The Necessity For The Destruction Of The Abbey Of Monte Cassino

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The Necessity for the Destruction of the Abbey of Monte Cassino

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 89 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (946 download)

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Download or read book The Necessity for the Destruction of the Abbey of Monte Cassino written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Abbey of Monte Cassino, founded by Saint Benedict in 529 AD, at the beginning of the Italian Campaign was one of only two sites requiring special consideration in the interest of historical preservation. The monastery overlooked the only north-south road from Naples to Rome. The promontory, studied by the Italian War College as an example of a position made impregnable by nature, was the focal point of the German Gustav Line. The German defensive scheme did not include the monastery but did establish positions within 300 meters of its outer walls. After the lackluster landing at Anzio, the Fifth Army was obligated to conduct a winter campaign to break through the Gustav Line and relieve Anzio. In a sinister scape of bush and rock, soldiers endured immeasurable hardships while the monastery stood immune to the scars of war. On 15 February 1944, 253 tons of explosives were dropped on the Abbey of Monte Cassino as hundreds of refugees and wounded assembled in the chapel for morning services. The German paratroopers survived the onslaught of Allied air power without a casualty and occupied the ruins that would serve as a strongpoint for the next four months. The perceived necessity for the bombing was nested in leadership interpretation of military necessity, psychological impact, and political considerations. Because the bombing was not coordinated with the ground assault, it was tactically irrelevant and failed to meet the requirements of military necessity. Decisions made to bolster friendly morale and to avoid political conflict are not intended for the defeat of the enemy and also fail to meet the requirements of necessity. The bombing was a careless act resulting in the needless death of civilians, destruction of a sacred building, and waste of valuable military resources.

The Necessity For The Destruction Of The Abbey Of Monte Cassino

Author : Major John G. Clement
Publisher : Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1786250357
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (862 download)

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Book Synopsis The Necessity For The Destruction Of The Abbey Of Monte Cassino by : Major John G. Clement

Download or read book The Necessity For The Destruction Of The Abbey Of Monte Cassino written by Major John G. Clement and published by Pickle Partners Publishing. This book was released on 2015-11-06 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Abbey of Monte Cassino, founded by Saint Benedict in A.D. 529, at the beginning of the Italian campaign was one of only two sites requiring special consideration in the interest of historical preservation. The monastery overlooked the only north-south road from Naples to Rome. The promontory, studied by the Italian War College as an example of a position made impregnable by nature, was the focal point of the German Gustav Line. The German defensive scheme did not include the monastery but did establish positions within 300 meters of its outer walls. After the lackluster landing at Anzio, the Fifth Army was obligated to conduct a winter campaign to break through the Gustav Line and relieve Anzio. In a sinister scape of bush and rock, soldiers endured immeasurable hardships while the monastery stood immune to the scars of war. On 15 February 1944, 253 tons of explosives were dropped on the Abbey of Monte Cassino as hundreds of refugees and wounded assembled in the chapel for morning services. The German paratroopers survived the onslaught of Allied airpower without a casualty and occupied the ruins that would serve as a strongpoint for the next four months. The perceived necessity for the bombing was nested in leadership interpretation of military necessity, psychological impact, and political considerations. Because the bombing was not coordinated with the ground assault, it was tactically irrelevant and failed to meet the requirements of military necessity. Decisions made to bolster friendly morale and to avoid political conflict are not intended for the defeat of the enemy and also fail to meet the requirements of necessity. The bombing was a careless act resulting in the needless death of civilians, destruction of a sacred building, and a waste of valuable military resources.

The Necessity for the Destruction of the Abbey of Monte Cassino

Author : John G. Clement
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (611 download)

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Book Synopsis The Necessity for the Destruction of the Abbey of Monte Cassino by : John G. Clement

Download or read book The Necessity for the Destruction of the Abbey of Monte Cassino written by John G. Clement and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Destruction and Recovery of Monte Cassino, 529-1964

Author : Kriston R. Rennie
Publisher : Amsterdam University Press
ISBN 13 : 9048552125
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (485 download)

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Book Synopsis The Destruction and Recovery of Monte Cassino, 529-1964 by : Kriston R. Rennie

Download or read book The Destruction and Recovery of Monte Cassino, 529-1964 written by Kriston R. Rennie and published by Amsterdam University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-30 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between the sixth and twentieth centuries, the Benedictine Abbey of Monte Cassino (est. 529) experienced a cycle of atrocities which forever transformed its identity. This book examines how such a tumultuous history has been constructed, remembered, and represented from the Middle Ages to the present day. It uses this singular and pivotal case to analyse the historical process of remembering and its impact on modern representations of the past. Exactly how Monte Cassino is remembered is distinctive and diagnostic. The abbey is recognizable today as a beacon of western civilization, culture, and learning precisely because of its 'destruction tradition' over fourteen centuries. This book asks how the abbey's fragmented past has been ideologically, politically, and culturally constituted and preserved; how its experience with destruction and suffering - and recovery and rebirth - has become incorporated into a modern narrative of progress and triumph.

Monte Cassino

Author : Matthew Parker
Publisher : Anchor
ISBN 13 : 0385513399
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (855 download)

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Book Synopsis Monte Cassino by : Matthew Parker

Download or read book Monte Cassino written by Matthew Parker and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2004-06-01 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monte Cassino is the true story of one of the bitterest and bloodiest of the Allied struggles against the Nazi army. Long neglected by historians, the horrific conflict saw over 350,000 casualties, while the worst winter in Italian memory and official incompetence and backbiting only worsened the carnage and turmoil. Combining groundbreaking research in military archives with interviews with four hundred survivors from both sides, as well as soldier diaries and letters, Monte Cassino is both profoundly evocative and historically definitive. Clearly and precisely, Matthew Parker brilliantly reconstructs Europe’s largest land battle–which saw the destruction of the ancient monastery of Monte Cassino–and dramatically conveys the heroism and misery of the human face of war.

Plumes of Smoke

Author : Derek James
Publisher : Helion
ISBN 13 : 9781804515365
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (153 download)

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Book Synopsis Plumes of Smoke by : Derek James

Download or read book Plumes of Smoke written by Derek James and published by Helion. This book was released on 2024-07-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 15 February 1944, one of the most iconic buildings in European history was destroyed by allied bombers. Plumes of Smoke is a book about the consequences of war, written as war again comes to Europe. It is also a book about what wars are fought for, and about those that make the fundamental decisions that affect us all. The decision to destroy the Abbey of Montecassino was and remains highly controversial. Why was this building of inestimable cultural value so easily destroyed? Was it to win a battle, or to prove the legitimacy of American bombing theory? It is not a story of individual bravery, although this existed aplenty on both sides in the mud and mountains of 1944 Italy, but a story of a battle that has no winners and no heroes. This is a story from 80 years ago that resonates clearly through the decades. In a time filled with arguments concerning the laws and morality of war, this story from the last major war in Europe may lead the reader to understand that little changes. Military Necessity remains the principal excuse for unnecessary devastation. When nations or generals are faced with difficult decisions, when winning becomes more important than the reasons they fought for in the first place, then legal and moral boundaries are often forgotten in the fog of war. It appears that little has improved over the succeeding decades when political convenience trumps moral courage and the importance of our human heritage.

Fighting the People's War

Author : Jonathan Fennell
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107030951
Total Pages : 967 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Fighting the People's War by : Jonathan Fennell

Download or read book Fighting the People's War written by Jonathan Fennell and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-24 with total page 967 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jonathan Fennell captures for the first time the true wartime experience of the ordinary soldiers from across the empire who made up the British and Commonwealth armies. He analyses why the great battles were won and lost and how the men that fought went on to change the world.

Monte Cassino

Author : Peter Caddick-Adams
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199974667
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

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Book Synopsis Monte Cassino by : Peter Caddick-Adams

Download or read book Monte Cassino written by Peter Caddick-Adams and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-03-22 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selected as a Kirkus Reviews Best Book of 2013 The most horrific battles of World War II ring in the popular memory: Stalingrad, the Bulge, Iwo Jima, to name a few. Monte Cassino should stand among them. Waged deep in the Italian mountains beneath a medieval monastery, it was an astonishingly brutal encounter, grinding up ten armies in conditions as bad as the Eastern Front at its worst. Now the battle has the chronicle it deserves. In Monte Cassino, military historian Peter Caddick-Adams provides a vivid account of how an array of men from across the globe fought the most lengthy and devastating engagement of the Italian campaign in an ancient monastery town. Not simply Americans, British, and Germans, but Russians, Indians, Georgians, Nepalese, Ukrainians, French, Slovaks, Armenians, New Zealanders, and Poles, among others, fought and died there. Caddick-Adams offers a panoramic view, surveying the strategic heights and peering over the shoulders of troops fruitlessly digging for cover in the stony soil. Here are incisive sketches of the theater commanders--Field Marshal "Smiling Albert" Kesselring, who outmaneuvered Rommel to command German troops in Italy, and the English aristocrat General Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, tall, upbeat, "and--crucially for Churchill--looked every inch a general." Caddick-Adams puts Cassino into the context of the Italian campaign and larger Allied war plans, and takes readers into the savage, often hand-to-hand combat in the bombed-out medieval town. He captures the brutal weather and unforgiving terrain--the rubble and rocky slopes that splintered dangerously under artillery barrages and caused shellfire to echo with such volume that men had trouble keeping their sanity due to acoustics alone. Over four months, the struggle would inflict some 200,000 casualties, and Allied planes would level the historic monastery-and eventually the entire town as well. With scholarly care, insightful analysis, and narrative verve, Caddick-Adams has crafted a monumental account of one of World War II's lesser-known but no less devastating battles.

The Venus Fixers

Author : Ilaria Dagnini Brey
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 0312429908
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (124 download)

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Book Synopsis The Venus Fixers by : Ilaria Dagnini Brey

Download or read book The Venus Fixers written by Ilaria Dagnini Brey and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2010-06-22 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An untold chapter in WWII history, the story of the corps of unlikely soldiers who saved Italy's most precious art and architecture from destruction.

The Way of Saint Benedict

Author : Simone Frignani
Publisher : Guide. Percorsi
ISBN 13 : 9788861890954
Total Pages : 171 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis The Way of Saint Benedict by : Simone Frignani

Download or read book The Way of Saint Benedict written by Simone Frignani and published by Guide. Percorsi. This book was released on 2017 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

St. Thomas Aquinas

Author : Brendan Larnen
Publisher : Ignatius Press
ISBN 13 : 9781586170387
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis St. Thomas Aquinas by : Brendan Larnen

Download or read book St. Thomas Aquinas written by Brendan Larnen and published by Ignatius Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dominican Fr. Brendan Larnen and children's author Milton Lomask present the latest in the Vision Books series of saints' lives for youth. The story of St. Thomas Aquinas is one full of moving and dramatic scenes: the flaming destruction of Monte Cassino Abbey, the reception into the Dominican order of the quiet, determined young Thomas, the breath-taking escape from the donjon tower, and the striking instances of the saint's eloquence and brilliance.In this 26th volume of the acclaimed Vision Books series of saints lives, children from ages 9 to 15 will enjoy the exciting story of the man who wrote the masterful Summa Theologica, the advisor to popes who refused ecclesiastical honor, the simple friar who shook the medieval world with his intellect.

Mosaics in the Medieval World

Author : Liz James
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108508596
Total Pages : 1748 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Mosaics in the Medieval World by : Liz James

Download or read book Mosaics in the Medieval World written by Liz James and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-10-05 with total page 1748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Liz James offers a comprehensive history of wall mosaics produced in the European and Islamic middle ages. Taking into account a wide range of issues, including style and iconography, technique and material, and function and patronage, she examines mosaics within their historical context. She asks why the mosaic was such a popular medium and considers how mosaics work as historical 'documents' that tell us about attitudes and beliefs in the medieval world. The book is divided into two part. Part I explores the technical aspects of mosaics, including glass production, labour and materials, and costs. In Part II, James provides a chronological history of mosaics, charting the low and high points of mosaic art up until its abrupt end in the late middle ages. Written in a clear and engaging style, her book will serve as an essential resource for scholars and students of medieval mosaics.

The Oxford Handbook of Latin Palaeography

Author : Frank T. Coulson
Publisher : Oxford Handbooks
ISBN 13 : 0195336941
Total Pages : 1075 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Latin Palaeography by : Frank T. Coulson

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Latin Palaeography written by Frank T. Coulson and published by Oxford Handbooks. This book was released on 2020 with total page 1075 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Latin books are among the most numerous surviving artifacts of the Late Antique, Mediaeval, and Renaissance periods in European history; written in a variety of formats and scripts, they preserve the literary, philosophical, scientific, and religious heritage of the West. The Oxford Handbook of Latin Palaeography surveys these books, with special emphasis on the variety of scripts in which they were written. Palaeography, in the strictest sense, examines how the changing styles of script and the fluctuating shapes of individual letters allow the date and the place of production of books to be determined. More broadly conceived, palaeography examines the totality of early book production, ownership, dissemination, and use. The Oxford Handbook of Latin Palaeography includes essays on major types of script (Uncial, Insular, Beneventan, Visigothic, Gothic, etc.), describing what defines these distinct script types, and outlining when and where they were used. It expands on previous handbooks of the subject by incorporating select essays on less well-studied periods and regions, in particular late mediaeval Eastern Europe. The Oxford Handbook of Latin Palaeography is also distinguished from prior handbooks by its extensive focus on codicology and on the cultural settings and contexts of mediaeval books. Essays treat of various important features, formats, styles, and genres of mediaeval books, and of representative mediaeval libraries as intellectual centers. Additional studies explore questions of orality and the written word, the book trade, glossing and glossaries, and manuscript cataloguing. The extensive plates and figures in the volume will provide readers wtih clear illustrations of the major points, and the succinct bibliographies in each essay will direct them to more detailed works in the field.

Monte Cassino

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780987305084
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Monte Cassino by :

Download or read book Monte Cassino written by and published by . This book was released on 2019-05 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Total War

Author : Peter Calvocoressi
Publisher : Pantheon
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1072 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Total War by : Peter Calvocoressi

Download or read book Total War written by Peter Calvocoressi and published by Pantheon. This book was released on 1972 with total page 1072 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Monte Cassino

Author : Peter Caddick-Adams
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199974640
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

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Book Synopsis Monte Cassino by : Peter Caddick-Adams

Download or read book Monte Cassino written by Peter Caddick-Adams and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2013 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers an authoritative account of the lesser-known yet devastatingly brutal battle waged by the Italian campaign during World War II.

Military Necessity in International Cultural Heritage Law

Author : Berenika Drazewska
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004432566
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Military Necessity in International Cultural Heritage Law by : Berenika Drazewska

Download or read book Military Necessity in International Cultural Heritage Law written by Berenika Drazewska and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-12-13 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Berenika Drazewska’s book offers a comprehensive scholarly analysis of the current meaning of military necessity in the international legal framework for the protection of cultural heritage during armed conflicts.