The Nalco Water Guide To Cooling Water Systems Failure Analysis Second Edition

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The Nalco Water Guide to Cooling Water Systems Failure Analysis, Second Edition

Author : an Ecolab Company NALCO Water
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071803467
Total Pages : 720 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (718 download)

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Book Synopsis The Nalco Water Guide to Cooling Water Systems Failure Analysis, Second Edition by : an Ecolab Company NALCO Water

Download or read book The Nalco Water Guide to Cooling Water Systems Failure Analysis, Second Edition written by an Ecolab Company NALCO Water and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2014-09-29 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. The Most Complete, Current Guide to Failure Analysis for Cooling Water Systems Fully updated for the latest technologies and techniques, this new edition describes proven procedures for determining the root cause of cooling system failure, correcting the problem, and preventing future occurrences.The first section covers cooling water system design and operation and features ten new chapters on the various materials most commonly found in cooling systems. The remaining four sections discuss waterside corrosion, cracking, mechanical damage, and material and design issues. This authoritative resource explains how to identify failure locations and mechanisms, recognize critical factors influencing failure, carry out inspection procedures, and implement preventive measures to reducedamage. Illustrative case histories are provided in each chapter. The Nalco Guide to Cooling Water Systems Failure Analysis, Second Edition, covers: Carbon and alloy steel Cast iron Stainless steel Copper alloys Aluminum alloys Corrosion-resistant alloys Coatings Nonmetallic materials Brazed and soldered joints Corrosion monitoring Crevice and underdeposit corrosion Oxygen corrosion Biologically influenced corrosion Acid corrosion Alkaline corrosion Galvanic corrosion Dealloying Intergranular corrosion Graphitic corrosion Localized and pitting corrosion Corrosion fatigue Stress corrosion cracking Erosion-corrosion Cavitation Manufacturing defects Weld defects Design and operating conditions

The Nalco Water Guide to Cooling Water Systems Failure Analysis, Second Edition

Author : an Ecolab Company NALCO Water
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Education
ISBN 13 : 9780071803472
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis The Nalco Water Guide to Cooling Water Systems Failure Analysis, Second Edition by : an Ecolab Company NALCO Water

Download or read book The Nalco Water Guide to Cooling Water Systems Failure Analysis, Second Edition written by an Ecolab Company NALCO Water and published by McGraw-Hill Education. This book was released on 2014-09-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. The Most Complete, Current Guide to Failure Analysis for Cooling Water Systems Fully updated for the latest technologies and techniques, this new edition describes proven procedures for determining the root cause of cooling system failure, correcting the problem, and preventing future occurrences.The first section covers cooling water system design and operation and features ten new chapters on the various materials most commonly found in cooling systems. The remaining four sections discuss waterside corrosion, cracking, mechanical damage, and material and design issues. This authoritative resource explains how to identify failure locations and mechanisms, recognize critical factors influencing failure, carry out inspection procedures, and implement preventive measures to reducedamage. Illustrative case histories are provided in each chapter. The Nalco Guide to Cooling Water Systems Failure Analysis, Second Edition, covers: Carbon and alloy steel Cast iron Stainless steel Copper alloys Aluminum alloys Corrosion-resistant alloys Coatings Nonmetallic materials Brazed and soldered joints Corrosion monitoring Crevice and underdeposit corrosion Oxygen corrosion Biologically influenced corrosion Acid corrosion Alkaline corrosion Galvanic corrosion Dealloying Intergranular corrosion Graphitic corrosion Localized and pitting corrosion Corrosion fatigue Stress corrosion cracking Erosion-corrosion Cavitation Manufacturing defects Weld defects Design and operating conditions

Nalco Guide to Boiler Failure Analysis, 2nd Edition

Author : Daniel Flynn
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071743006
Total Pages : 621 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (717 download)

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Book Synopsis Nalco Guide to Boiler Failure Analysis, 2nd Edition by : Daniel Flynn

Download or read book Nalco Guide to Boiler Failure Analysis, 2nd Edition written by Daniel Flynn and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2011-07-07 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical, up-to-date techniques for identifying and eliminating common causes of boiler failure Filled with more than 200 color images, The Nalco Guide to Boiler Failure Analysis, Second Edition categorizes distinct failure modes that typify nearly all boiler problems and walks you, step by step, through their solutions. Each type of failure is classified according to its location, general description, critical factors, identification, elimination, cautions, and related problems. Real-world case histories are included throughout. This authoritative resource contains new chapters on: Phosphate corrosion Stress-assisted corrosion Steam and condensate damage Flow-accelerated corrosion Comprehensive coverage includes: Water- and steam-formed deposits * Short- and long-term overheating * Caustic corrosion * Low-pH corrosion * Hydrogen damage * Chelant complexing * Oxygen corrosion * Corrosion during cleaning * Corrosion fatigue cracking * Stress corrosion cracking * Graphitic corrosion * Dealloying * Cavitation * Erosion * Waterwall fireside corrosion * High-temperature furnace corrosion * Cold-end corrosion * Dew point corrosion * Fireside corrosion * Welding defects

The Nalco Guide to Boiler Failure Analysis, Second Edition

Author : NALCO Chemical Company
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071743014
Total Pages : 620 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (717 download)

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Book Synopsis The Nalco Guide to Boiler Failure Analysis, Second Edition by : NALCO Chemical Company

Download or read book The Nalco Guide to Boiler Failure Analysis, Second Edition written by NALCO Chemical Company and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2011-08-12 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical, up-to-date techniques for identifying and eliminating common causes of boiler failure Filled with more than 200 color images, The Nalco Guide to Boiler Failure Analysis, Second Edition categorizes distinct failure modes that typify nearly all boiler problems and walks you, step by step, through their solutions. Each type of failure is classified according to its location, general description, critical factors, identification, elimination, cautions, and related problems. Real-world case histories are included throughout. This authoritative resource contains new chapters on: Phosphate corrosion Stress-assisted corrosion Steam and condensate damage Flow-accelerated corrosion Comprehensive coverage includes: Water- and steam-formed deposits * Short- and long-term overheating * Caustic corrosion * Low-pH corrosion * Hydrogen damage * Chelant complexing * Oxygen corrosion * Corrosion during cleaning * Corrosion fatigue cracking * Stress corrosion cracking * Graphitic corrosion * Dealloying * Cavitation * Erosion * Waterwall fireside corrosion * High-temperature furnace corrosion * Cold-end corrosion * Dew point corrosion * Fireside corrosion * Welding defects

The NALCO Guide to Boiler Failure Analysis

Author : Robert D. Port
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Professional
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The NALCO Guide to Boiler Failure Analysis by : Robert D. Port

Download or read book The NALCO Guide to Boiler Failure Analysis written by Robert D. Port and published by McGraw-Hill Professional. This book was released on 1991 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book illustrates and explains virtually all common failure modes which adversely affect boiler reliability. Each failure mode is well illustrated with case histories. The corrective steps necessary to reduce or eliminate each failure type, as well as precautionary notes, are provided. The book is a comprehensive, authoritative field guide for the identification and elimination of boilure failures. Boilers of virtually all pressures and many construction designs are presented.

The Nalco Guide to Cooling Water Systems Failure Analysis

Author : Harvey M. Herro
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 9780070284005
Total Pages : 446 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis The Nalco Guide to Cooling Water Systems Failure Analysis by : Harvey M. Herro

Download or read book The Nalco Guide to Cooling Water Systems Failure Analysis written by Harvey M. Herro and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 1993 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to the identification and elimination of corrosion in cooling water systems and related equipment. This book features full-color photographs of actual failures, which illustrate the detailed description of each common failure mode presented. It includes case histories, and also presents a variety of environments and equipment.

The NALCO Water Handbook

Author : Nalco Chemical Company
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Companies
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 838 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The NALCO Water Handbook by : Nalco Chemical Company

Download or read book The NALCO Water Handbook written by Nalco Chemical Company and published by McGraw-Hill Companies. This book was released on 1979 with total page 838 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the nation looking toward a goal of "zero discharge" in water pollutants by the early 1980s, this timely handbook is an ideal source of information for specialists & nonspecialists alike. It provides completely practical data & techniques in the four major water conservation & use areas: (1) water chemistry, sources, & contaminants; (2) unit operations & treatment; (3) industrial & municipal use of water & its disposal; & (4) special technology in water treatment.

The NALCO Water Handbook

Author : Frank N. Kemmer
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Professional Pub
ISBN 13 : 9780070458727
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (587 download)

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Book Synopsis The NALCO Water Handbook by : Frank N. Kemmer

Download or read book The NALCO Water Handbook written by Frank N. Kemmer and published by McGraw-Hill Professional Pub. This book was released on 1988-01 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on water supply and treatment, this book offers practical advice on how to improve water quality, optimize water usage and treatment processes, and avoid mistakes when dealing with vendors. It covers topics such as: chemistry of water; water sources; water contaminants; water treatment; water disposal; and industrial use of water.

Practical Guide to Thermal Power Station Chemistry

Author : Soumitra Banerjee
Publisher : Orange Books
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 425 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Practical Guide to Thermal Power Station Chemistry by : Soumitra Banerjee

Download or read book Practical Guide to Thermal Power Station Chemistry written by Soumitra Banerjee and published by Orange Books. This book was released on 2020-11-25 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with the entire gamut of work which chemistry department of a power plant does. The book covers water chemistry, steam-water cycle chemistry, cooling water cycle chemistry, condensate polishing, stator water conditioning, coal analysis, water analysis procedures in great details. It is for all kinds of intake water and all types of boilers like Drum/Once-through for subcritical and supercritical technologies in different operating conditions including layup. It has also covered nuances of different cycle chemistry treatments like All Volatile / Oxygenated. One of the major reasons of generation loss in a thermal plant is because of boiler tube leakage. There is illustration and elucidation on this which will definitely make people more aware of the importance of adherence to strict quality parameters required for the adopted technology prescribed by well researched organization like EPRI. The other important coverage in this book is determination of quality of primary and secondary fuel which is very important to understand combustion in Boiler, apart from its commercial implication. The health analysis of Lubricants and hydraulic oil have also been adequately covered. I am very much impressed with the detailing of each and every issue. Though Soumitra refers the book as "Practical Guide", the reader will find complete theoretical background of suggested action and the rational of monitoring each parameter. He has detailed out the process, parameters, sampling points, sample frequency & collection methods, measurement techniques, laboratory set up and record keeping very meticulously and there is adequate emphasis on trouble shooting too. There is a nice blending of theory and practice in such a way that the reader at the end will not only learn what to do and how to do, he will also know why to do. I hope this book will be invaluable and a primer to every power plant chemist and the station management shall find it a bankable document to ensure best chemistry practices.

An Introduction to Cooling Tower Water Treatment

Author : J. Paul Guyer
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781980584476
Total Pages : 76 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (844 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to Cooling Tower Water Treatment by : J. Paul Guyer

Download or read book An Introduction to Cooling Tower Water Treatment written by J. Paul Guyer and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2018-03-17 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introductory technical guidance for mechanical engineers and others interested in water treatment for cooling towers. This is what is discussed: 1. TYPES OF COOLING WATER SYSTEMS 2. COOLING TOWER WATER CALCULATIONS 3. OBJECTIVES OF COOLING WATER TREATMENT 4. MICROBIOLOGICAL DEPOSITS AND CONTROL 5. CORROSION IN COOLING SYSTEMS 6. DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE COOLING WATER TREATMENT PROGRAM 7. COOLING WATER SYSTEM START-UP AND LAYUP REQUIREMENTS.

Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis with Case Studies from the Oil and Gas Industry

Author : Abdel Salam Hamdy Makhlouf
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0081001266
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis with Case Studies from the Oil and Gas Industry by : Abdel Salam Hamdy Makhlouf

Download or read book Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis with Case Studies from the Oil and Gas Industry written by Abdel Salam Hamdy Makhlouf and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2015-09-01 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis: With Case Studies from the Oil and Gas Industry provides an updated understanding on why materials fail in specific situations, a vital element in developing and engineering new alternatives. This handbook covers analysis of materials failure in the oil and gas industry, where a single failed pipe can result in devastating consequences for people, wildlife, the environment, and the economy of a region. The book combines introductory sections on failure analysis with numerous real world case studies of pipelines and other types of materials failure in the oil and gas industry, including joint failure, leakage in crude oil storage tanks, failure of glass fibre reinforced epoxy pipes, and failure of stainless steel components in offshore platforms, amongst others. Introduces readers to modern analytical techniques in materials failure analysis Combines foundational knowledge with current research on the latest developments and innovations in the field Includes numerous compelling case studies of materials failure in oil and gas pipelines and drilling platforms

Corrosion Policy Decision Making

Author : Reza Javaherdashti
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119764319
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Corrosion Policy Decision Making by : Reza Javaherdashti

Download or read book Corrosion Policy Decision Making written by Reza Javaherdashti and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-12-29 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CORROSION POLICY DECISION MAKING Explore the science, management, economy, ecology, and engineering of corrosion management and prevention In Corrosion Policy Decision Making, distinguished consultant and corrosion expert Dr. Reza Javaherdashti delivers an insightful overview of the fundamental principles of corrosion with a strong focus on the applicability of corrosion theory to industrial practice. The authors demonstrate various aspects of smart corrosion management and persuasively make the case that there is a real difference between corrosion management and corrosion knowledge management. The book contains seven chapters that each focuses on one important aspect of corrosion and corrosion management. Corrosion management is an issue that is not just corrosion science or corrosion engineering but rather a combination of both elements. To cover this paradoxical aspect of corrosion management, chapter 2 deals with some basic, introductory concepts and principles of corrosion and coating/painting (an important corrosion protection method) while chapter 3 explains the elements of smart corrosion management in detail. Another important principle of smart corrosion management is to be able to study the cost of corrosion, chapter 4 introduces important points in the economics involved in a smart corrosion management. As indicated earlier, corrosion engineering is also an integral part of corrosion management and thus chapter 5 looks at the engineering side of corrosion by detailing the example of Process Additives (EMPA). Chapter 6 for the first time looks at the possibility of using TRIZ (algorithm of invention) in corrosion management. Finally, chapter 7 presents the necessary elements for building a model that would explore the mutual interaction between corrosion and environment mainly by exploring the difference between environmental impact and environmental effect. Chapter 7 is also very important because the four models so far applied to estimate the cost of corrosion (Uhlig Method, Hoar Method, I/O method and LCC method) are not capable of suggesting any clear model or a sensible way of exploring the elements necessary to explain the impact of indirect costs of corrosion the most important of which being environmental damages imposed by corrosion. This book is ideal for engineers, students, and managers working or studying corrosion, Corrosion Policy Decision Making is also an indispensable resource for professionals in the fields of upstream and downstream, on-shore/off-shore oil and gas, transportation, mining, power generation as well as major sectors of other strategic industries.

The Science and Technology of Industrial Water Treatment

Author : Zahid Amjad
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420071459
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis The Science and Technology of Industrial Water Treatment by : Zahid Amjad

Download or read book The Science and Technology of Industrial Water Treatment written by Zahid Amjad and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-04-05 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mineral scale deposits, corrosion, suspended matter, and microbiological growth are factors that must be controlled in industrial water systems. Research on understanding the mechanisms of these problems has attracted considerable attention in the past three decades as has progress concerning water treatment additives to ameliorate these concerns.

Corrosion atlas : a collection of illustrated case histories. 2. Stainless steels and non-ferrous materials

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (634 download)

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Book Synopsis Corrosion atlas : a collection of illustrated case histories. 2. Stainless steels and non-ferrous materials by :

Download or read book Corrosion atlas : a collection of illustrated case histories. 2. Stainless steels and non-ferrous materials written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Non-Destructive Evaluation of Corrosion and Corrosion-assisted Cracking

Author : Raman Singh
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118350057
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-Destructive Evaluation of Corrosion and Corrosion-assisted Cracking by : Raman Singh

Download or read book Non-Destructive Evaluation of Corrosion and Corrosion-assisted Cracking written by Raman Singh and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-04-09 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive text to the non-destructive evaluation of degradation of materials due to environment that takes an interdisciplinary approach Non-Destructive Evaluation of Corrosion and Corrosion-assisted Cracking is an important resource that covers the critical interdisciplinary topic of non-destructive evaluation of degradation of materials due to environment. The authors—noted experts in the field—offer an overview of the wide-variety of approaches to non-destructive evaluation and various types of corrosion. The text is filled with instructive case studies from a range of industries including aerospace, energy, defense, and processing. The authors review the most common non-destructive evaluation techniques that are applied in both research and industry in order to evaluate the properties and more importantly degradation of materials components or systems without causing damage. Ultrasonic, radiographic, thermographic, electromagnetic, and optical are some of the methods explored in the book. This important text: Offers a groundbreaking interdisciplinary approach to of non-destructive evaluation of corrosion and corrosion-assisted cracking Discusses techniques for non-destructive evaluation and various types of corrosion Includes information on the application of a variety of techniques as well as specific case studies Contains information targeting industries such as aerospace, energy, processing Presents information from leading researchers and technologists in both non-destructive evaluation and corrosion Written for life assessment and maintenance personnel involved in quality control, failure analysis, and R&D, Non-Destructive Evaluation of Corrosion and Corrosion-assisted Cracking is an essential interdisciplinary guide to the topic.

Techniques for Corrosion Monitoring

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1845694058
Total Pages : 711 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Techniques for Corrosion Monitoring by :

Download or read book Techniques for Corrosion Monitoring written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-02-01 with total page 711 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corrosion monitoring techniques play a key role in efforts to combat corrosion, which can have major economic and safety implications. This important book starts with a review of corrosion fundamentals and provides a four-part comprehensive analysis of a wide range of methods for corrosion monitoring, including practical applications and case studies. The first part of the book reviews electrochemical techniques for corrosion monitoring, such as polarization techniques, potentiometric methods, electrochemical noise and harmonic analyses, galvanic sensors, differential flow through cells and multielectrode systems. A second group of chapters analyses the physical or chemical methods of corrosion monitoring. These include gravimetric, radioactive tracer, hydrogen permeation, electrical resistance and rotating cage techniques. Part II also includes a chapter on the innovative nondestructive evaluation technologies that can be used to monitor corrosion. Part III examines corrosion monitoring in special environments such as microbial systems, concrete and soil, and remote monitoring and model predictions. A final group of chapters includes various case studies covering ways in which corrosion monitoring can be applied to engine exhaust systems, cooling water systems, pipelines, equipment in chemical plants, and other real world systems. With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Techniques for corrosion monitoring is a valuable reference guide for engineers and scientific and technical personnel who deal with corrosion in such areas as automotive engineering, power generation, water suppliers and the petrochemical industry. Provides a comprehensive analysis of the range of techniques for corrosion monitoring Specific case studies are included to highlight the main issues A valuable reference guide for engineers, scientific and technical personnel who deal with corrosion

Water

Author : Colin Kaminski
Publisher : Brewers Publications
ISBN 13 : 1938469100
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Water by : Colin Kaminski

Download or read book Water written by Colin Kaminski and published by Brewers Publications. This book was released on 2013-09-16 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water is arguably the most critical and least understood of the foundation elements in brewing. For many brewers used to choosing from a wide selection of hops and grain, water seems like an ingredient for which they have little choice but to accept what comes out of their faucet. But brewers in fact have many opportunities to modify their source water or to obtain mineral-free water and build their own brewing water from scratch. Much of the relevant information can be found in texts on physical and inorganic chemistry or water treatment and analysis, but these resources seldom, if ever, speak to brewers. Water: A Comprehensive Guide for Brewers takes the mystery out of water's role in the brewing process. This book is not just about brewing liquor. Whether in a brewery or at home, water is needed for every part of the brewing process: chilling, diluting, cleaning, boiler operation, wastewater treatment, and even physically pushing wort or beer from one place to another. The authors lead the reader from an overview of the water cycle and water sources, to adjusting water for different beer styles and brewery processes, to wastewater treatment. It covers precipitation, groundwater, and surface water, and explains how municipal water is treated to make it safe to drink but not always suitable for brewing. The parameters measured in a water report are explained, along with their impact on the mash and the final beer. Understand ion concentrations, temporary and permanent hardness, and pH. The concept of residual alkalinity is covered in detail and the causes of alkalinity in water are explored, along with techniques to control alkalinity. Ultimately, residual alkalinity is the major effector on mash pH, and this book addresses how to predict and target a specific mash pH—a key skill for any brewer wishing to raise their beer to the next level. But minerals in brewing water also determine specific flavor attributes. Ionic species important to beer are discussed and concepts like the sulfate-to-chloride ratio are explained. Examples illustrate how to tailor your brewing water to suit any style of beer. To complete the subject, the authors focus on brewery operations relating to source water treatment, such as the removal of particulates, dissolved solids, gas and liquid contaminants, organic contaminants, chlorine and chloramine, and dissolved oxygen. This section considers the pros and cons of various technologies, including membrane technologies such as filtration, ion-exchange systems, and reverse osmosis.