The Management Of Race Relations

Download The Management Of Race Relations full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online The Management Of Race Relations ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Unequal Treatment

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030908265X
Total Pages : 781 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Unequal Treatment by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Unequal Treatment written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-02-06 with total page 781 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions. There is, however, increasing evidence that even after such differences are accounted for, race and ethnicity remain significant predictors of the quality of health care received. In Unequal Treatment, a panel of experts documents this evidence and explores how persons of color experience the health care environment. The book examines how disparities in treatment may arise in health care systems and looks at aspects of the clinical encounter that may contribute to such disparities. Patients' and providers' attitudes, expectations, and behavior are analyzed. How to intervene? Unequal Treatment offers recommendations for improvements in medical care financing, allocation of care, availability of language translation, community-based care, and other arenas. The committee highlights the potential of cross-cultural education to improve provider-patient communication and offers a detailed look at how to integrate cross-cultural learning within the health professions. The book concludes with recommendations for data collection and research initiatives. Unequal Treatment will be vitally important to health care policymakers, administrators, providers, educators, and students as well as advocates for people of color.

Race Relations and American Law

Author : Jack Greenberg
Publisher : New York : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 504 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (49 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Race Relations and American Law by : Jack Greenberg

Download or read book Race Relations and American Law written by Jack Greenberg and published by New York : Columbia University Press. This book was released on 1959 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Conversation

Author : Robert Livingston
Publisher : Currency
ISBN 13 : 0593238575
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (932 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Conversation by : Robert Livingston

Download or read book The Conversation written by Robert Livingston and published by Currency. This book was released on 2021-02-02 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A FINANCIAL TIMES BEST BOOK OF THE YEAR • An essential tool for individuals, organizations, and communities of all sizes to jump-start dialogue on racism and bias and to transform well-intentioned statements on diversity into concrete actions—from a leading Harvard social psychologist. FINALIST FOR THE FINANCIAL TIMES AND MCKINSEY BUSINESS BOOK OF THE YEAR AWARD • LONGLISTED FOR THE PORCHLIGHT BUSINESS BOOK AWARD “Livingston has made the important and challenging task of addressing systemic racism within an organization approachable and achievable.”—Alex Timm, co-founder and CEO, Root Insurance Company How can I become part of the solution? In the wake of the social unrest of 2020 and growing calls for racial justice, many business leaders and ordinary citizens are asking that very question. This book provides a compass for all those seeking to begin the work of anti-racism. In The Conversation, Robert Livingston addresses three simple but profound questions: What is racism? Why should everyone be more concerned about it? What can we do to eradicate it? For some, the existence of systemic racism against Black people is hard to accept because it violates the notion that the world is fair and just. But the rigid racial hierarchy created by slavery did not collapse after it was abolished, nor did it end with the civil rights era. Whether it’s the composition of a company’s leadership team or the composition of one’s neighborhood, these racial divides and disparities continue to show up in every facet of society. For Livingston, the difference between a solvable problem and a solved problem is knowledge, investment, and determination. And the goal of making organizations more diverse, equitable, and inclusive is within our capability. Livingston’s lifework is showing people how to turn difficult conversations about race into productive instances of real change. For decades he has translated science into practice for numerous organizations, including Airbnb, Deloitte, Microsoft, Under Armour, L’Oreal, and JPMorgan Chase. In The Conversation, Livingston distills this knowledge and experience into an eye-opening immersion in the science of racism and bias. Drawing on examples from pop culture and his own life experience, Livingston, with clarity and wit, explores the root causes of racism, the factors that explain why some people care about it and others do not, and the most promising paths toward profound and sustainable progress, all while inviting readers to challenge their assumptions. Social change requires social exchange. Founded on principles of psychology, sociology, management, and behavioral economics, The Conversation is a road map for uprooting entrenched biases and sharing candid, fact-based perspectives on race that will lead to increased awareness, empathy, and action.

Police, Power, and the Production of Racial Boundaries

Author : Ana Muñiz
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 081356977X
Total Pages : 155 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Police, Power, and the Production of Racial Boundaries by : Ana Muñiz

Download or read book Police, Power, and the Production of Racial Boundaries written by Ana Muñiz and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2015-08-03 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on five years of ethnography, archival research, census data analysis, and interviews, Police, Power, and the Production of Racial Boundaries reveals how the LAPD, city prosecutors, and business owners struggled to control who should be considered “dangerous” and how they should be policed in Los Angeles. Sociologist Ana Muñiz shows how these influential groups used policies and everyday procedures to criminalize behaviors commonly associated with blacks and Latinos and to promote an exceedingly aggressive form of policing. Muñiz illuminates the degree to which the definitions of “gangs” and “deviants” are politically constructed labels born of public policy and court decisions, offering an innovative look at the process of criminalization and underscoring the ways in which a politically powerful coalition can define deviant behavior. As she does so, Muñiz also highlights the various grassroots challenges to such policies and the efforts to call attention to their racist effects. Muñiz describes the fight over two very different methods of policing: community policing (in which the police and the community work together) and the “broken windows” or “zero tolerance” approach (which aggressively polices minor infractions—such as loitering—to deter more serious crime). Police, Power, and the Production of Racial Boundaries also explores the history of the area to explain how Cadillac-Corning became viewed by outsiders as a “violent neighborhood” and how the city’s first gang injunction—a restraining order aimed at alleged gang members—solidified this negative image. As a result, Muñiz shows, Cadillac-Corning and other sections became a test site for repressive practices that eventually spread to the rest of the city.

Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations

Author : John Rex
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521369398
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (693 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations by : John Rex

Download or read book Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations written by John Rex and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1986 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together internationally known scholars from a wide range of disciplines and theoretical traditions, all of whom have made significant contributions to the field of race and ethnic relations. As well as identifying important and persistent points of controversy, the collection reveals a complementary and multifaceted approach to theorisation. The theories represented include contributions from the perspective of sociology. These range from the established perspectives of Marx and Weber through to the more recent interventions of rational choice theory, symbolic interactionism and identity structure analysis.

Race and Ethnic Relations in the Twenty-First Century

Author : Rashawn Ray
Publisher : Cognella Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781935551607
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (516 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Race and Ethnic Relations in the Twenty-First Century by : Rashawn Ray

Download or read book Race and Ethnic Relations in the Twenty-First Century written by Rashawn Ray and published by Cognella Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the major theoretical and empirical approaches regarding race/ethnicity. Its goal is to continue to place race and ethnic relations in a contemporary, intersectional, and cross-comparative context and progress the discipline to include groups past the Black/White dichotomy. Using various sociological theories, social psychological theories, and subcultural approaches, this book gives students a sociohistorical, theoretical, and institutional frame with which to view race and ethnic relations in the twenty-first century.

Understanding and Managing Sophisticated and Everyday Racism

Author : Victoria Showunmi
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 149856710X
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Understanding and Managing Sophisticated and Everyday Racism by : Victoria Showunmi

Download or read book Understanding and Managing Sophisticated and Everyday Racism written by Victoria Showunmi and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-03-31 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sophisticated Racism: Understanding and Managing the Complexity of Everyday Racism adopts a fresh approach to the study of racism. Victoria Showunmi and Carol Tomlin identify the prevalence of sophisticated racism and explore how it manifests itself in society, particularly in the workplace. The authors narrate examples of everyday racism from the lived experiences of Black women. They take the reader on a compelling journey from the sources of racism through narratives of disquieting racist events to the destination of affirming approaches to preserving a sense of self and individual identity in the face of sophisticated racism. The authors explain how the interplay between Black women and White women originates in historical patterns of behavior which emerged on the plantations during enslavement. The term ‘White women syndrome’ has been coined to represent attempts to defend the limited space for female success by denigrating and excluding Black women. A unique feature of the book is that it reaches beyond the historical context to the provision of strategies for managing sophisticated and everyday racism in contemporary society.

Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People About Race

Author : Reni Eddo-Lodge
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1526633922
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (266 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People About Race by : Reni Eddo-Lodge

Download or read book Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People About Race written by Reni Eddo-Lodge and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2020-11-12 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Every voice raised against racism chips away at its power. We can't afford to stay silent. This book is an attempt to speak' The book that sparked a national conversation. Exploring everything from eradicated black history to the inextricable link between class and race, Why I'm No Longer Talking to White People About Race is the essential handbook for anyone who wants to understand race relations in Britain today. THE NO.1 SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLER WINNER OF THE BRITISH BOOK AWARDS NON-FICTION NARRATIVE BOOK OF THE YEAR 2018 FOYLES NON-FICTION BOOK OF THE YEAR BLACKWELL'S NON-FICTION BOOK OF THE YEAR WINNER OF THE JHALAK PRIZE LONGLISTED FOR THE BAILLIE GIFFORD PRIZE FOR NON-FICTION LONGLISTED FOR THE ORWELL PRIZE SHORTLISTED FOR A BOOKS ARE MY BAG READERS AWARD

Policing Against Black People

Author : Institute of Race Relations
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780850010336
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Policing Against Black People by : Institute of Race Relations

Download or read book Policing Against Black People written by Institute of Race Relations and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Race, Work, and Leadership

Author : Laura Morgan Roberts
Publisher : Harvard Business Press
ISBN 13 : 1633698025
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (336 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Race, Work, and Leadership by : Laura Morgan Roberts

Download or read book Race, Work, and Leadership written by Laura Morgan Roberts and published by Harvard Business Press. This book was released on 2019-08-13 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rethinking How to Build Inclusive Organizations Race, Work, and Leadership is a rare and important compilation of essays that examines how race matters in people's experience of work and leadership. What does it mean to be black in corporate America today? How are racial dynamics in organizations changing? How do we build inclusive organizations? Inspired by and developed in conjunction with the research and programming for Harvard Business School's commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the HBS African American Student Union, this groundbreaking book shines new light on these and other timely questions and illuminates the present-day dynamics of race in the workplace. Contributions from top scholars, researchers, and practitioners in leadership, organizational behavior, psychology, sociology, and education test the relevance of long-held assumptions and reconsider the research approaches and interventions needed to understand and advance African Americans in work settings and leadership roles. At a time when--following a peak in 2002--there are fewer African American men and women in corporate leadership roles, Race, Work, and Leadership will stimulate new scholarship and dialogue on the organizational and leadership challenges of African Americans and become the indispensable reference for anyone committed to understanding, studying, and acting on the challenges facing leaders who are building inclusive organizations.

More Courageous Conversations About Race

Author : Glenn E. Singleton
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1412992664
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (129 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis More Courageous Conversations About Race by : Glenn E. Singleton

Download or read book More Courageous Conversations About Race written by Glenn E. Singleton and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Since the highly acclaimed Courageous Conversations About Race offered educators a frame work and tools for promoting racial equity, many schools have implemented the Courageous Conversations Protocol. Now ... in a book that's rich with anecdote, Singleton celebrates the successes, outlines the difficulties, and provides specific strategies for moving Courageous Conversations from racial equity theory to practice at every level, from the classroom to the school superintendent's office"--Back cover.

Race and Public Administration

Author : Amanda Rutherford
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000032744
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Race and Public Administration by : Amanda Rutherford

Download or read book Race and Public Administration written by Amanda Rutherford and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-02-24 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues of race permeate virtually every corner of policy creation and implementation in the United States, yet theoretically driven research on interactions of policy, race, and ethnicity rarely offers practical tools that can be readily applied by current and future civil servants, private contractors, or nonprofit boards. Arguing that scholarship can and should inform practice to address issues of equity in public affairs, rather than overlook, ignore, or deny them, Race and Public Administration offers a much-needed and accessible exploration of current and cutting-edge research on race and policy. This book evaluates what contradictions, unanswered questions, and best (or worst) practices exist in conducting and understanding research that can provide evidence-based policy and management guidance to practitioners in the field. Individual chapters are written by established and emerging scholars and explore a wide range of policy areas, including public education, policing, health and access to healthcare, digital governance, nonprofit diversity, and international contexts. Together, the chapters serve as a link between theoretically informed research in public administration and those students and professionals trained to work in the trenches of public administration. This book is ideally suited as a text for courses in schools of public administration, public policy, or nonprofit management, and is required reading for those actively involved in policy analysis, creation, or evaluation. Chapter 1 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

America Becoming

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309172489
Total Pages : 523 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis America Becoming by : National Research Council

Download or read book America Becoming written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-01-25 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 20th Century has been marked by enormous change in terms of how we define race. In large part, we have thrown out the antiquated notions of the 1800s, giving way to a more realistic, sociocultural view of the world. The United States is, perhaps more than any other industrialized country, distinguished by the size and diversity of its racial and ethnic minority populations. Current trends promise that these features will endure. Fifty years from now, there will most likely be no single majority group in the United States. How will we fare as a nation when race-based issues such as immigration, job opportunities, and affirmative action are already so contentious today? In America Becoming, leading scholars and commentators explore past and current trends among African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans in the context of a white majority. This volume presents the most up-to-date findings and analysis on racial and social dynamics, with recommendations for ongoing research. It examines compelling issues in the field of race relations, including: Race and ethnicity in criminal justice. Demographic and social trends for Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. Trends in minority-owned businesses. Wealth, welfare, and racial stratification. Residential segregation and the meaning of "neighborhood." Disparities in educational test scores among races and ethnicities. Health and development for minority children, adolescents, and adults. Race and ethnicity in the labor market, including the role of minorities in America's military. Immigration and the dynamics of race and ethnicity. The changing meaning of race. Changing racial attitudes. This collection of papers, compiled and edited by distinguished leaders in the behavioral and social sciences, represents the most current literature in the field. Volume 1 covers demographic trends, immigration, racial attitudes, and the geography of opportunity. Volume 2 deals with the criminal justice system, the labor market, welfare, and health trends, Both books will be of great interest to educators, scholars, researchers, students, social scientists, and policymakers.

How Race Is Made in America

Author : Natalia Molina
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520280075
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis How Race Is Made in America by : Natalia Molina

Download or read book How Race Is Made in America written by Natalia Molina and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2014 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How Race Is Made in America examines Mexican AmericansÑfrom 1924, when American law drastically reduced immigration into the United States, to 1965, when many quotas were abolishedÑto understand how broad themes of race and citizenship are constructed. These years shaped the emergence of what Natalia Molina describes as an immigration regime, which defined the racial categories that continue to influence perceptions in the United States about Mexican Americans, race, and ethnicity. Molina demonstrates that despite the multiplicity of influences that help shape our concept of race, common themes prevail. Examining legal, political, social, and cultural sources related to immigration, she advances the theory that our understanding of race is socially constructed in relational waysÑthat is, in correspondence to other groups. Molina introduces and explains her central theory, racial scripts, which highlights the ways in which the lives of racialized groups are linked across time and space and thereby affect one another. How Race Is Made in America also shows that these racial scripts are easily adopted and adapted to apply to different racial groups.

Culture, Social Class, and Race in Public Relations

Author : Damion Waymer
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739173413
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Culture, Social Class, and Race in Public Relations by : Damion Waymer

Download or read book Culture, Social Class, and Race in Public Relations written by Damion Waymer and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2012-09-27 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Culture, Race, and Class-Based Perspectives in Public Relations, edited by Damion Waymer, covers timely and understudied topics in the field of public relations (PR). Via research, case analysis, and theoretical discussion, the contributors to this volume explore the ways that scholars can address issues of voice (or the lack thereof) that marginalized publics have encountered in the past or are currently encountering in regard to matters of culture, race, and class. A central question this book asks is what role can and does a greater understanding of culture, race, and class play in helping scholars, teachers, students, and practitioners to aid in society becoming a better place to live and work? Culture as well as other divisive social constructs such as race and class must be unpacked, problematized, and considered carefully before the fully functioning vision of society can be deemed possible. Some topics included are the Black Panther Party and Native American Activist rhetorical PR, risk equity, critical race theory, and pedagogical approaches to teaching culture, race, and class. This edited volume serves an important early step by scholars—via the context of public relations—in this process of advocating social justice as well as organizations' role in helping society achieve these ends.

The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism

Author : John Stone
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119430194
Total Pages : 571 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism by : John Stone

Download or read book The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism written by John Stone and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-10-19 with total page 571 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A broad examination of the rise of nationalism, populism, xenophobia, and racism throughout the world The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism provides expert insight into the complex, interconnected factors that are influencing patterns of human relations worldwide in a time of rising populist nationalism, intensified racial and religious tensions, and mounting hostilities towards immigrants and minorities. Analyzing the underlying forces which continue to drive global trends, this volume examines contemporary patterns based on the most recent evidence spanning five continents—offering a diversity of interpretations, models and perspectives that address the challenges facing the study of race, ethnicity, and nationalism. The Companion features original contributions by both established experts and emerging scholars that explore an expansive range of theoretical, historical, and empirical case studies. Organized into five sections, the text first discusses growing trends in the United States, the significance of populism in major societies around the globe, and how global changes are influencing regional variations in race, ethnicity, and nationalism. An investigation of global migration patterns is followed by examination of conflict and violence, from urban riots and boundary disputes to warfare and genocide. The final section focuses on the policy debates resulting from changing patterns and their impact on politics, the economy, and society. Timely and highly relevant, this book: Discusses contemporary issues such as the failure of school systems to provide equal opportunities to minorities, the evolution of the School-to-Prison pipeline, and the Black Lives Matter movement Explores shifts in American race relations, the influence of social media and the internet, and the links between increased globalization and contemporary forms of nationalism, racism, and populism Features essays on national and ethnic identity in China, Japan, and South Korea, India, Central Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Europe Analyzes policies regarding borders, immigration, refugees, and human rights in different countries and regions Offers perspectives on the radicalization of social movements, the creation of ethnic, linguistic and other boundaries between groups, and the models used to understand intractable conflicts in many global settings The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism is an indispensable resource for scholars, researchers, instructors, and students across the social sciences, including sociology, political science, global affairs, economics, comparative race and ethnic relations, international migration, social change, and sociological theory.

Undermining Race

Author : Phylis Cancilla Martinelli
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 0816533032
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (165 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Undermining Race by : Phylis Cancilla Martinelli

Download or read book Undermining Race written by Phylis Cancilla Martinelli and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2015-10-19 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Undermining Race rewrites the history of race, immigration, and labor in the copper industry in Arizona. The book focuses on the case of Italian immigrants in their relationships with Anglo, Mexican, and Spanish miners (and at times with blacks, Asian Americans, and Native Americans), requiring a reinterpretation of the way race was formed and figured across place and time. Phylis Martinelli argues that the case of Italians in Arizona provides insight into “in between” racial and ethnic categories, demonstrating that the categorizing of Italians varied from camp to camp depending on local conditions—such as management practices in structuring labor markets and workers’ housing, and the choices made by immigrants in forging communities of language and mutual support. Italians—even light-skinned northern Italians—were not considered completely “white” in Arizona at this historical moment, yet neither were they consistently racialized as non-white, and tactics used to control them ranged from micro to macro level violence. To make her argument, Martinelli looks closely at two “white camps” in Globe and Bisbee and at the Mexican camp of Clifton-Morenci. Comparing and contrasting the placement of Italians in these three camps shows how the usual binary system of race relations became complicated, which in turn affected the existing race-based labor hierarchy, especially during strikes. The book provides additional case studies to argue that the biracial stratification system in the United States was in fact triracial at times. According to Martinelli, this system determined the nature of the associations among laborers as well as the way Americans came to construct “whiteness.”