The Kinetic And Structural Investigation Of Pilus Assembly And The Development Of Sortase Inhibitors For Gram Positive Bacteria

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The Kinetic and Structural Investigation of Pilus Assembly and the Development of Sortase Inhibitors for Gram-Positive Bacteria

Author : Christopher Kenji Sue
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis The Kinetic and Structural Investigation of Pilus Assembly and the Development of Sortase Inhibitors for Gram-Positive Bacteria by : Christopher Kenji Sue

Download or read book The Kinetic and Structural Investigation of Pilus Assembly and the Development of Sortase Inhibitors for Gram-Positive Bacteria written by Christopher Kenji Sue and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pathogenic multidrug resistant bacteria cause a range of serious infections in humans. These bacteria have developed mechanisms to counteract the lethal effects of currently used antibiotics, creating a need for novel therapeutics. Gram-positive bacteria display a wide assortment of cell surface proteins that are important for bacterial survival and host-pathogen interactions. These key surface structures included pili, proteinaceous fibers that assist in microbial survival by mediating adhesion to host tissues and aid in the formation of biofilm. A large number of gram-positive bacterial species assemble pili and append surface proteins to the cell wall using sortase cysteine transpeptidase enzymes. These enzymes link the components of the pilus together via covalent lysine isopeptide bonds which confer enormous tensile strength. This dissertation describes my investigation of the assembly mechanism of the archetypal SpaA-pilus from Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It also describes my contributions to develop small molecule sortase inhibitors that could function as anti-infective agents and my work towards exploiting the activity of sortase enzymes as a protein engineering tool. This thesis focuses on sortase enzymes and can be divided into two major sections: studies to determine how sortases construct pili (Chapters 2-4) and work designed to discover a small molecule inhibitor for the Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A enzyme (Chapter 5). All of the studies have been published in peer reviewed papers, with the exception of work detailed in Chapter 4. Chapter 2 describes the NMR solution structure of the lysine isopeptide bond interface that connects the pilin components of the pilus. This structural information combined with biophysical and cellular analyses led to the formulation of the "latch" mechanism of pilus assembly. Chapter 3 describes an enzyme kinetic study of the sortase enzyme from C. diphtheriae (CdSrtA) which catalyzes the formation of lysine isopeptide bonds between components of the SpaA pilus. In this study, the rate-limiting step of catalysis was determined and variants of CdSrtA with improved activity were discovered. Chapter 4 describes research that employed biochemical and structural approaches to investigate how the incorporation of the SpaB pilin subunit terminates pilus assembly. Key differences were observed between the reaction that terminates assembly and the process of polymerization that builds the shaft of the pilus. Chapter 5 describes efforts to discover a small molecule inhibitor of the Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A enzyme that has the potential to be a therapeutically useful anti-infective agent. The first half of Chapter 5 describes the work done to improve the activity of previously discovered pyridazinone-based molecules using computational and synthetic chemistry methods. The second half describes the implementation of a novel cell-based screen to identify sortase inhibitors. This work leveraged the unique sortase-dependent growth phenotype of Actinomyces oris to screen for sortase inhibitors. Over 200,000 small molecules were screened for their ability to impair A.oris's growth, which led to the identification of three molecular scaffolds that inhibit sortase activity in vitro. In totality, my thesis research has shed light on how sortase enzymes assemble pili in gram-positive bacteria, led to improved variants of CdSrtA sortase that can be used in protein engineering, and helped identify new small molecule sortase inhibitors with potential therapeutic applications.

Structural and Biochemical Investigation of Gram-Positive Bacterial Surface Display Machinery

Author : Brendan Rayhan Amer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural and Biochemical Investigation of Gram-Positive Bacterial Surface Display Machinery by : Brendan Rayhan Amer

Download or read book Structural and Biochemical Investigation of Gram-Positive Bacterial Surface Display Machinery written by Brendan Rayhan Amer and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many species of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria have become resistant to commonly used antibiotics, creating a pressing need for the development of novel antimicrobial therapies. These pathogenic bacteria are surrounded by a complex peptidoglycan cell wall that is decorated with a range of macromolecules such as surface proteins, protein-based oligomeric pili, and surface glycopolymers. These structures enable the microbe to effectively interact with their environment, and in pathogenetic bacteria are frequently virulence factors that are involved in: immune system modulation, bacterial adhesion, nutrient acquisition, and spore formation. Two distinct enzyme superfamilies are primarily responsible for covalently attaching macromolecules to the Gram-positive cell wall: sortase enzymes that attach proteins and assemble pili, and LytR-Psr-CpsA (LCP) enzymes that attach glycopolymers. This dissertation presents my efforts to discover a sortase inhibitor, structural and mechanistic investigations of both sortase and LCP enzymes, and the development of a new sortase mediated ligation technology. I describe our efforts to find inhibitors against the S. aureus sortase transpeptidase. We utilized both experimental and computational methods to discover potent inhibitor scaffolds. This led to structure-activity studies that not only improved inhibitor potency, but also yielded molecules that can inhibit bacterial protein display in vivo, and appear to be non-toxic to human cells. Sortase enzymes have also proven to be valuable biotechnological conjugation tools. I describe the development of a novel sortase-mediated ligation tool. We demonstrate a 15-fold rate enhancement for existing sortase mediated ligation strategies. Additionally, I discuss studies on sortase pilus assembly and display. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism of sortase pilus assembly, we reconstituted an archetypal Gram-positive pilus assembly process in vitro. This has allowed us to generate molecular models of various intermediates of pilus assembly and define the molecular determinants of this assembly process. We have identified novel features on both the sortase and pilin precursor proteins that are essential for pilus covalent isopeptide assembly. In the concluding chapter of this dissertation, structural work characterizing the unique LCP enzyme that mediates surface protein glycosylation is presented. Work on this project reveals that LCP enzymes use a conserved phosphotransferase mechanism to attach glycopolymers to surface displayed proteins, and this may be a mechanism for actinobacteria wall teichoic acid display, a key macromolecule in the bacterial cell envelope. Combined, this work serves to further define the mechanism of Gram-positive bacterial macromolecular surface display, improved sortase-mediated bioconjugation strategies, and steps towards novel anti-infective sortase inhibitors.

Sortase Enzyme Mediated Surface Protein Display in Gram-positive Bacteria

Author : Albert Hay Wah Chan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (913 download)

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Book Synopsis Sortase Enzyme Mediated Surface Protein Display in Gram-positive Bacteria by : Albert Hay Wah Chan

Download or read book Sortase Enzyme Mediated Surface Protein Display in Gram-positive Bacteria written by Albert Hay Wah Chan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in the United States. The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant strains has created an urgent need for new antibiotics. S. aureus and other Gram-positive pathogens use sortase enzymes to display surface virulence factors to promote infections. Compounds that inhibit sortase might therefore function as potent anti-infective agents. This dissertation focuses on the discovery of sortase A (SrtA) inhibitors, as well as more fundamental studies of the mechanism of catalysis. Both structural (NMR) and in silico approaches were used for inhibitor development, which resulted in the discovery of a very potent pyridazinone class compound that effectively inhibits S. aureus SrtA at nanomolar concentrations. This compound and its related derivatives also inhibit Bacillus anthracis SrtA, but they are not toxic to human cells. Therefore, they are promising leads for further development into a therapeutic. To gain insights into the sortase catalytic mechanism, I also determined the 3D structure of the B. anthracis SrtA bound to a substrate analog using NMR methods. The structure reveals a novel N-terminal extension that regulates substrate entry, and a substrate-induced disorder to order transition of one of the active site loops. Ultimately, this new structural information may be useful in guiding the design of pan-sortase inhibitors that can be used to treat a broad spectrum of bacterial infections.

Elucidating the Molecular Basis of Protein and Polymer Display in Gram-Positive Bacteria for Novel Antibiotic Development

Author : Michele Kattke
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Elucidating the Molecular Basis of Protein and Polymer Display in Gram-Positive Bacteria for Novel Antibiotic Development by : Michele Kattke

Download or read book Elucidating the Molecular Basis of Protein and Polymer Display in Gram-Positive Bacteria for Novel Antibiotic Development written by Michele Kattke and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria has prompted novel antibiotic development by targeting non-essential pathways, such as virulence factor production and display during cell wall biosynthesis. Within Gram-positive bacteria, sortase transpeptidases covalently attach proteins to the cell wall or assemble pili using class A-F enzymes. Interestingly, class E sortases display proteins via recognition of a non-canonical LAXTG motif. We have determined the first crystal structure of a class E sortase, the 1.93 i resolution structure of SrtE1 from Streptomyces coelicolor. The SrtE1 enzyme possesses structurally distinct 3/ 4 and 6/ 7 active site loops that contact the LAXTG substrate. Furthermore, molecular dynamics studies have identified a conserved tyrosine residue that likely confers substrate specificity for class E sortases. A second anti-virulence target, the TarA glycosyltransferase (GT), is highly conserved among Gram-positive bacteria and produces surface-anchored wall teichoic acid (WTA) polymers. The WTA biosynthetic mechanism involving TarA and other membrane-associated, enzymes is poorly understood due to a lack of structural characterization. We have determined the 2.0 i resolution crystal structure of the TarA enzyme from Thermobacter italicus, which adopts a structurally novel protein fold, termed class GT-E, and represents the first structurally characterized member of the WecB-TagA-CpsF GT family. Sequence conservation mapping onto experimentally observed TarA oligomer structures has identified putative functional residues and suggests formation of a competent active site through oligomerization, which will guide studies of substrate binding and catalysis. Furthermore, we describe two target-specific, cell-based assays for the discovery of sortase and TarA inhibitors. The first assay monitors sortase-dependent growth inhibition of wild-type and sortase-deficient Actinomyces oris strains in the presence of small molecule inhibitors. A pilot screen of 1280 compounds returned a hit rate of 0.3%, which has prompted large-scale high-throughput screening. The second assay utilizes a TarA-dependent morphological transition of a mutant B. subtilis strain complemented with the TarA enzyme from S. aureus (TarA+) to replace the endogenous enzyme activity. The drastic rod-shape to spherical morphological transition provides a robust HTS platform with a Z-prime score of 0.76. Ultimately, these structural and cell-based studies will promote the development of anti-virulence inhibitors to combat bacterial resistance.

Structural and Mechanistic Enzymology

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128118776
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural and Mechanistic Enzymology by :

Download or read book Structural and Mechanistic Enzymology written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-07-17 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structural and Mechanistic Enzymology, Volume 109, the latest release in the Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology series, is an essential resource for protein chemists. Chapters in this new volume include Collagenolytic Matrix Metalloproteinase Structure–Function Relationships: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Studies, Computational Glycobiology: Mechanistic Studies of Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes and Implication for Inhibitor Design, Computational Biochemistry-Enzyme Mechanisms Explored, and A Paradigm for C-H Bond Cleavage: Structural and Functional Aspects of Transition State Stabilization by Mandelate Racemase. This series presents new information on protocols and analysis of proteins, with each volume guest edited by leading experts in a broad range of protein-related topics. This volume presents state-of-the-art contributions, providing insights into the relationship between enzyme structure, catalysis, and function. - Provides cutting-edge developments in protein chemistry and structural biology - Features new information about protocols and analysis of proteins - Contains chapters written by authorities in their respective fields - Targeted to a wide audience of researchers, specialists and students

Bacterial Adhesion to Cells and Tissues

Author : Itzhak Ofek
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1468464353
Total Pages : 585 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (684 download)

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Book Synopsis Bacterial Adhesion to Cells and Tissues by : Itzhak Ofek

Download or read book Bacterial Adhesion to Cells and Tissues written by Itzhak Ofek and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Attachment to host cells or tissues is often the first step in the establishment of bacterial infections. A complex array of recognition, attachment, and virulence factors is involved in this process, which recent research has greatly illuminated. This comprehensive and authoritative volume discusses the specific cell and tissue-specific affinities of pathogenic microorganisms, including bioinorganic surfaces such as teeth, and is an essential reference for researchers and students of host-pathogen interactions.

The Perfect Slime

Author : Hans-Curt Flemming
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1780407416
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis The Perfect Slime by : Hans-Curt Flemming

Download or read book The Perfect Slime written by Hans-Curt Flemming and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2016-09-15 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Perfect Slime presents the latest state of knowledge and all aspects of the Extracellular Polymeric Substances, (EPS) matrix – from the ecological and health to the antifouling perspectives. The book brings together all the current material in order to expand our understanding of the functions, properties and characteristics of the matrix as well as the possibilities to strengthen or weaken it. The EPS matrix represents the immediate environment in which biofilm organisms live. From their point of view, this matrix has paramount advantages. It allows them to stay together for extended periods and form synergistic microconsortia, it retains extracellular enzymes and turns the matrix into an external digestion system and it is a universal recycling yard, it protects them against desiccation, it allows for intense communication and represents a huge genetic archive. They can remodel their matrix, break free and eventually, they can use it as a nutrient source. The EPS matrix can be considered as one of the emergent properties of biofilms and are a major reason for the success of this form of life. Nevertheless, they have been termed the “black matter of biofilms” for good reasons. First of all: the isolation methods define the results. In most cases, only water soluble EPS components are investigated; insoluble ones such as cellulose or amyloids are much less included. In particular in environmental biofilms with many species, it is difficult to impossible isolate, separate the various EPS molecules they are encased in and to define which species produced which EPS. The regulation and the factors which trigger or inhibit EPS production are still very poorly understood. Furthermore: bacteria are not the only microorganisms to produce EPS. Archaea, Fungi and algae can also form EPS. This book investigates the questions, What is their composition, function, dynamics and regulation? What do they all have in common?

Bacterial Cell Walls and Membranes

Author : Andreas Kuhn
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030187683
Total Pages : 501 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Bacterial Cell Walls and Membranes by : Andreas Kuhn

Download or read book Bacterial Cell Walls and Membranes written by Andreas Kuhn and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-18 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an up-to-date overview of the architecture and biosynthesis of bacterial and archaeal cell walls, highlighting the evolution-based similarities in, but also the intriguing differences between the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria, the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, and the Archaea. The recent major advances in this field, which have brought to light many new structural and functional details, are presented and discussed. Over the past five years, a number of novel systems, e.g. for lipid, porin and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis have been described. In addition, new structural achievements with periplasmic chaperones have been made, all of which have revealed amazing details on how bacterial cell walls are synthesized. These findings provide an essential basis for future research, e.g. the development of new antibiotics. The book’s content is the logical continuation of Volume 84 of SCBI (on Prokaryotic Cytoskeletons), and sets the stage for upcoming volumes on Protein Complexes.

Extracellular Sugar-Based Biopolymers Matrices

Author : Ephraim Cohen
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030129195
Total Pages : 820 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Extracellular Sugar-Based Biopolymers Matrices by : Ephraim Cohen

Download or read book Extracellular Sugar-Based Biopolymers Matrices written by Ephraim Cohen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-02 with total page 820 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an acellular three-dimensional network composed of proteins, glycoproteins, proteoglycans and exopolysaccharides. It primarily serves as a structural component in the tissues and organs of plants and animals, or forms biofilms in which bacterial cells are embedded. ECMs are highly dynamic structures that undergo continuous remodeling, and disruptions are frequently the result of pathological processes associated with severe diseases such as arteriosclerosis, neurodegenerative illness or cancer. In turn, bacterial biofilms are a source of concern for human health, as they are associated with resistance to antibiotics. Although exopolysaccharides are crucial for ECM formation and function, they have received considerably little attention to date. The respective chapters of this book comprehensively address such issues, and provide reviews on the structural, biochemical, molecular and biophysical properties of exopolysaccharides. These components are abundantly produced by virtually all taxa including bacteria, algae, plants, fungi, invertebrates and vertebrates. They include long unbranched homopolymers (cellulose, chitin/chitosan), linear copolymers (alginate, agarose), peptoglycans such as murein, heteropolymers like a variety of glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronan, dermatan, keratin, heparin, Pel), and branched heteropolymers such as pectin and hemicellulose. A separate chapter is dedicated to modern industrial and biomedical applications of exopolysaccharides and polysaccharide-based biocomposites. Their unique chemical, physical and mechanical properties have attracted considerable interest, inspired basic and applied research, and have already been harnessed to form structural biocomposite hybrids for tailor-made applications in regenerative medicine, bioengineering and biosensor design. Given its scope, this book provides a substantial source of basic and applied information for a wide range of scientists, as well as valuable textbook for graduate and advanced undergraduate students.

Chemoselective and Bioorthogonal Ligation Reactions

Author : W. Russ Algar
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 352768347X
Total Pages : 923 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemoselective and Bioorthogonal Ligation Reactions by : W. Russ Algar

Download or read book Chemoselective and Bioorthogonal Ligation Reactions written by W. Russ Algar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-17 with total page 923 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely, one-stop reference is the first on an emerging and interdisciplinary topic. Covering both established and recently developed ligation chemistries, the book is divided into two didactic parts: a section that focuses on the details of bioorthogonal and chemoselective ligation reactions at the level of fundamental organic chemistry, and a section that focuses on applications, particularly in the areas of chemical biology, biomaterials, and bioanalysis, highlighting the capabilities and benefits of the ligation reactions. With chapters authored by outstanding scientists who range from trailblazers in the field to young and emerging leaders, this book on a highly interdisciplinary topic will be of great interest for biochemists, biologists, materials scientists, pharmaceutical chemists, organic chemists, and many others.

Biogenesis of Fatty Acids, Lipids and Membranes

Author : Otto Geiger
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319504292
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Biogenesis of Fatty Acids, Lipids and Membranes by : Otto Geiger

Download or read book Biogenesis of Fatty Acids, Lipids and Membranes written by Otto Geiger and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concise chapters, written by experts in the field, cover a wide spectrum of topics on lipid and membrane formation in microbes (Archaea, Bacteria, eukaryotic microbes).All cells are delimited by a lipid membrane, which provides a crucial boundary in any known form of life. Readers will discover significant chapters on microbial lipid-carrying biomolecules and lipid/membrane-associated structures and processes.

The Role of Biofilms in Device-Related Infections

Author : Mark Shirtliff
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540681191
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis The Role of Biofilms in Device-Related Infections by : Mark Shirtliff

Download or read book The Role of Biofilms in Device-Related Infections written by Mark Shirtliff and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-19 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approximately 60% of all hospital-associated infections, over one million cases per year, are due to biofilms that have formed on indwelling medical devices. Device-related biofilm infections increase hospital stays and add over one billion dollars/year to U.S. hospitalization costs. Since the use and the types of indwelling medical devices commonly used in modern healthcare are continuously expanding, especially with an aging population, the incidence of biofilm infections will also continue to rise. The central problem with microbial biofilm infections of foreign bodies is their propensity to resist clearance by the host immune system and all antimicrobial agents tested to date. In fact, compared to their free floating, planktonic counterparts, microbes within a biofilm are 50 – 500 times more resistant to antimicrobial agents. Therefore, achieving therapeutic and non-lethal dosing regimens within the human host is impossible. The end result is a conversion from an acute infection to one that is persistent, chronic, and recurrent, most often requiring device removal in order to eliminate the infection. This text will describe the major types of device-related infections, and will explain the host, pathogen, and the unique properties of their interactions in order to gain a better understanding of these recalcitrant infections.

Microbial Versatility in Varied Environments

Author : Raghvendra Pratap Singh
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811530289
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Versatility in Varied Environments by : Raghvendra Pratap Singh

Download or read book Microbial Versatility in Varied Environments written by Raghvendra Pratap Singh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-09 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book compiles the latest studies on microorganisms thriving in extreme conditions. Microbes have been found in extremely high and low temperatures, highly acidic to saline conditions, from deserts to the Dead sea, from hot-springs to underwater hydrothermal vents- the diversity is incredible. The various chapters highlight the microbial life and describe the mechanisms of tolerance to these harsh conditions, and show how an understanding of these phenomena can help us exploit the microbes in biotechnology. The theme of the book is highly significant since life in these environments can give vital clues about the origin and evolution of life on earth, as a lot of these conditions simulate the environment present billions of years ago. Additionally, the study of adaptation and survival of organisms in such environments can be important for finding life on other planets. This book shall be useful for students, researchers and course instructors interested in evolution, microbial adaptations and ecology in varied environments.

Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods

Author : Sahra Kırmusaoğlu
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789857899
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods by : Sahra Kırmusaoğlu

Download or read book Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods written by Sahra Kırmusaoğlu and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-04-03 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To prevent bacterial adherence, invasion and infection, antimicrobials such as antibiotics are being used and vastly researched nowdays. Several factors such as natural selection, mutations in genes, the presence of efflux pumps, impermeability of the cell wall, structural changes in enzymes and receptors, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing cause microorganisms to develop resistance against antimicrobials. Isolates that synthesize extended spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBL), induced β-lactamases (IBL), carbapenamases, metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDM) have emerged. Determining virulence factors such as biofilms and the level of antimicrobial activities of antimicrobial agents alone and in combination with appropriate doses against microorganisms is very important for the diagnosis, inhibition, and prevention of microbial infection. The goal of this book is to provide information on all these topics.

Prokaryotic Cell Wall Compounds

Author : Helmut König
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 364205062X
Total Pages : 518 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Prokaryotic Cell Wall Compounds by : Helmut König

Download or read book Prokaryotic Cell Wall Compounds written by Helmut König and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-18 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial cell wall structures play a significant role in maintaining cells’ shape, as protecting layers against harmful agents, in cell adhesion and in positive and negative biological activities with host cells. All prokaryotes, whether they are bacteria or archaea, rely on their surface polymers for these multiple functions. Their surfaces serve as the indispensable primary interfaces between the cell and its surroundings, often mediating or catalyzing important interactions. Prokaryotic Cell Wall Compounds summarizes the current state of knowledge on the prokaryotic cell wall. Topics concerning bacterial and archaeal polymeric cell wall structures, biological activities, growth and inhibition, cell wall interactions and the applications of cell wall components, especially in the field of nanobiotechnology, are presented.

Peptide Macrocycles

Author : Matthew B. Coppock
Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781071616888
Total Pages : 469 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (168 download)

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Book Synopsis Peptide Macrocycles by : Matthew B. Coppock

Download or read book Peptide Macrocycles written by Matthew B. Coppock and published by Humana. This book was released on 2021-11-02 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores the latest techniques and strategies used to study the field of peptide macrocycles. The chapters in this book ae organized into four parts: macrocycles synthesis, combinational library synthesis and screening, macrocycle characterization, and unique applications. Part One looks at a variety of peptide cyclization methodologies, and Part Two describes methods for the creation of peptide macrocycles libraries and their subsequent screening against biological targets of interest. Part Three discusses the study and characterization of peptide macrocycle-target interactions, and Part Four introduces unique applications for peptide macrocycles, from higher-order structure formation to post-synthetic functional modifications. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Peptide Macrocycles: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for both novice and expert researchers looking to learn more about this developing field.

Biofilms, Infection, and Antimicrobial Therapy

Author : John L Pace
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780367392192
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (921 download)

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Book Synopsis Biofilms, Infection, and Antimicrobial Therapy by : John L Pace

Download or read book Biofilms, Infection, and Antimicrobial Therapy written by John L Pace and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-08-30 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rather than existing in a planktonic or free-living form, evidence indicates that microbes show a preference for living in a sessile form within complex communities called biofilms. Biofilms appear to afford microbes a survival advantage by optimizing nutrition, offering protection against hostile elements, and providing a network for cell-to-cell signaling and genetic exchange. Biofilms, Infection, and Antimicrobial Therapy provides an in-depth exploration of biofilms, offering broad background information, as well a detailed look at the serious concerns to which biofilm-associated infections give rise. Prosthetic device infections, such as those involving artificial heart valves, intravascular catheters, or prosthetic joints, are prime examples of biofilm-associated infections. With the increasing use of such devices in the modern practice of medicine, the prevalence of these infections is expected to increase. Unfortunately, one of the most troubling characteristics of microbes found in biofilms is a profound resistance to antimicrobial agents. As biofilm-associated infections are particularly difficult to treat, they result in significant mortality, morbidity, and increased economic burden. Clearly, a better understanding of the pathogenesis of these infections and improved means for prevention and treatment are urgently needed! InBiofilms, Infection, and Antimicrobial Therapy, Drs Pace, Rupp, and Finch assemble the contributions of more than 50 of the world's leading authorities on microbial biofilms who present recent findings on antibacterial tolerance and bacterial persistence associated with biofilms and discuses the implications of those findings with regard to human health. They explore the molecular mechanisms of bacterial adherence, biofilm formation, regulation of biofilm maintenance, and cell-to-cell communication and present the latest information on various treatment protocols that should aid physicians in the treatment o