The North American Journals Of Prince Maximilian Of Wied April

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The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied

Author : Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian of Wied
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806185988
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied by : Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian of Wied

Download or read book The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied written by Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian of Wied and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2014-04-09 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Made famous through the paintings of Swiss artist Karl Bodmer, the North American expedition of German naturalist Prince Maximilian of Wied in 1832–34 was the first scientific exploration of the Missouri River’s upper reaches since the epic journey of Lewis and Clark almost thirty years earlier. Maximilian’s journal has never been presented fully in English—until now. This collector’s-quality, oversized volume, the first of a three-volume set, draws on the Maximilian-Bodmer Collection at Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha, Nebraska. The North American Journals offer an incomparable view of the upper Missouri and its Native peoples at a pivotal moment in the history of the American West. This meticulous account, newly translated with extensive modern annotation, faithfully reproduces Maximilian’s 110 drawings and watercolors as well as his own notes, asides, and appendices. Volume I, which covers May 1832 to April 1833, documents Maximilian’s voyage to North America and his first encounters with Indians upon reaching the West. This is an essential resource for nineteenth-century western American history and a work of lasting value. This book is published with the assistance of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.

The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied

Author : Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian of Wied
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806185996
Total Pages : 609 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied by : Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian of Wied

Download or read book The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied written by Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian of Wied and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2014-04-09 with total page 609 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few historical chronicles are as informative and eloquent as the journal written by Prince Maximilian of Wied as a record of his journey into the North American interior in 1833, following the route Lewis and Clark had taken almost thirty years earlier. Maximilian's memorable descriptions of topography, Native peoples, and natural history were further brought to life through the now-familiar watercolors and sketches of Karl Bodmer, the young Swiss artist who accompanied him. The first of the three volumes of the North American Journals recounts the prince's journey from Europe to St. Louis—then the edge of the frontier. Volume II vividly narrates his experiences on the upper Missouri and offers an unparalleled view of the region and the peoples native to it. In these pages, we accompany Maximilian as he travels far up the Missouri River to Fort McKenzie, a trading post some 2,500 river miles from St. Louis near what is now Fort Benton, Montana. The handsome, oversize volume not only reproduces this historic document but also features every one of Maximilian's illustrations—more than 200 in all, including nearly 50 in color—from the original journal now housed at Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha, Nebraska. Maximilian recorded detailed observations of flora, fauna, geology, and climate. From his unique, scientifically trained perspective, he also undertook a serious field study of the cultures and languages of the central and northern Great Plains Indians he encountered. His journal contains important, firsthand descriptions of tribal social customs, religious rituals, material culture, and art, as well as an account of Native interactions with Euro-Americans engaged in the then-burgeoning fur trade. This book is published with the assistance of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.

The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied: May 1832-April 1833

Author : Maximilian Wied (Prinz von)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied: May 1832-April 1833 by : Maximilian Wied (Prinz von)

Download or read book The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied: May 1832-April 1833 written by Maximilian Wied (Prinz von) and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few historical chronicles are as informative and eloquent as the journal written by Prince Maximilian of Wied as a record of his journey into the North American interior in 1833, following the route Lewis and Clark had taken almost thirty years earlier. Maximilian's memorable descriptions of topography, Native peoples, and natural history were further brought to life through the now-familiar watercolors and sketches of Karl Bodmer, the young Swiss artist who accompanied him.Volume One of the North American Journals recounts the prince's journey from Europe to St. Louis--then the edge of the frontier.

The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied: April-September 1833

Author : Maximilian Wied (Prinz von)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied: April-September 1833 by : Maximilian Wied (Prinz von)

Download or read book The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied: April-September 1833 written by Maximilian Wied (Prinz von) and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Made famous through the paintings of Swiss artist Karl Bodmer, the North American expedition of German naturalist Prince Maximilian of Wied in 1832-34 was the first scientific exploration of the Missouri River's upper reaches since the epic journey of Lewis and Clark almost thirty years earlier. Maximilian's journal has never been presented fully in English until now. These three volumes draw on the Maximilian-Bodmer Collection at Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha, Nebraska. The North American Journals offer a view of the upper Missouri and its Native peoples at a pivotal moment in the history of the American West. This meticulous account, newly translated with extensive modern annotation, faithfully reproduces Maximilian's 110 drawings and watercolors as well as his own notes, asides, and appendices.

Travels in North America, 1832–1834

Author : Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian of Wied
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806158573
Total Pages : 625 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Travels in North America, 1832–1834 by : Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian of Wied

Download or read book Travels in North America, 1832–1834 written by Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian of Wied and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2017-02-08 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied rank among the most important firsthand sources documenting the early-nineteenth-century American West. Published in their entirety as an annotated three-volume set, the journals present a complete narrative of Maximilian’s expedition across the United States, from Boston almost to the headwaters of the Missouri in the Rocky Mountains, and back. This new concise edition, the only modern condensed version of Maximilian’s full account, highlights the expedition’s most significant encounters and dramatic events. The German prince and his party arrived in Boston on July 4, 1832. He intended to explore “the natural face of North America,” observing and recording firsthand the flora, fauna, and especially the Native peoples of the interior. Accompanying him was the young Swiss artist Karl Bodmer, who would document the journey with sketches and watercolors. Together, the group traveled across the eastern United States and up the Missouri River into present-day Montana, spending the winter of 1833–34 at Fort Clark, an important fur-trading post near the Mandan and Hidatsa villages in what is now North Dakota. The expedition returned downriver to St. Louis the following spring, having spent more than a year in the Upper Missouri frontier wilderness. The two explorers experienced the American frontier just before its transformation by settlers, miners, and industry. Featuring nearly fifty color and black-and-white illustrations—including several of Karl Bodmer’s best landscapes and portraits—this succinct record of their expedition invites new audiences to experience an enthralling journey across the early American West.

Indigenous War Painting of the Plains

Author : Arni Brownstone
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806194278
Total Pages : 653 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Indigenous War Painting of the Plains by : Arni Brownstone

Download or read book Indigenous War Painting of the Plains written by Arni Brownstone and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2024-07-23 with total page 653 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains practiced an archival art—narrating war exploits in large-scale paintings executed on animal hide robes, shirts, tipi covers, and tipi liners. Essentially autobiographical, the paintings were worn and lived in by the men whose war exploits they portrayed, and were made to be “read” by the public at large. Executed in a pictorial narrative style and documenting actual events, these paintings blend visual art and history. Indigenous War Painting of the Plains is the first comprehensive look at this important North American art form, covering the full corpus of war paintings from fourteen tribes across the plains. Two impediments have previously made such a book impractical: photography alone falls short of rendering war paintings for the printed page, and only about half of the surviving works have reliable documentation on their cultural origins. Arni Brownstone surmounts these difficulties by producing precise electronic redrawings and by using well-documented paintings to inform poorly documented examples, bolstered by a careful examination of collection histories. Featuring some 300 photographs and electronic redrawings, the book focuses on 83 paintings organized into four chapters covering the paintings of tribes associated with a specific geographical sphere of artistic influence. Four appendixes feature paintings combined with “translations” by Indigenous collaborators who had intimate knowledge of the depicted events. Offering vivid access to the key works of war painting preserved in 37 museums throughout North America and Europe, Indigenous War Painting of the Plains illuminates distinctions between painting styles of different tribes, reveals how they influenced one another and changed over time, and conveys a deep understanding of how war painting developed in relation to profound social changes in Plains Indian cultures.

Karl Bodmer's America Revisited

Author :
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806189126
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Karl Bodmer's America Revisited by :

Download or read book Karl Bodmer's America Revisited written by and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2013-07-05 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Less than thirty years after Lewis and Clark completed their epic journey, Prince Maximilian of Wied—a German naturalist—and his entourage set off on their own daring expedition across North America. Accompanying the prince on this 1832–34 voyage was Swiss artist Karl Bodmer, whose drawings and watercolors—designed to illustrate Maximilian’s journals—now rank among the great treasures of nineteenth-century American art. This lavishly illustrated book juxtaposes Bodmer’s landscape images with modern-day photographs of the same views, allowing readers to see what has changed, and what seems unchanged, since the time Maximilian and Bodmer made their storied trip up the Missouri River. To discover how the areas Bodmer depicted have changed over time, photographer Robert M. Lindholm and anthropologist W. Raymond Wood made several trips over a period of years, from 1985 to 2002, to locate and record the same sites—all the way from Boston Harbor, where Maximilian and Bodmer began their journey, to Fort McKenzie, in modern-day western Montana. Pairing sixty-seven Bodmer works side by side with Lindholm’s photographs of the same sites, this volume uses the comparison of old and new images to reveal alterations through time—and the encroachment of a built environment—across diverse landscapes. Karl Bodmer’s America Revisited is at once a tribute to the artistic achievements of a premier landscape artist and a photographer who followed in his footsteps, and a valuable record of America’s ever-changing environment.

Remaking North American Sovereignty

Author : Jewel L. Spangler
Publisher : Fordham University Press
ISBN 13 : 0823288471
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (232 download)

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Book Synopsis Remaking North American Sovereignty by : Jewel L. Spangler

Download or read book Remaking North American Sovereignty written by Jewel L. Spangler and published by Fordham University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-07 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: North America took its political shape in the crisis of the 1860s, marked by Canadian Confederation, the U.S. Civil War, the restoration of the Mexican Republic, and numerous wars and treaty regimes conducted between these states and indigenous peoples. This crisis wove together the three nation-states of modern North America from a patchwork of contested polities. Remaking North American Sovereignty brings together distinguished experts on the histories of Canada, indigenous peoples, Mexico, and the United States to re-evaluate this era of political transformation in light of the global turn in nineteenth-century historiography. They uncover the continental dimensions of the 1860s crisis that have been obscured by historical traditions that confine these conflicts within its national framework.

Global West, American Frontier

Author : David M. Wrobel
Publisher : University of New Mexico Press
ISBN 13 : 0826353703
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (263 download)

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Book Synopsis Global West, American Frontier by : David M. Wrobel

Download or read book Global West, American Frontier written by David M. Wrobel and published by University of New Mexico Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book examines how travel writers viewed the American West from the age of Manifest Destiny through the Great Depression. In the nineteenth century, the West was often presented as one developing frontier among many; in the twentieth century, travel writers often searched for American frontier distinctiveness"--Provided by publisher"--Provided by publisher.

Lakhota

Author : Rani-Henrik Andersson
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806191643
Total Pages : 437 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Lakhota by : Rani-Henrik Andersson

Download or read book Lakhota written by Rani-Henrik Andersson and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2022-11-17 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Lakȟóta are among the best-known Native American peoples. In popular culture and even many scholarly works, they were once lumped together with others and called the Sioux. This book tells the full story of Lakȟóta culture and society, from their origins to the twenty-first century, drawing on Lakȟóta voices and perspectives. In Lakȟóta culture, “listening” is a cardinal virtue, connoting respect, and here authors Rani-Henrik Andersson and David C. Posthumus listen to the Lakȟóta, both past and present. The history of Lakȟóta culture unfolds in this narrative as the people lived it. Fittingly, Lakhota: An Indigenous History opens with an origin story, that of White Buffalo Calf Woman (Ptesanwin) and her gift of the sacred pipe to the Lakȟóta people. Drawing on winter counts, oral traditions and histories, and Lakȟóta letters and speeches, the narrative proceeds through such periods and events as early Lakȟóta-European trading, the creation of the Great Sioux Reservation, Christian missionization, the Plains Indian Wars, the Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee (1890), the Indian New Deal, and self-determination, as well as recent challenges like the #NoDAPL movement and management of Covid-19 on reservations. This book centers Lakȟóta experience, as when it shifts the focus of the Battle of Little Bighorn from Custer to fifteen-year-old Black Elk, or puts American Horse at the heart of the negotiations with the Crook Commission, or explains the Lakȟóta agenda in negotiating the Fort Laramie Treaty in 1851. The picture that emerges—of continuity and change in Lakȟóta culture from its distant beginnings to issues in our day—is as sweeping and intimate, and as deeply complex, as the lived history it encompasses.

Mastering Iron

Author : Anne Kelly Knowles
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226448614
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis Mastering Iron by : Anne Kelly Knowles

Download or read book Mastering Iron written by Anne Kelly Knowles and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2013-01-15 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Veins of iron run deep in the history of America. Iron making began almost as soon as European settlement, with the establishment of the first ironworks in colonial Massachusetts. Yet it was Great Britain that became the Atlantic world’s dominant low-cost, high-volume producer of iron, a position it retained throughout the nineteenth century. It was not until after the Civil War that American iron producers began to match the scale and efficiency of the British iron industry. In Mastering Iron, Anne Kelly Knowles argues that the prolonged development of the US iron industry was largely due to geographical problems the British did not face. Pairing exhaustive manuscript research with analysis of a detailed geospatial database that she built of the industry, Knowles reconstructs the American iron industry in unprecedented depth, from locating hundreds of iron companies in their social and environmental contexts to explaining workplace culture and social relations between workers and managers. She demonstrates how ironworks in Alabama, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia struggled to replicate British technologies but, in the attempt, brought about changes in the American industry that set the stage for the subsequent age of steel. Richly illustrated with dozens of original maps and period art work, all in full color, Mastering Iron sheds new light on American ambitions and highlights the challenges a young nation faced as it grappled with its geographic conditions.

Avant-Garde in the Cornfields

Author : Michelangelo Sabatino
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452960380
Total Pages : 586 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

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Book Synopsis Avant-Garde in the Cornfields by : Michelangelo Sabatino

Download or read book Avant-Garde in the Cornfields written by Michelangelo Sabatino and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2019-10-15 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A close examination of an iconic small town that gives boundless insights into architecture, landscape, preservation, and philanthropy Avant-Garde in the Cornfields is an in-depth study of New Harmony, Indiana, a unique town in the American Midwest renowned as the site of two successive Utopian settlements during the nineteenth century: the Harmonists and the Owenites. During the Cold War years of the twentieth century, New Harmony became a spiritual “living community” and attracted a wide variety of creative artists and architects who left behind landmarks that are now world famous. This engrossing and well-documented book explores the architecture, topography, and preservation of New Harmony during both periods and addresses troubling questions about the origin, production, and meaning of the town’s modern structures, landscapes, and gardens. It analyzes how these were preserved, recognizing the funding that has made New Harmony so vital, and details the elaborate ways in which the town remains an ongoing experiment in defining the role of patronage in historic preservation. An important reappraisal of postwar American architecture from a rural perspective, Avant-Garde in the Cornfields presents provocative ideas about how history is interpreted through design and historic preservation—and about how the extraordinary past and present of New Harmony continue to thrive today. Contributors: William R. Crout, Harvard U; Stephen Fox, Rice U; Christine Gorby, Pennsylvania State U; Cammie McAtee, Harvard U; Nancy Mangum McCaslin; Kenneth A. Schuette Jr., Purdue U; Ralph Schwarz; Paul Tillich.

Alexander Von Humboldt and the United States

Author : Eleanor Jones Harvey
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691200807
Total Pages : 445 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis Alexander Von Humboldt and the United States by : Eleanor Jones Harvey

Download or read book Alexander Von Humboldt and the United States written by Eleanor Jones Harvey and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-14 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The enduring influence of naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt on American art, culture, and politics Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) was one of the most influential scientists and thinkers of his age. A Prussian-born geographer, naturalist, explorer, and illustrator, he was a prolific writer whose books graced the shelves of American artists, scientists, philosophers, and politicians. Humboldt visited the United States for six weeks in 1804, engaging in a lively exchange of ideas with such figures as Thomas Jefferson and the painter Charles Willson Peale. It was perhaps the most consequential visit by a European traveler in the young nation's history, one that helped to shape an emerging American identity grounded in the natural world. In this beautifully illustrated book, Eleanor Jones Harvey examines how Humboldt left a lasting impression on American visual arts, sciences, literature, and politics. She shows how he inspired a network of like-minded individuals who would go on to embrace the spirit of exploration, decry slavery, advocate for the welfare of Native Americans, and extol America's wilderness as a signature component of the nation's sense of self. Harvey traces how Humboldt's ideas influenced the transcendentalists and the landscape painters of the Hudson River School, and laid the foundations for the Smithsonian Institution, the Sierra Club, and the National Park Service. Alexander von Humboldt and the United States looks at paintings, sculptures, maps, and artifacts, and features works by leading American artists such as Albert Bierstadt, George Catlin, Frederic Church, and Samuel F. B. Morse. Published in association with the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC Exhibition Schedule Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC September 18, 2020–January 3, 2021

Humanities

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)

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Book Synopsis Humanities by :

Download or read book Humanities written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Beneath the Backbone of the World

Author : Ryan Hall
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469655160
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis Beneath the Backbone of the World by : Ryan Hall

Download or read book Beneath the Backbone of the World written by Ryan Hall and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2020-03-19 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the better part of two centuries, between 1720 and 1877, the Blackfoot (Niitsitapi) people controlled a vast region of what is now the U.S. and Canadian Great Plains. As one of the most expansive and powerful Indigenous groups on the continent, they dominated the northern imperial borderlands of North America. The Blackfoot maintained their control even as their homeland became the site of intense competition between white fur traders, frequent warfare between Indigenous nations, and profound ecological transformation. In an era of violent and wrenching change, Blackfoot people relied on their mastery of their homelands' unique geography to maintain their way of life. With extensive archival research from both the United States and Canada, Ryan Hall shows for the first time how the Blackfoot used their borderlands position to create one of North America's most vibrant and lasting Indigenous homelands. This book sheds light on a phase of Native and settler relations that is often elided in conventional interpretations of Western history, and demonstrates how the Blackfoot exercised significant power, resiliency, and persistence in the face of colonial change.

Dictionary of Midwestern Literature, Volume Two

Author : Philip A. Greasley
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253021162
Total Pages : 1074 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Dictionary of Midwestern Literature, Volume Two by : Philip A. Greasley

Download or read book Dictionary of Midwestern Literature, Volume Two written by Philip A. Greasley and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2016-08-08 with total page 1074 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Midwest has produced a robust literary heritage. Its authors have won half of the nation's Nobel Prizes for Literature plus a significant number of Pulitzer Prizes. This volume explores the rich racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity of the region. It also contains entries on 35 pivotal Midwestern literary works, literary genres, literary, cultural, historical, and social movements, state and city literatures, literary journals and magazines, as well as entries on science fiction, film, comic strips, graphic novels, and environmental writing. Prepared by a team of scholars, this second volume of the Dictionary of Midwestern Literature is a comprehensive resource that demonstrates the Midwest's continuing cultural vitality and the stature and distinctiveness of its literature.

Encounters at the Heart of the World

Author : Elizabeth A. Fenn
Publisher : Macmillan + ORM
ISBN 13 : 0374711070
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (747 download)

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Book Synopsis Encounters at the Heart of the World by : Elizabeth A. Fenn

Download or read book Encounters at the Heart of the World written by Elizabeth A. Fenn and published by Macmillan + ORM. This book was released on 2014-03-11 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Pulitzer Prize–winning work pieces together the lost history of the Mandan Native Americans and their thriving society on the Upper Missouri River. The Mandan people’s bustling towns in present-day North Dakota were at the center of the North American universe for centuries. Yet their history has been nearly forgotten, maintained in fragmentary documents and the journals of white visitors such as Lewis and Clark. In this extraordinary book, Elizabeth A. Fenn pieces together those fragments along with important new discoveries in archaeology, anthropology, geology, climatology, epidemiology, and nutritional science. The result is a bold new perspective on early American history, a new interpretation of the American past. By 1500, more than twelve thousand Mandans were established on the northern Plains, and their commercial prowess, agricultural skills, and reputation for hospitality became famous. Recent archaeological discoveries show how they thrived—and how they collapsed. The damage wrought by imported diseases like smallpox and the havoc caused by the arrival of horses and steamboats were tragic for the Mandans, yet, as Fenn makes clear, their sense of themselves as a people with distinctive traditions endured.