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The Kashmir And Northern Area War Of 1947 48
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Book Synopsis The Kashmir and Northern Area War of 1947-48 by : Agha Humayun Amin
Download or read book The Kashmir and Northern Area War of 1947-48 written by Agha Humayun Amin and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-12 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: History is made by those who seize fleeting opportunities in the critical time span in any particular situation and relentlessly execute their plans without second thoughts, subduing inner fears, overcoming procrastination and vacillation, and above all by those who are propelled by the burning desire to defeat the enemy rather than any half hearted judiciousness and timidity. Ninety years of loyalism and too much of constitutionalism had however made the Muslims of 1947 slow in taking the initiative and too much obsessed with consequences of every situation. This attitude was excellent as long as the British were the rulers, but not for a crisis situation, in which geography, time and space, alignment of communications and weather temporarily favoured Pakistan, in case initiative and boldness was exercised and simple but audacious plans were executed in the shortest possible time! Today, it is fashionable to blame the Indians, Mountbatten, Gracey etc as far as the 1947-48 War is concerned. A dispassionate study of the events of 1947-48 clearly proves that victory was closer in 1947 than ever again as far as the Pakistan Army was concerned. Opportunities were lost because very few people who mattered at any level apart from Mr Jinnah, Brigadier Akbar Khan and some others were really interested in doing anything! The 1948 war was fought over the Muslim majority state of Kashmir ruled by a Hindu ruler, who did not want to accede to Pakistan. The specific sole and immediate aim of this chapter is to briefly analyse the 1948 war and to explain why Pakistan failed to achieve, what was within its grasp and why the Indians despite their overall material superiority could not achieve as much as they should have done. The morality of Kashmir dispute and who is morally right is beyond the scope of this book, except the simple point that as far as the broad mechanics of the philosophy governing the partition of India was concerned; i.e. division of India on a communal basis and as Non-Muslim and Muslim India, Kashmir should have been a part of Pakistan. There are detailed accounts of the Kashmir Dispute and whole books have been dedicated to it, a reader interested in this dispute should study those books. So we shall directly move on to the exact discussion of military mechanics of the 1948 war. Theoretically, a Princely state could join any state i.e. India or Pakistan or stay independent. The British policy in this regard was not precise. A Princely State could join one of the two states i.e. India or Pakistan, with regard off course to physical propinquity. The choice of country was left entirely to the rulers of the princely states. As far as physical propinquity was concerned the state of Kashmir had all road rail and river communications with Pakistan and none with India. As far as the sentiments of the population were concerned, everything indicated that they did not certainly want to join Hindu majority India. The ruler Hari Singh was not inclined to joining Pakistan. In the third week of August 1947 the Kashmir State Force opened fire on a political meeting at a village near Dhirkot in Poonch district. On 24 August 1947 the Muslims of the area started a small rebellion under Qayyum Khan an ex sepoy from the army. Other similar rebellions of small scale broke out in various parts of the state and the state forces were soon dispersed all over the state in internal security duties. It may be noted that the Kashmir State Forces consisted of nine infantry battalions out of which had the communal ratio of 22.2 % Muslim, 5.5 % Sikh and 55.55 % Dogra .
Book Synopsis War and Diplomacy in Kashmir, 1947-48 by : C. Dasgupta
Download or read book War and Diplomacy in Kashmir, 1947-48 written by C. Dasgupta and published by SAGE Publications Pvt. Limited. This book was released on 2014-11-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kashmir is arguably one of the most contentious and complex issues in South Asia today. It has persisted for more than 50 years despite wars, summits and declarations, and seems to be as intractable as ever. This important book sheds fresh light on the genesis of the problem and examines the consequences of the often ignored fact that British officers commanded the armed forces of both India and Pakistan at that time. Based on documents that have now been declassified, it reveals the roles played by Mountbatten and the British service chiefs in India and Pakistan during the Kashmir War of 1947-48. Among the important questions Mr. Dasgupta addresses and answers are: • Why India took the Kashmir issue to the United Nations. • Why India did not carry the war into Pakistan. • The reasons India accepted a ceasefire. • The interplay between diplomatic and military developments. The author begins with an account of British policy—military and diplomatic towards the two dominions. Drawing on British archival material he goes on to discuss: • The evolution of British policy on Kashmir • The role played by the western powers in the Security Council. • The clandestine guidance received by the C-in-C of the Indian forces from Mountbatten and the British authorities. • The secret understanding between the two C-in-C and the attempt made by General Bucher to negotiate an informal truce with his counterpart in Pakistan. • How Mountbatten used and abused his authority to ensure that the Kashmir issue did not escalate into a full-scale inter-domain war. Analysing the role of the great powers in third world conflict, this exciting and insightful book will be of great interest both to the lay reader and to those involved in international studies, political science, modern Indian and Military history, strategic affairs, conflict/peace studies and South Asian politics.
Book Synopsis The Central Treaty Organization by : United States. Department of State. Office of Media Services
Download or read book The Central Treaty Organization written by United States. Department of State. Office of Media Services and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Kashmir written by Sumantra Bose and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-07-01 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2002, nuclear-armed adversaries India and Pakistan mobilized for war over the long-disputed territory of Kashmir, sparking panic around the world. Drawing on extensive firsthand experience in the contested region, Sumantra Bose reveals how the conflict became a grave threat to South Asia and the world and suggests feasible steps toward peace. Though the roots of conflict lie in the end of empire and the partition of the subcontinent in 1947, the contemporary problem owes more to subsequent developments, particularly the severe authoritarianism of Indian rule. Deadly dimensions have been added since 1990 with the rise of a Kashmiri independence movement and guerrilla war waged by Islamist groups. Bose explains the intricate mix of regional, ethnic, linguistic, religious, and caste communities that populate Kashmir, and emphasizes that a viable framework for peace must take into account the sovereignty concerns of India and Pakistan and popular aspirations to self-rule as well as conflicting loyalties within Kashmir. He calls for the establishment of inclusive, representative political structures in Indian Kashmir, and cross-border links between Indian and Pakistani Kashmir. Bose also invokes compelling comparisons to other cases, particularly the peace-building framework in Northern Ireland, which offers important lessons for a settlement in Kashmir. The Western world has not fully appreciated the desperate tragedy of Kashmir: between 1989 and 2003 violence claimed up to 80,000 lives. Informative, balanced, and accessible, Kashmir is vital reading for anyone wishing to understand one of the world's most dangerous conflicts.
Book Synopsis Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question by : Fozia Nazir Lone
Download or read book Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question written by Fozia Nazir Lone and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2018-05-07 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question Fozia Nazir Lone offers a critical re-examination of the Kashmir question. Through an interdisciplinary approach and international law perspective, she analyses political practices and the substantive international law on the restoration of historical title and self-determination. The book analytically examines whether Kashmir was a State at any point in history; the effect of the 1947 occupation by India/Pakistan; the international law implications of the constitutional incorporation of this territory and the ongoing human rights violations; whether Kashmiris are entitled to restore their historical title through the exercise of self-determination; and whether the Kashmir question could be resolved with the formation of international strategic alliance to curb danger of spreading terrorism in Kashmir.
Book Synopsis Forgotten Kashmir by : Dinkar P. Srivastava
Download or read book Forgotten Kashmir written by Dinkar P. Srivastava and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2021-02-13 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forgotten Kashmir examines the evolution of Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (POK) over the past seven decades. It includes major milestones like the 'tribal' invasion in 1947-48, the Sudhan revolt in the 1950s, the Ayub era, the Simla Agreement, the adoption of an 'Interim Constitution of 1974' and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). It is not simply a historical account but one that analyses the events in POK against the background of developments in Pakistan's polity to better understand Pakistan's motivations for its policies in the region. The book delves into contentious issues such as the right of self-determination - that is distinct from the concept of plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir which was debated in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). More recently, the Chinese presence in the region has been considered, which is bound to grow with the development of CPEC, which runs through the Northern Areas. The book covers internal developments in that remote area. The author, a seasoned diplomat, provides a wealth of information that comes from his stint in Karachi, involvement in the Jammu and Kashmir issue at the Ministry of External Affairs, discussions in the United Nations, and as a member of bilateral working groups to counter-terrorism with the US, EU, UK, and Canada.
Book Synopsis Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Exodus by : Colonel Tej K Tikoo
Download or read book Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Exodus written by Colonel Tej K Tikoo and published by Lancer Publishers LLC. This book was released on with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits from Kashmir in 1989 was their seventh such exodus since the arrival of Islam in Kashmir in the fourteenth century. This was precipitated by the outbreak of Pakistan-sponsored insurgency across Kashmir Valley in 1989. The radical Islamists targeted Pandits - a minuscule community in Muslim dominated society creating enormous fear, panic and grave sense of insecurity. In the face of ruthless atrocities inflicted on them, the Pandits’ sole concern was ensuring their own physical safety and their resolve not to convert to Islam. Over 350,000 Kashmiri Pandits were forced to flee en masse leaving their home and hearth. This was the single largest forced displacement of people of a particular ethnicity after partition of India. Pandits’ travails did not end with the exodus. The obstructive and intimidating attitude of the State administration towards the Pandit refugees made their post-exodus existence even more miserable. The Government at the Centre too remained indifferent to their plight. This book traces the Pandits’ economic and political marginalization in the State over the past six decades and covers in detail the events that led to their eventual exodus. In the light of ethnic cleansing of Pandits from the Valley, the book also examines some critical issues so crucial to India’s survival as a multi-cultural, liberal and secular democracy.
Book Synopsis Languages of Belonging by : Chitralekha Zutshi
Download or read book Languages of Belonging written by Chitralekha Zutshi and published by C. HURST & CO. PUBLISHERS. This book was released on 2004 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using local language sources and every important archive, this major history of the formation of Kashmir shows precisely how the Kashmir Valley assumed the position it has come to occupy in postcolonial South Asia."--Jacket.
Book Synopsis Kashmir in Conflict by : Victoria Schofield
Download or read book Kashmir in Conflict written by Victoria Schofield and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Why has the valley of Kashmir, famed for its beauty and tranquillity, become a major flashpoint, threatening the stability of a region of great strategic importance and challenging the integrity of the Indian state? This book examines the Kashmir conflict in its historical context, from the period when the valley was an independent kingdom right up to the struggles of the present day. Located on the borders of China, Central Asia and the Sub-Continent, the insurgency in the valley has also created serious tensions between India and Pakistan. Drawing upon research in India and Pakistan, as well as historical sources, this book traces the origins of the state in the 19th century and the controversial "sale" by the British of the predominantly Muslim valley to a Hindu Maharaja in 1846. Through an exploration of the implications for Kashmir of independence in 1947, it gives a critical account of why, for Kashmir, self-determination may seem a more attractive option than affiliation to a larger multi-racial whole."--Bloomsbury Publishing.
Book Synopsis Beyond Lines of Control by : Ravina Aggarwal
Download or read book Beyond Lines of Control written by Ravina Aggarwal and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2004-11-30 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ravina Aggarwal explores how the conflict over Kashmir between India & Pakistan has affected the Buddhist & Muslim communities of Ladakh, part of Kashmir that lies high in the Himalayas.
Download or read book Danger in Kashmir written by Josef Korbel and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2015-12-08 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An excellent presentation of the many complex factors which stem from the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan. The author as the original Czech member of the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan, brings to his narrative first-hand experience. Originally published in 1954. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Book Synopsis India-Pakistan in War and Peace by : J. N. Dixit
Download or read book India-Pakistan in War and Peace written by J. N. Dixit and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2003-09-02 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive account of India's relations with the outside world.
Book Synopsis An Incredible War: IAF in Kashmir War 1947-1948 by :
Download or read book An Incredible War: IAF in Kashmir War 1947-1948 written by and published by KW Publishers Pvt Ltd. This book was released on 2013-10-15 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If the Indian Air Force had not put our troops airlifted in the early hours of 27th October, 1947 from Delhi on the ground at Srinagar which was menacingly threatened by Pakistan forces, the history and map of India might well have been quite different. In those momentous hours the Indian Army and Indian Air Force, in a heroic joint operation, began to roll back the blatant aggression of Pakistani military and save Jammu & Kashmir from the marauders. Independent India’s first war started with no other means available to assist the beleaguered local forces; and Indian Army troops were moved by air under grave emergency conditions from Delhi to stem the enemy’s advance. From this point started the saga of the an almost forgotten war: the first and the longest war independent India was forced to fight, and where the fledgling air force, emaciated by partition, and preoccupied with relief and rescue operations following massive riots and demographic movements played a crucial role in India’s defence. Indian Air Force continued to play a vital role during that most incredible war; and this book chronicles the history of its role, where all the bits and pieces have been brought together by the painstaking persistence of the author to share the glorious record of the Indian Air Force. The men in blue, knowing the challenges of an aggressive military, the weather and terrain of high altitude, and the difficulties of supplying our troops, working closely with the army knew that it executed one of most brilliant military campaigns in its history under the most daunting circumstances — feats that it has continued to repeat ever since then. But time and again the air force moved troops into critical battles and provided extensive combat support in uncharted areas to turn the tide. Within the IAF; the deeds of pilots, engineers, technicians and other personnel during that war became legend and inspired succeeding generations. But little has been written or known in and outside the service about how our inheritance was shaped by so few. This volume tells the story for the first time, painstakingly put together from extensive research and interviews by the author.
Book Synopsis An Environmental History of India by : Michael H. Fisher
Download or read book An Environmental History of India written by Michael H. Fisher and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-10-18 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This longue durée survey of the Indian subcontinent's environmental history reveals the complex interactions among its people and the natural world.
Book Synopsis Forgotten Atrocities by : Bal K. Gupta
Download or read book Forgotten Atrocities written by Bal K. Gupta and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2012 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Mission in Kashmir by : Andrew Whitehead
Download or read book A Mission in Kashmir written by Andrew Whitehead and published by Penguin Global. This book was released on 2007 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within Weeks Of The Birth Of Independent India, The Kashmir Valley Was In Flames. Indian Troops Were Fighting Against Invading Pathan Tribesmen Who Sought To Claim The Princely State For Pakistan. These Were The First Sparks In A Conflict Which Remains Unresolved. Attempts To Establish How The Kashmir Dispute First Erupted Have Been Obscured And Impeded By Competing Nationalisms. Retrieving Stories Of Attackers And Survivors, Looters And Looted, Fighters And Civilians, Andrew Whitehead Sets Out To Write A Full And Impartial Account Of How Kashmir Became A Theatre Of War. He Has Gathered A Remarkable Range Of First-Hand Testimonies Of The Most Notorious Episode In The Invasion The Desecration Of A Convent And Mission Hospital In The Riverside Town Of Baramulla-Including One Written By A Missionary Priest And Never Consulted Before. It Provides A Powerful Human Dimension To What Is Often Seen As A Dispute About Territory. In The Process We Come Closer To Resolving Questions That Have For Decades Been The Subject Of Controversy: Who Were The Invaders? Were They Commanded By Pakistan? What Support Did They Get From Local Kashmiris? And Why, When Srinagar Was At Their Mercy, Did They Fail To Capture The Kashmir Capital? Apart From Making Brilliant Use Of Oral History, Andrew Whitehead Has Uncovered Archive Documents Which Challenge Both Indian And Pakistani Accounts Of The Genesis Of The Kashmir Dispute. Also Unearthed Is A Letter From Kashmir S Last Maharaja, Written At The Height Of The Crisis, Requesting Immediate Accession To India. Rigorously Researched And Immensely Readable, This Book Not Only Explains How The Kashmir Conflict Started But Also Why It Has Proved So Difficult To Solve.
Book Synopsis Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947-58 by : Pervaiz I Cheema
Download or read book Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947-58 written by Pervaiz I Cheema and published by Springer. This book was released on 1990-08-22 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
