The Mountain Flora of Java

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Mountain Flora of Java by : Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan Steenis

Download or read book The Mountain Flora of Java written by Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan Steenis and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mountain flora of Java constitutes a unique natural heritage of Indonesia and indeed of the whole world. The most informative and most beautifully illustrated book ever written on this rich resource is doubtlessly The Mountain Flora of Java written by the late renowned Dutch biologist C.G.G.J. van Steenis, with unsurpassed paint drawings of 456 flowering plant species by Amir Hamzah and Moehamad Toha. The first edition from 1972 was sold out fairly soon. Brill is therefore proud to publish this edition of this seminal work at this point in time. There are three very good reasons to reprint the Mountain Flora both in English and in the Indonesian language. - First of all there is the importance of this flora for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of the vulnerable mountain ecosystems of Java. - Secondly, the unique style and quality of the 456 plant portraits by Amir Hamzah and Moehamad Toha. - Thirdly there is the science, explaining and interpreting the rich botanical diversity in the mountains of Java. Although written over 40 years ago Van Steenis' approach to the study of botany can still serve as an example and inspiration for young botanists, conservationists and policy makers.

Mountain flora of Java, 2nd edition

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Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9047418689
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (474 download)

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Book Synopsis Mountain flora of Java, 2nd edition by : van Steenis

Download or read book Mountain flora of Java, 2nd edition written by van Steenis and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-11-29 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mountain flora of Java constitutes a unique natural heritage of Indonesia and indeed of the whole world. The most informative and most beautifully illustrated book ever written on this rich resource is doubtlessly The Mountain Flora of Java written by the late renowned Dutch biologist C.G.G.J. van Steenis, with unsurpassed paint drawings of 456 flowering plant species by Amir Hamzah and Moehamad Toha. The first edition from 1972 was sold out fairly soon. Brill is therefore proud to publish this edition of this seminal work at this point in time. Although written over 40 years ago Van Steenis’ approach to the study of botany can still serve as an example and inspiration for young botanists, conservationists and policy makers.

The Mountain Flora of Java

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (494 download)

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Book Synopsis The Mountain Flora of Java by : Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis

Download or read book The Mountain Flora of Java written by Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Mountain Flora of Java Containing 57 Plates with Pictures of 456 Species of Flowering Plants Native in the Mountains of Java Made from Living Specimens in Colours

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (475 download)

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Book Synopsis The Mountain Flora of Java Containing 57 Plates with Pictures of 456 Species of Flowering Plants Native in the Mountains of Java Made from Living Specimens in Colours by :

Download or read book The Mountain Flora of Java Containing 57 Plates with Pictures of 456 Species of Flowering Plants Native in the Mountains of Java Made from Living Specimens in Colours written by and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Mountain Flora of Java

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ISBN 13 : 9789004035591
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (355 download)

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Book Synopsis The Mountain Flora of Java by : Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan Steenis

Download or read book The Mountain Flora of Java written by Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan Steenis and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Mountain Flora of Java

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (316 download)

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Book Synopsis The Mountain Flora of Java by : Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan Steenis

Download or read book The Mountain Flora of Java written by Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan Steenis and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Mountain Flora of Java Containing 57 Plates with Pictures of 456 Species of Flowering Plants Native in the Mountains of Java Made from Living Specimens in Colours by Amir Hamzah and Moehamad Toha At the Time Draughtsmen of Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Selected, Arranged, Described and Discussed by C. G. G. J. Van Steenis General Editor of Flora Malesiana Formerly Botanist of Herbarium Bogoriense Emeritus Professor of Botany and Director of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden with 26 Figures, 72 Photographs and 57 Coloured Plates

Download The Mountain Flora of Java Containing 57 Plates with Pictures of 456 Species of Flowering Plants Native in the Mountains of Java Made from Living Specimens in Colours by Amir Hamzah and Moehamad Toha At the Time Draughtsmen of Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Selected, Arranged, Described and Discussed by C. G. G. J. Van Steenis General Editor of Flora Malesiana Formerly Botanist of Herbarium Bogoriense Emeritus Professor of Botany and Director of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden with 26 Figures, 72 Photographs and 57 Coloured Plates PDF Online Free

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis The Mountain Flora of Java Containing 57 Plates with Pictures of 456 Species of Flowering Plants Native in the Mountains of Java Made from Living Specimens in Colours by Amir Hamzah and Moehamad Toha At the Time Draughtsmen of Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Selected, Arranged, Described and Discussed by C. G. G. J. Van Steenis General Editor of Flora Malesiana Formerly Botanist of Herbarium Bogoriense Emeritus Professor of Botany and Director of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden with 26 Figures, 72 Photographs and 57 Coloured Plates by : Cornelius Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis

Download or read book The Mountain Flora of Java Containing 57 Plates with Pictures of 456 Species of Flowering Plants Native in the Mountains of Java Made from Living Specimens in Colours by Amir Hamzah and Moehamad Toha At the Time Draughtsmen of Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia Selected, Arranged, Described and Discussed by C. G. G. J. Van Steenis General Editor of Flora Malesiana Formerly Botanist of Herbarium Bogoriense Emeritus Professor of Botany and Director of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden with 26 Figures, 72 Photographs and 57 Coloured Plates written by Cornelius Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Guide to Standard Floras of the World

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781139428651
Total Pages : 1136 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (286 download)

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Book Synopsis Guide to Standard Floras of the World by : David G. Frodin

Download or read book Guide to Standard Floras of the World written by David G. Frodin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-06-14 with total page 1136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2001 book provides a selective annotated bibliography of the principal floras and related works of inventory for vascular plants. The second edition was completely updated and expanded to take into account the substantial literature of the late twentieth century, and features a more fully developed review of the history of floristic documentation. The works covered are principally specialist publications such as floras, checklists, distribution atlases, systematic iconographies and enumerations or catalogues, although a relatively few more popularly oriented books are also included. The Guide is organised in ten geographical divisions, with these successively divided into regions and units, each of which is prefaced with a historical review of floristic studies. In addition to the bibliography, the book includes general chapters on botanical bibliography, the history of floras, and general principles and current trends, plus an appendix on bibliographic searching, a lexicon of serial abbreviations, and author and geographical indexes.

The Moucentain Flora of Java Containing 57 Plates with Picture of 456 Species of Flowering Plants Native in the Mountains of Java Made from Living Specimens in Colours

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis The Moucentain Flora of Java Containing 57 Plates with Picture of 456 Species of Flowering Plants Native in the Mountains of Java Made from Living Specimens in Colours by : A. Hamzah

Download or read book The Moucentain Flora of Java Containing 57 Plates with Picture of 456 Species of Flowering Plants Native in the Mountains of Java Made from Living Specimens in Colours written by A. Hamzah and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Flora of Java

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 682 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Flora of Java by : Cornelis Andries Backer

Download or read book Flora of Java written by Cornelis Andries Backer and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ecology of Java & Bali

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Publisher : Tuttle Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1462905048
Total Pages : 1004 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (629 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecology of Java & Bali by : Anthony J. Whitten

Download or read book Ecology of Java & Bali written by Anthony J. Whitten and published by Tuttle Publishing. This book was released on 2013-02-05 with total page 1004 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ecology of Java and Bali is a comprehensive ecological survey of two of the most ecologically diverse islands in the Pacific. It also contains the results of original research, interviews and personal experience. It will be useful to resource managers, ecologists and government planners, as well as to all others interested in the region. Java and Bali are the best known of all the islands in the Indonesian archipelago. Nowhere else in the country are ecological issues of such importance, and nowhere else is there a better chance of the major development problems being solved. This is because Java has the greatest concentration of development projects, the densest population, excellent human resources, and the interest of many of the most powerful decision makers. Bali, meanwhile, has the eyes of the world on it as an important tourist destination enjoyed by both domestic and foreign visitors.

The Biodiversity Observation Network in the Asia-Pacific Region

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 4431540326
Total Pages : 478 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis The Biodiversity Observation Network in the Asia-Pacific Region by : Shin-ichi Nakano

Download or read book The Biodiversity Observation Network in the Asia-Pacific Region written by Shin-ichi Nakano and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-07-26 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biological diversity is important for ecosystem function and services, which in turn is essential for human well-being. Under the Convention on Biological Diversity, international efforts have been made to achieve a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss. The loss continues, however. The Asia-Pacific region includes both developing countries with high biodiversity and developed countries with sophisticated data collection and analyses, but only limited information about the status quo of biodiversity in this region has been available. Many Asia-Pacific countries have rapidly grown their economies and social infrastructures, causing a loss of biodiversity and requiring an urgent mandate to achieve a balance between development and conservation in the region. In December 2009, scientists successfully organized the Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Observation Network in the region, to establish a network for research and monitoring of ecosystems and biodiversity and to build a cooperative framework. The present volume is the first collection of information on biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific and represents a quantum step forward in science that optimizes the synergy between development and biodiversity conservation.

Ecology of Sulawesi

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Publisher : Tuttle Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1462905072
Total Pages : 856 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (629 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecology of Sulawesi by : Tony Whitten

Download or read book Ecology of Sulawesi written by Tony Whitten and published by Tuttle Publishing. This book was released on 2012-06-19 with total page 856 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ecology of Sulawesi is a comprehensive ecological survey of one of Indonesia's least populated and most diverse islands. It is hoped that it will prove useful to resource managers, ecologists, environmental scientists and local government personnel, and be enlightening to Sulawesi's inhabitants and visitors. Sulawesi is one of the least-known islands of Indonesia, and wise environmental management, including the proper assessment of environmental management, including the proper assessment of environmental impacts arising from development projects and other activities, is currently very difficult.

Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand by :

Download or read book Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand written by and published by . This book was released on 1989-09 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Tropical Rain Forest

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 364272793X
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

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Book Synopsis The Tropical Rain Forest by : Marius Jacobs

Download or read book The Tropical Rain Forest written by Marius Jacobs and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, tropical forests have received more attention and have been the subject of greater environmental concern than any other kind of vegetation. There is an increasing public awareness of the importance of these forests, not only as a diminishing source of countless products used by mankind, nor for their effects on soil stabilization and climate, but as unrivalled sources of what today we call biodiversity. Threats to the continued existence of the forests represent threats to tens of thousands of species of organisms, both plants and animals. It is all the more surprising, therefore, that there have been no major scientific accounts published in recent years since the classic handbook by Paul W. Richards, The Tropical Rain Forest in 1952. Some excellent popular accounts of tropical rain forests have been published including Paul Richard's The Life of the Jungle, and Catherine Caulfield's In the Rainforest and Jungles, edited by Edward Ayensu. There have been numerous, often conflicting, assessments of the rate of conversion of tropical forests to other uses and explanations of the underlying causes, and in 1978 UNESCO/UNEPI FAO published a massive report, The Tropical Rain Forest, which, although full of useful information, is highly selective and does not fully survey the enormous diversity of the forests.

Vegetation Types of the Dieng Mountains and Their Influences on Bird and Mammalian Communities

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Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3736943261
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Vegetation Types of the Dieng Mountains and Their Influences on Bird and Mammalian Communities by : Siti Nurleily Marliana

Download or read book Vegetation Types of the Dieng Mountains and Their Influences on Bird and Mammalian Communities written by Siti Nurleily Marliana and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2013-01-21 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kurzbeschreibung Der Druck des Bevölkerungswachstums auf der indonesischen Insel Java hat zu gravierender Entwaldung und Schädigung von Wäldern geführt, so dass nur noch 8,2 Prozent der ursprünglichen Waldfläche in den Jahren 2006-2007 vorhanden waren. Der Bevölkerungsdruck ließ Javas Waldflächen durch Landumwandlung in Siedlungen und Äcker weiter schrumpfen und kleine, isolierte Waldstücke an Berggipfeln wie die in den Dieng Mountains übrig. Das in der Provinz Zentral-Java gelegene Dieng Mountains Ökosystem spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Bereitstellung einer breiten Palette von Waren und Dienstleistungen, insbesondere bei der Versorgung angrenzender Gebiete mit Süßwasser und beim Erhalt der biologischen Vielfalt. Allerdings leiden auch die Bergwälder in den Dieng Mountains in Folge des Bevölkerungsdrucks unter Abholzung. Schlechte landwirtschaftliche Anbaumethoden haben zum Auftreten von Pestizidbelastungen, zu einem hohen Maß an Erosion, Sedimentationen von Seen und Stauseen, Erdrutschen, Schlammlawinen und Überschwemmungen geführt. Waldbrände und illegaler Holzeinschlag, gefolgt von Landbeanspruchung und Wanderfeldbau, führten dazu, dass reife Bergwälder durch junge Sekundärvegetation ersetzt wurden. Wiederbewaldungen sind zu einem bedeutenden Vegetationstyp rund um das Dieng Plateau geworden, und angesichts der gegenwärtigen landwirtschaftlichen Anbaumethoden zeigt der Trend ihres Flächenausmaßes, dass sie auch in Zukunft fortbestehen werden. Bisher hat man sich wenig mit den Wiederbewaldungen in den Dieng Mountains beschäftigt; ihr Wert in Bezug auf die Funktionsweise von Ökosystemen und den Erhalt der biologische Vielfalt wurde nur unzureichend untersucht. Da Bergwälder der Dieng Mountains dafür bekannt sind, viele endemische und seltene Tier- und Pflanzenarten zu beherbergen, ist es wichtig zu verstehen, wie Tier- und Pflanzenarten in diesem Gebiet den Habitatwandel bewältigen. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit ist ein Versuch, Auswirkungen von Landnutzungsänderungen, die durch anthropogene Störungen hervorgerufen wurden, auf die lokale Flora und Fauna, speziell auf Vogel- und Säugetiergemeinschaften zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie sollen einen Überblick über den gegenwärtigen Zustand des Dieng Mountains Ökosystems geben und dazu beitragen, Informationslücken früherer Studien zu schließen. Diese Untersuchung soll zuständigen Politikern Wissen über den aktuellen Stand der Dieng Mountains bieten. Sie soll ihnen ermöglichen, ein wirksames Programm mit angemessenen Zielen zu entwickeln und geeignete Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, um die ökologischen Bedingungen der Dieng Mountains zu verbessern. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Entwicklung der Sekundärvegetation der Dieng Mountains stark von der Geschichte ihrer Landnutzung und von den Aufforstungsprogrammen der lokalen Regierung beeinflusst wurde. Die Vegetationsstruktur der Wälder und des Buschlandes der Dieng Mountains waren einander ähnlich. Sie kennzeichnete die typische einfache Struktur mit einem offenen Kronendach und dichtem Unterholz, die in der Regel in einem tropischen Sekundärwald vorgefunden wird. Auf Grünland kamen wenige Bäume vor; kein Anzeichen der Einwanderung von Bäumen wurde in diesem Lebensraum gefunden, trotz seiner unmittelbaren Nähe zu natürlichen Waldstücken. Die relativ niedrigen Anteile von Baumverjüngungen in allen Lebensräumen können den in diesen großen Höhen rauen Umgebungsbedingungen, den Auswirkungen von Kahlschlägen in der Vergangenheit sowie der Konkurrenz von Kräutern zugeschrieben werden. Der Einfluss menschlicher Aktivitäten in diesen Lebensräumen kann auch ein wichtiger Faktor sein, der die Erholung der Vegetation verlangsamt. Die Auswirkungen der Aufforstungen auf die Gestaltung der Zusammensetzung der Sekundärvegetation zeigten sich in der Dominanz der Baumarten, die im Laufe des Programms gepflanzt worden waren: die nicht einheimischen Arten Acacia decurrens und Cupressus sempervirens und die indonesische Bergart Schima wallichii. Der Pionierstrauch Melastoma affine, die Gräser Imperata cylindrica und Isachne globosa sowie die Ruderalarten Eupatorium odoratum, Eupatorium riparium, Buddleja asiatica, und Rubus rosaefolius dominierten die Unterholzvegetation. Insbesondere auf Grünland schien die Dominanz des kleinen Farns Gleichenia dichotoma das Wachstum der vorkommenden Grasarten zu unterdrücken, was zur Dominanz einer Krautart, der Conyza javanica, über Pioniergrasarten führte. Naturverjüngungen einheimischer indonesischer Baumarten wurden in einer relativ kleinen Zahl vorgefunden. Verglichen mit ähnlichen Studien in anderen Sekundärwäldern wurde in den Dieng Mountains eine wesentlich geringerer Reichtum an Pflanzenarten, vor allem an Gehölzarten festgestellt. Der Beitrag der Strauch- und Krautkategorien mit mehr als 80 Prozent an der gesamten botanischen Artenvielfalt zeigt den Mangel an Baumarten in unserem Forschungsgebiet an. Generell waren der Reichtum und die Diversität an Pflanzenarten im Buschland am höchsten. Der niedrigste Pflanzenartenreichtum wurde im Wald gefunden, während die geringste Diversität an Pflanzenarten auf Grünland verzeichnet wurde. Diese Ergebnisse können mit dem Grad von Störungen in jedem Lebensraumtyp zusammenhängen, wobei Buschland auf einem mittleren Niveau liegt. Die Ähnlichkeit der Zusammensetzung der Pflanzenarten war zwischen den Habitaten in jeder Kategorie sehr hoch. Dies deutet trotz des Altersunterschiedes zwischen beiden Lebensräumen darauf hin, dass Waldund Buschland noch in einem vergleichbaren Sukzessionsstadium waren, während sich Grünland wohl nicht zu Wald entwickeln wird. Wegen der anhaltenden Bevölkerungsausbreitung in den Dieng Mountains dürfte das Schicksal der sekundären Vegetation dieses Gebietes von dem Ausmaß zukünftiger Störungen durch den Menschen bestimmt werden. Vögel wurden in den verschiedenen Lebensräumen der Dieng Mountains in relativ geringen Dichten gefunden. Nach früheren Studien anderer Autoren sind niedrige Vogeldichten häufig in einer tropischen Landschaft, in der landwirtschaftliche Flächen und Flächen sekundärer Vegetation gemischt in mosaikartiger Verteilung vorliegen. Wald hatte von allen Lebensraumtypen die komplexeste Vegetationsstruktur, und er wies die höchste Dichte und die größte Artenvielfalt von Vögeln auf. Da Vogelabundanzen durch die Lebensraumtypen in ihrer Umgebung beeinflusst werden, kann die Nähe der Waldstücke zu den Urwaldresten auf den Berggipfeln positive Auswirkungen auf die Vogelpopulationen im Wald gehabt haben. Mit einer ähnlichen, aber weniger komplexen Vegetationsstruktur und -zusammensetzung als Wald wies das Buschland ein mittleres Niveau der Dichte und der Artendiversität der Avifauna auf. Trotz seines Mangels an mosaikartiger Heterogenität und des Vorhandenseins von nur einer kleinen Anzahl Bäume zwischen den Flurstücken hatten landwirtschaftliche Flächen die zweithöchste Vogeldichte. Mögliche Ursachen hierfür sind die Nähe von landwirtschaftlichen Flächen zu städtischen Gebieten und zu Buschland mit seinen Randstrukturen holziger Gewächse; diese Faktoren sind dafür bekannt, positive Auswirkungen auf die Abundanz und Artendiversität von Vögeln zu haben. Grünland wies die geringste Artenanzahl, Artendiversität und Vogeldichte auf. Die gesamte Anzahl der Vogelarten in unserem Untersuchungsgebiet war gering im Vergleich zur Anzahl Vogelarten einer früheren Studie, die auch in den Dieng Mountains durchgeführt worden war. Allerdings war die Vogelwelt in unserer Untersuchung sehr heterogen, so dass es wahrscheinlich ist, dass die tatsächliche Artenzahl deutlich höher als die erfasste war. Die meisten der erfassten Vogelarten haben eine niedrige bis mittlere Abhängigkeit von Wald und können ihre Ansprüche in einer breiten Palette von Lebensräumen decken; es wurden nur sechs Vogelarten erfasst, die vom Wald abhängig sind. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass das Dieng Mountains Ökosystem in seinem gegenwärtigen Zustand die Lebensraumansprüche von Populationen verschiedene Vogelarten decken kann. Das beruht vor allem auf dem Vorhandensein von Sekundärvegetation, die als Ersatzhabitat für waldabhängige Arten fungiert. Allerdings wird das Fortdauern dieses Zustandes hauptsächlich von der zukünftigen Ausweitung der Landwirtschaft abhängen. Eine Ausweitung der Agrarlandschaft wird letztendlich die Abundanz und die Vielfalt von Vögeln in den Dieng Mountains verringern. Lässt man es zu, dass sich die Sekundärvegetation zu einer Klimaxgesellschaft entwickelt, so wird die Abundanz und Artendiversität von Vögeln zunehmen. Ähnlich positive Wirkungen kann nach unserer Einschätzung zukünftig die bislang im Untersuchungsgebiet noch nicht praktizierte Agroforstwirtschaft entfalten. Letztendlich muss der Zustand des Dieng Mountains Ökosystems verbessert werden, um seine Eignung als Lebensraum für seine einheimische Vogelwelt sicher zu stellen. Dreizehn kleine bis mittelgroße Säugetierarten wurden in unserem Untersuchungsgebiet mittels direkter Bestandsaufnahmen und Interviews erfasst. Zwei Arten, der schwarze Haubenlangur Trachypithecus auratus und der Java-Leopard Panthera Pardus melas wurden in der Roten Liste der IUCN als gefährdet bzw. vom Aussterben bedroht eingestuft. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Sekundärvegetation der Dieng Mountains noch einen geeigneten Lebensraum für die Säugetiergemeinschaft aufwies, wobei im Wald und im Buschland jeweils ein viel höherer Artenreichtum herrschte als auf Grünland. Der Artenreichtum an Säugetieren war auf Ackerland fast so hoch wie im Wald und im Buschland, was bedeutet, dass die landwirtschaftlichen Flächen mit ihren angebauten Kulturen Nahrungshabitate für die meisten Säugetierarten in den Dieng Mountains bot. Die Mehrheit der aufgeführten Arten waren Lebensraumgeneralisten und fähig, sich an gestörte Umgebungen anzupassen. Hiervon sind zwei Primatenarten ausgenommen, der Javaneraffe Macaca fascicularis und der schwarze Haubenlangur Trachypithecus auratus, deren Lebensraum nur auf Wald beschränkt war. Die Ergebnisse der Habitatpräferenzanalysen von vier Arten, die direkt erfasst worden waren, waren bei drei Arten mangels ausreichender Daten wenig aussagekräftig. Das Wildschwein Sus scrofa zeigte eine signifikante Präferenz für Wald und Wiesen, es mied Buschland bei der Nahrungssuche. Die Mitglieder der Säugetiergemeinschaft spielen anscheinend eine wichtige Rolle als Samenverbreiter bei der Erholung der Wälder der Dieng Mountains, und wir erhoffen uns, dass diese Studie als Grundlage für die Schaffung eines wirksamen Naturschutzplans zur Verbesserung des Dieng Mountains Ökosystems dient. Betrachtet man den Trend der menschlichen Bevölkerungsexpansion und die Landnutzungsmuster in den Dieng Mountains, mag das Schicksal der Wälder und der Tierwelt in diesem Gebiet vor allem durch die Höhe zukünftiger Störungen durch Menschen bestimmt werden. Günstigenfalls kann sich eine wechselseitige Beziehung zwischen Wald und den Menschen, die ihn nutzen, entwickeln, was ein nachhaltiges Management von Wald und Landschaft zur Folge haben könnte. Weitere Forschung ist notwendig, um die Folgen der landwirtschaftlichen Praktiken in den Dieng Mountains, einschließlich der Auswirkungen von Pestiziden und Düngemitteln auf die Wildbestände, zu untersuchen. Description The pressure from population growth in Indonesia’s Java Island has resulted in grave deforestation and forest degradation, leaving only 8.2 percent of forest cover remaining in 2006-2007. Population pressure continued to shrink Java’s forest cover through land conversion into settlement areas and agricultural fields, leaving small, isolated forest patches situated on mountain tops, like the ones found in the Dieng Mountains. Located in Central Java Province, Indonesia, the Dieng Mountains ecosystem has an important role in providing a wide range of goods and services, especially in supplying freshwater to its adjacent areas and maintaining biodiversity. However, the montane forests in the Dieng Mountains suffer from degradation caused by population pressure. Poor farming practices have resulted in the occurrence of pesticide pollution, a high level of erosion, soil sedimentation in lakes and reservoirs, landslides, and mud floods. Forest fires, illegal logging, forest looting, followed by land encroachment and shifting cultivation, have replaced the mature montane forests with young secondary vegetation. Regrowth forests have become the major vegetation type surrounding the Dieng Plateau, and with current farming practices, the trend of their formation indicates that they will persist into the future. So far, little has been done to deal with regrowth forests in the Dieng Mountains, and their value in terms of ecosystem functioning and biodiversity preservation has been insufficiently studied. Since the Dieng montane forests are known to harbor many endemic and rare wildlife species, it is important to understand how wildlife species in this area cope with habitat change. This research is an attempt to examine the impact of land use change resulting from humaninduced disturbances to the local flora and fauna, specifically to bird and mammal communities. The results of this research will provide an overview of the present condition of the Dieng Mountains ecosystem and help to fill in the information gaps left by previous studies. This research will provide policymakers with knowledge of the current state of the Dieng Mountains, allowing them to develop an effective program with reasonable goals and take appropriate actions in their effort to improve the ecological conditions of the Dieng Mountains. Vegetation data were collected in habitats that represent various ages of second-growth vegetation, namely woodland, shrubland, and grassland. A stratified systematic sampling with a random start was used to collect data on various growthforms of plant species. Vegetation parameters (i.e. species density, dominance, diameter class distribution) were then calculated. Plant species richness and diversity, and stands similarity were analyzed using SPADE. The bird census was carried out in the same locations chosen for vegetation surveys using the point transect distance method, with additional data collections in agricultural land. The results were then analyzed using the programs DISTANCE 6.0 release 2 for estimating the bird densities, and SPADE for estimating bird species richness and diversity. Surveys of mammal signs were also carried out in the same locations chosen for vegetation surveys and bird censuses by using a strip transect of 2-m width, crisscrossing the habitats in a random direction. Mammal species richness and the habitat preference of each species were then analyzed. In addition, interviews with local people were also conducted to gather supplementary information regarding the mammalian community in the Dieng Mountains. Our results show that the development of the secondary vegetation of the Dieng Mountains was highly influenced by its land use history and reforestation programs run by the local government. The vegetation structure of woodland and shrubland of the Dieng Mountains were similar, characterized with the typical simple structure normally found in a tropical secondary forest, an open canopy, and dense undergrowth. Few trees populated the grassland; no sign of tree invasion was found in this habitat, despite its close proximity to natural forest patches. The relatively low tree regenerations in all the habitats may be attributed to harsh environmental conditions caused by the high altitudinal location and the impact of forest clearings in the past, as well as competition with herbs. The effect of human activities in those habitats may also be an important factor slowing down the vegetation recovery. The impact of reforestations in shaping the floristic composition of the secondary vegetation was seen in the domination of tree species planted during the course of the program: the non-native species Acacia decurrens and Cupressus sempervirens, and Indonesian mountain species Schima wallichii. Pioneer shrub species Melastoma affine and grass Imperata cylindrica and Isachne globosa, as well as ruderal species Eupatorium odoratum, Eupatorium riparium, Buddleja asiatica, and Rubus rosaefolius dominated the undergrowth vegetation. Specifically in grassland, the small fern Gleichenia dichotoma’s domination seemed to suppress the growth of coexisting grass species, leading to the domination of a herb species, Conyza javanica, over pioneer grass species. Native Indonesian tree species were discovered as natural regrowth in a relatively small number. Compared with similar studies in other secondary forests, the richness of plant species found in the Dieng Mountains was considerably lower, especially that of woody plants. The contribution of the shrub and herb categories to more than 80 percent of the total species richness indicates the scarcity of tree species in our research area. In general, plant species richness and diversity were found highest in shrubland. The lowest species richness was found in woodland, while the lowest plant species diversity was recorded in grassland. These results may be related to the level of disturbance in each habitat, which shrubland experienced at an intermediate level. The similarity of plant species composition among habitats in each category was very high. This suggests that woodland and shrubland were still in a comparable stage of succession, despite the age difference between both habitats, while grassland may not succeed in developing into a forest. Considering the trend of population expansion in the Dieng Mountains, the fate of the secondary vegetation in this area may be determined by the level of future interference by humans. In various habitats in the Dieng Mountains, birds were found in relatively low densities. Based on previous studies by other authors, the occurrence of birds in low densities is common in a tropical landscape in which farmland and secondary vegetation are mixed into mosaics. The woodland of the Dieng Mountains, which had the most complex vegetation structure compared with the other habitat types, bore the highest bird density and species diversity. As bird assemblages are influenced by their surrounding habitat types, the bird populations in woodland may have been positively affected by woodland’s proximity to the patches of remnant forests on the mountain tops. With a similar, yet less complex vegetation structure and composition than woodland, shrubland had an intermediate level of bird density and species diversity. Despite its lack of mosaic heterogeneity and the presence of only a small number of trees between plots, agricultural land placed second in bird density. Possible causes for this include the proximity of agricultural land to urban areas and its adjacency to shrubland, which provided woody edge habitat; these factors are known to have positive effects on bird abundance and diversity. Grassland had the lowest species richness, species diversity, and bird density. The overall bird species diversity in our study area was low compared with the number of bird species listed in a previous study that also took place in the Dieng Mountains in 2001. However, the bird community was highly heterogeneous, making it likely that the actual species richness was considerably higher than the observed one. Most of the bird species encountered have a low to medium dependency on forest and a broad range of habitat suitability; only six forest-dependent species were recorded. Our results suggest that in its current state, the Dieng Mountains ecosystem can still meet the needs of various bird species populations. This is mainly because of the presence of secondary vegetation, which functions as a substitute habitat for forest-dependent species. However, the persistence of this condition will depend mainly on future agricultural expansion. An expanding agricultural landscape will eventually reduce the abundance and diversity of birds in the Dieng Mountains. Allowing the secondary vegetation to develop into a climax community will increase avian abundance and species diversity. Agroforestry, not yet widely practiced in the study area, also has the potential to have similar positive effects on the avifauna. Nevertheless, the condition of the Dieng Mountains ecosystem still needs to be improved to assure its suitability as a habitat for its native avifauna. Thirteen small to medium-sized mammal species were recorded in our study area through direct surveys and interviews. Two species, the Javan langur Trachypithecus auratus and Javan leopard Panthera pardus melas, were categorized as vulnerable and critically endangered, respectively, under the IUCN Red List. Our results suggest that the second-growth vegetation of the Dieng Mountains still provided a suitable habitat for the mammalian community, with woodland and shrubland each supporting much higher species richness than grassland. The species richness observed in agricultural land was almost as high as that of woodland and shrubland, implying that agricultural land with ist cultivated crops provided food and habitat for most mammal species in the Dieng Mountains. The majority of species listed were habitat generalists and capable of adapting to disturbed environments, except for two primate species, the long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis and Javan langur, whose habitat was confined only to woodland. The results of habitat preference analyses of mammal species recorded directly in the field were mostly inconclusive, owing to the lack of sufficient data. The most meaningful result was with the wild boar Sus scrofa, which showed a significant preference towards woodland and grassland, while avoiding shrubland for foraging. With their function as seed dispersers, the mammalian community’s members play important roles in the Dieng Mountains forest recovery, and therefore we expect this study to serve as a basis for establishing an effective conservation plan towards the improvement of the Dieng Mountains ecosystem. Considering the trend of human population expansion and land use patterns in the Dieng Mountains, the fate of forests and wildlife in this area may mostly be determined by the level of future interference by humans. At best, a mutual relationship can develop between the forest and humans utilizing it, which would give rise to sustainable forest and landscape management. Further research is needed to study the consequences of agricultural practices in the Dieng Mountains, including the effects of pesticides and fertilizers on wildlife populations.

Biogeography and Ecology of New Guinea

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400986327
Total Pages : 962 pages
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Book Synopsis Biogeography and Ecology of New Guinea by : J.L. Gressit

Download or read book Biogeography and Ecology of New Guinea written by J.L. Gressit and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 962 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: J. L. Gressitt New Guinea is a fantastic island, unique and fascinating. It is an area of incredible variety of geomorphology, biota, peoples, languages, history, tradi tions and cultures. Diversity is its prime characteristic, whatever the subject of interest. To a biogeographer it is tantalizing, as well as confusing or frustrating when trying to determine the history of its biota. To an ecologist, and to all biologists, it is a happy hunting ground of endless surprises and unanswered questions. To a conservationist it is like a dream come true, a "flash-back" of a few centuries, as well as a challenge for the future. New Guinea is so special that it is hard to compare it with other islands or tropical areas. It is something apart, with its very complicated history (chapters I: 2-4, II: 1-4, III: I, VI: I, 2). It is partly old but to a great extent very young, yet extremely rich and complex. It has biota of different sources - to such a degree that it is still disputed in this volume as to what Realm it belongs to: the Paleotropical or Notogaean (Australian); or what Region: Oriental, "Oceanic," Papuan or Australian. The terms Papuasian, Indo-Australian and Australasian also have been applied to the area.