nation and to formulate a diplomatic recognition policy that will long guide American diplomacy. After an abortive effort to initiate negotiations with the British minister in Philadelphia on the execution of the Treaty of Paris, Jefferson deflects a British proposal to establish a neutral Indian barrier state in the Northwest Territory. As he awaits the start of negotiations on major diplomatic issues with Spain, he deals with a Spanish effort to incite hostilities between the Southern Indians and the United States. The conflict between Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton reaches a new stage when the Secretary of the Treasury brings the cabinet struggle into full public view with four series of pseudonymous newspaper attacks on Jefferson. In letters to President Washington, Jefferson insists that Hamiltonian policies pose a fundamental threat to American republicanism, and in other documents he sets forth remedies for the defects he sees in Hamilton's system. During this period he also finds time to investigate the ravages of the Hessian fly on American wheat and to make plans to remodel Monticello.

Constitutional Inquisitors

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Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421446863
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Constitutional Inquisitors by : Scott Ingram

Download or read book Constitutional Inquisitors written by Scott Ingram and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2023-09-26 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evolution of the federal prosecutor's role from a pragmatic necessity to a significant political figure. In the United States, federal prosecutors enjoy a degree of power unmatched elsewhere in the world. They are free to investigate and prosecute—or decline to prosecute—criminal cases without significant oversight. And yet, no statute grants them these powers; their role is not mentioned in the Constitution. How did they obtain this power, and are they truly independent from the political process? In Constitutional Inquisitors, Scott Ingram answers these questions by tracing the origins and development of federal criminal law enforcement. In the first book to examine the development of the federal law enforcement apparatus in the earliest part of the early republic, Ingram explains how federal prosecutors' roles began as an afterthought but quickly evolved into powerful political positions. He also addresses two long-held perceptions about early federal criminal prosecution: that prosecutors tried many more cases than historians thought and that the relationship between prosecution and executive power is much more complex and interwoven than commonly assumed. Drawing on materials at the National Archives as well as correspondence and trial reports, Ingram explores the first federal criminal case, the first use of presidential pardon power, the first federal prosecution of a female, and the first interstate criminal investigation. He also discloses internal Administration discussions involving major criminal cases, including those arising from the Whiskey Insurrection, Neutrality Crisis, Alien and Sedition Acts, and Fries' Rebellion. As the United States grapples today with political divisions and arguments over who should be prosecuted for what, Constitutional Inquisitors reveals that these problems began with the creation of the federal prosecutor role and have continued as the role gained power.

Slavery’s Fugitives and the Making of the United States Constitution

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Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 0807183334
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Slavery’s Fugitives and the Making of the United States Constitution by : Timothy Messer-Kruse

Download or read book Slavery’s Fugitives and the Making of the United States Constitution written by Timothy Messer-Kruse and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2024-10-31 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Slavery’s Fugitives and the Making of the United States Constitution unearths a long-hidden factor that led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. While historians have generally acknowledged that patriot leaders assembled in response to postwar economic chaos, the threat of popular insurgencies, and the inability of the states to agree on how to fund the national government, Timothy Messer-Kruse suggests that scholars have discounted Americans’ desire to compel Britain to return fugitives from slavery as a driving force behind the convention. During the Revolutionary War, British governors offered freedom to enslaved Americans who joined the king’s army. Thousands responded by fleeing to English camps. After the British defeat at Yorktown, American diplomats demanded the surrender of fugitive slaves. When British generals refused, several states confiscated Loyalist estates and blocked payment of English creditors, hoping to apply enough pressure on the Crown to hand over the runaways. State laws conflicting with the 1783 Treaty of Paris violated the Articles of Confederation—the young nation’s first constitution—but Congress, lacking an executive branch or a federal judiciary, had no means to obligate states to comply. The standoff over the escaped slaves quickly escalated following the Revolution as Britain failed to abandon the western forts it occupied and took steps to curtail American commerce. More than any other single matter, the impasse over the return of enslaved Americans threatened to hamper the nation’s ability to expand westward, develop its commercial economy, and establish itself as a power among the courts of Europe. Messer-Kruse argues that the issue encouraged the founders to consider the prospect of scrapping the Articles of Confederation and drafting a superseding document that would dramatically increase federal authority—the Constitution.

Confronting Black Jacobins

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Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1583675647
Total Pages : 423 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (836 download)

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Book Synopsis Confronting Black Jacobins by : Gerald Horne

Download or read book Confronting Black Jacobins written by Gerald Horne and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2015-10-22 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Haitian Revolution, the product of the first successful slave revolt, was truly world-historic in its impact. When Haiti declared independence in 1804, the leading powers—France, Great Britain, and Spain—suffered an ignominious defeat and the New World was remade. The island revolution also had a profound impact on Haiti’s mainland neighbor, the United States. Inspiring the enslaved and partisans of emancipation while striking terror throughout the Southern slaveocracy, it propelled the fledgling nation one step closer to civil war. Gerald Horne’s path breaking new work explores the complex and often fraught relationship between the United States and the island of Hispaniola. Giving particular attention to the responses of African Americans, Horne surveys the reaction in the United States to the revolutionary process in the nation that became Haiti, the splitting of the island in 1844, which led to the formation of the Dominican Republic, and the failed attempt by the United States to annex both in the 1870s. Drawing upon a rich collection of archival and other primary source materials, Horne deftly weaves together a disparate array of voices—world leaders and diplomats, slaveholders, white abolitionists, and the freedom fighters he terms Black Jacobins. Horne at once illuminates the tangled conflicts of the colonial powers, the commercial interests and imperial ambitions of U.S. elites, and the brutality and tenacity of the American slaveholding class, while never losing sight of the freedom struggles of Africans both on the island and on the mainland, which sought the fulfillment of the emancipatory promise of 18th century republicanism.

The Many Faces of Alexander Hamilton

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Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 0814707246
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

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Book Synopsis The Many Faces of Alexander Hamilton by : Douglas Ambrose

Download or read book The Many Faces of Alexander Hamilton written by Douglas Ambrose and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2007-09 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation Alexander Hamilton has been the focus of debate from his day to ours. On the one hand, Hamilton was the quintessential Founding Father, playing a central role in every key debate and event in the Revolutionary and Early Republic eras. Who was he really and what is his legacy? Was Hamilton a closet monarchist or a sincere republican?

Beyond Chinoiserie

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Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004387838
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Beyond Chinoiserie by : Petra ten-Doesschate Chu

Download or read book Beyond Chinoiserie written by Petra ten-Doesschate Chu and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2018-11-01 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complex interweaving of different Western visions of China had a profound impact on artistic exchange between China and the West during the nineteenth century. Beyond Chinoiserie addresses the complexity of this exchange. While the playful Western “vision of Cathay” formed in the previous century continued to thrive, a more realistic vision of China was increasingly formed through travel accounts, paintings, watercolors, prints, book illustrations, and photographs. Simultaneously, the new discipline of sinology led to a deepening of the understanding of Chinese cultural history. Leading and emerging scholars in the fields of art history, literary studies and material culture, have authored the ten essays in this book, which deal with artistic relations between China and the West at a time when Western powers’ attempts to extend a sphere of influence in China led to increasingly hostile political interactions.

Ages of American Capitalism

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Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 0812995015
Total Pages : 945 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Ages of American Capitalism by : Jonathan Levy

Download or read book Ages of American Capitalism written by Jonathan Levy and published by Random House. This book was released on 2021-04-20 with total page 945 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A leading economic historian traces the evolution of American capitalism from the colonial era to the present—and argues that we’ve reached a turning point that will define the era ahead. “A monumental achievement, sure to become a classic.”—Zachary D. Carter, author of The Price of Peace In this ambitious single-volume history of the United States, economic historian Jonathan Levy reveals how capitalism in America has evolved through four distinct ages and how the country’s economic evolution is inseparable from the nature of American life itself. The Age of Commerce spans the colonial era through the outbreak of the Civil War, and the Age of Capital traces the lasting impact of the industrial revolution. The volatility of the Age of Capital ultimately led to the Great Depression, which sparked the Age of Control, during which the government took on a more active role in the economy, and finally, in the Age of Chaos, deregulation and the growth of the finance industry created a booming economy for some but also striking inequalities and a lack of oversight that led directly to the crash of 2008. In Ages of American Capitalism, Levy proves that capitalism in the United States has never been just one thing. Instead, it has morphed through the country’s history—and it’s likely changing again right now. “A stunning accomplishment . . . an indispensable guide to understanding American history—and what’s happening in today’s economy.”—Christian Science Monitor “The best one-volume history of American capitalism.”—Sven Beckert, author of Empire of Cotton

The Lives of the Constitution

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Publisher : Encounter Books
ISBN 13 : 1641770635
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (417 download)

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Book Synopsis The Lives of the Constitution by : Joseph Tartakovsky

Download or read book The Lives of the Constitution written by Joseph Tartakovsky and published by Encounter Books. This book was released on 2019-10-08 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a fascinating blend of biography and history, Joseph Tartakovsky tells the epic and unexpected story of our Constitution through the eyes of ten extraordinary individuals—some renowned, like Alexander Hamilton and Woodrow Wilson, and some forgotten, like James Wilson and Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Tartakovsky brings to life their struggles over our supreme law from its origins in revolutionary America to the era of Obama and Trump. Sweeping from settings as diverse as Gold Rush California to the halls of Congress, and crowded with a vivid Dickensian cast, Tartakovsky shows how America’s unique constitutional culture grapples with questions like democracy, racial and sexual equality, free speech, economic liberty, and the role of government. Joining the ranks of other great American storytellers, Tartakovsky chronicles how Daniel Webster sought to avert the Civil War; how Alexis de Tocqueville misunderstood America; how Robert Jackson balanced liberty and order in the battle against Nazism and Communism; and how Antonin Scalia died warning Americans about the ever-growing reach of the Supreme Court. From the 1787 Philadelphia Convention to the clash over gay marriage, this is a grand tour through two centuries of constitutional history as never told before, and an education in the principles that sustain America in the most astonishing experiment in government ever undertaken.

Quakers, Business and Corporate Responsibility

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030040348
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Quakers, Business and Corporate Responsibility by : Nicholas Burton

Download or read book Quakers, Business and Corporate Responsibility written by Nicholas Burton and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-07 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores how the distinctive "Quaker" approach to responsible business is based on honesty, truth and integrity. It analyzes how networks, family and succession are at its heart, and how much this approach offers to current debates on corporate social responsibility, as well as to managers and practitioners in an increasingly complex business world. The contributions in this volume assess the factors that explain the success and prosperity of many Quaker businesses throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, discussing the lessons learned from their disappearance from prominence. By drawing upon examples that illustrate the Quaker ethic, it also considers what so-called “Quakernomics” can contribute to contemporary responsible business theory and practice.

The Other Presidency

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Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 1606189050
Total Pages : 105 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis The Other Presidency by : Patrick Spero

Download or read book The Other Presidency written by Patrick Spero and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2024-06-25 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Other Presidency, Patrick Spero resurrects an overlooked but essential part of Thomas Jefferson’s life. For nearly seventeen years, Jefferson served as President of the American Philosophical Society (APS), the nation’s first learned society and one dedicated to promoting new research in the young republic, especially in the sciences. He did so while also serving as Vice President and President of the United States. As Spero shows in this short but important work, Jefferson used his various positions to solidify the Society’s foundation and, in turn, shape the course of American science. Through a deep dive into APS Archives and Jefferson’s papers, Spero demonstrates how the Society became a thoroughly Jeffersonian institution—that is, the APS, the largest and most powerful scientific body in the nation, advanced an agenda that comported with Jefferson’s own priorities. While Jefferson juggled affairs of state, he also remained deeply involved in the Society. In fact, the two complemented each other. He helped draft the institution’s first collection development policy, making clear the items and material he thought most important for the nation’s posterity. He also used his international network to introduce European intellectuals to the Society, and he called on these same networks to help build the Society’s collection. Jefferson himself received direct support from the Society to conduct his own research, including funding for an expedition with James Madison, and as President of the United States, he would often call on the APS and its members for advice. In short, Spero shows that Jefferson was integral to the development of the APS—and, perhaps more unexpectedly, the APS and the scientific community it fostered were integral to Jefferson and his vision for the young United States. A resource for students, history buffs, and Jefferson aficionados, the book includes a chronology of Thomas Jefferson's contributions to the APS, with references to major events in Jefferson's life.

The Framers' Intentions

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Publisher : University of Notre Dame Pess
ISBN 13 : 0268105510
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (681 download)

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Book Synopsis The Framers' Intentions by : Robert E. Ross

Download or read book The Framers' Intentions written by Robert E. Ross and published by University of Notre Dame Pess. This book was released on 2019-05-31 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Robert Ross addresses a fascinating and unresolved constitutional question: why did political parties emerge so quickly after the framers designed the Constitution to prevent them? The text of the Constitution is silent on this question. Most scholars of the subject have taken that silence to be a hostile one, arguing that the adoption of the two-party system was a significant break from a long history of antiparty sentiments and institutional design aimed to circumscribe party politics. The constitutional question of parties addresses the very nature of representation, democracy, and majority rule. Political parties have become a vital institution of representation by linking the governed with the government. Efforts to uphold political parties have struggled to come to terms with the apparent antiparty sentiments of the founders and the perception that the Constitution was intended to work against parties. The Framers’ Intentions connects political parties and the two-party system with the Constitution in a way that no previous account has, thereby providing a foundation for parties and a party system within American constitutionalism. This book will appeal to readers interested in political parties, constitutional theory, and constitutional development.

Political Thought and the Origins of the American Presidency

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Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813057752
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Political Thought and the Origins of the American Presidency by : Ben Lowe

Download or read book Political Thought and the Origins of the American Presidency written by Ben Lowe and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2021-06-08 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines the political ideas behind the construction of the presidency in the U.S. Constitution, as well as how these ideas were implemented by the nation’s early presidents. The framers of the Constitution disagreed about the scope of the new executive role they were creating, and this volume reveals the ways the duties and power of the office developed contrary to many expectations. Here, leading scholars of the early republic examine principles from European thought and culture that were key to establishing the conceptual language and institutional parameters for the American executive office. Unpacking the debates at the 1787 Constitutional Convention, these essays describe how the Constitution left room for the first presidents to set patterns of behavior and establish a range of duties to make the office functional within a governmental system of checks and balances. Contributors explore how these presidents understood their positions and fleshed out their full responsibilities according to the everyday operations required to succeed. As disputes continue to surround the limits of executive power today, this volume helps identify and explain the circumstances in which limits can be imposed on presidents who seem to dangerously exceed the constitutional parameters of their office. Political Thought and the Origins of the American Presidency demonstrates that this distinctive, time-tested role developed from a fraught, historically contingent, and contested process. Contributors: Claire Rydell Arcenas | Lindsay M. Chervinsky | François Furstenberg | Jonathan Gienapp | Daniel J. Hulsebosch | Ben Lowe | Max Skjönsberg | Eric Slauter | Caroline Winterer | Blair Worden | Rosemarie Zagarri A volume in the Alan B. and Charna Larkin Series on the American Presidency

André Michaux in North America

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Publisher : University Alabama Press
ISBN 13 : 081732030X
Total Pages : 609 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis André Michaux in North America by : André Michaux

Download or read book André Michaux in North America written by André Michaux and published by University Alabama Press. This book was released on 2020-03-31 with total page 609 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Journals and letters, translated from the original French, bring Michaux’s work to modern readers and scientists Known to today’s biologists primarily as the “Michx.” at the end of more than 700 plant names, André Michaux was an intrepid French naturalist. Under the directive of King Louis XVI, he was commissioned to search out and grow new, rare, and never-before-described plant species and ship them back to his homeland in order to improve French forestry, agriculture, and horticulture. He made major botanical discoveries and published them in his two landmark books, Histoire des chênes de l’Amérique (1801), a compendium of all oak species recognized from eastern North America, and Flora Boreali-Americana (1803), the first account of all plants known in eastern North America. Straddling the fields of documentary editing, history of the early republic, history of science, botany, and American studies, André Michaux in North America: Journals and Letters, 1785–1797 is the first complete English edition of Michaux’s American journals. This copiously annotated translation includes important excerpts from his little-known correspondence as well as a substantial introduction situating Michaux and his work in the larger scientific context of the day. To carry out his mission, Michaux traveled from the Bahamas to Hudson Bay and west to the Mississippi River on nine separate journeys, all indicated on a finely rendered, color-coded map in this volume. His writings detail the many hardships—debilitating disease, robberies, dangerous wild animals, even shipwreck—that Michaux endured on the North American frontier and on his return home. But they also convey the soaring joys of exploration in a new world where nature still reigned supreme, a paradise of plants never before known to Western science. The thrill of discovery drove Michaux ever onward, even ultimately to his untimely death in 1802 on the remote island of Madagascar.

Light-Horse Harry Lee

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Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1621578607
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (215 download)

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Book Synopsis Light-Horse Harry Lee by : Ryan Cole

Download or read book Light-Horse Harry Lee written by Ryan Cole and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2019-01-15 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Light-Horse Harry blazes across the pages of Ryan Cole's narrative like a meteor—and his final crash is as destructive. Cole tells his story with care, sympathy, and where necessary, sternness. This book is a great, and sometimes harrowing read." —Richard Brookhiser, senior editor at National Review and author of Founding Father: Rediscovering George Washington Who was "Light-Horse Harry" Lee? Gallant Revolutionary War hero. Quintessential Virginia cavalryman. George Washington’s trusted subordinate and immortal eulogist. Robert E. Lee’s beloved father. Founding father who shepherded the Constitution through the Virginia Ratifying Convention. But Light-Horse Harry Lee was also a con man. A beachcomber. Imprisoned for debt. Caught up in sordid squabbles over squalid land deals. Maimed for life by an angry political mob. Light-Horse Harry Lee’s life was tragic, glorious, and dramatic, but perhaps because of its sad, ignominious conclusion historians have rarely given him his due—until now. Now historian Ryan Cole presents this soldier and statesman of the founding generation with all the vim and vigor that typified Lee himself. Scouring hundreds of contemporary documents and reading his way into Lee’s life, political philosophy, and character, Cole gives us the most intimate picture to date of this greatly awed but hugely talented man whose influence has reverberated from the founding of the United States to the present day.

Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth

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Publisher : University Press of Kansas
ISBN 13 : 0700614192
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth by : Stephen F. Knott

Download or read book Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth written by Stephen F. Knott and published by University Press of Kansas. This book was released on 2002-02-15 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth explores the shifting reputation of our most controversial founding father. Since the day Aaron Burr fired his fatal shot, Americans have tried to come to grips with Alexander Hamilton's legacy. Stephen Knott surveys the Hamilton image in the minds of American statesmen, scholars, literary figures, and the media, explaining why Americans are content to live in a Hamiltonian nation but reluctant to embrace the man himself. Knott observes that Thomas Jefferson and his followers, and, later, Andrew Jackson and his adherents, tended to view Hamilton and his principles as "un-American." While his policies generated mistrust in the South and the West, where he is still seen as the founding "plutocrat," Hamilton was revered in New England and parts of the Mid-Atlantic states. Hamilton's image as a champion of American nationalism caused his reputation to soar during the Civil War, at least in the North. However, in the wake of Gilded Age excesses, progressive and populist political leaders branded Hamilton as the patron saint of Wall Street, and his reputation began to disintegrate. Hamilton's status reached its nadir during the New Deal, Knott argues, when Franklin Roosevelt portrayed him as the personification of Dickensian cold-heartedness. When FDR erected the beautiful Tidal Basin monument to Thomas Jefferson and thereby elevated the Sage of Monticello into the American Pantheon, Hamilton, as Jefferson's nemesis, fell into disrepute. He came to epitomize the forces of reaction contemptuous of the "great beast"-the American people. In showing how the prevailing negative assessment misrepresents the man and his deeds, Knott argues for reconsideration of Hamiltonianism, which rightly understood has much to offer the American polity of the twenty-first century. Remarkably, at the dawn of the new millennium, the nation began to see Hamilton in a different light. Hamilton's story was now the embodiment of the American dream-an impoverished immigrant who came to the United States and laid the economic and political foundation that paved the way for America's superpower status. Here in Stephen Knott's insightful study, Hamilton finally gets his due as a highly contested but powerful and positive presence in American national life.