The Joy of Consent

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Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674279131
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis The Joy of Consent by : Manon Garcia

Download or read book The Joy of Consent written by Manon Garcia and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2023 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the #MeToo age, US debate over licit sex has split into two camps: one insists that consent solves the problem of sexual coercion, while the other equates sexual pleasure with the patriarchal erotics of silence and mystery. Manon Garcia rejects both positions, arguing that consent is a faulty legal threshold but essential to the joy of good sex.

We Are Not Born Submissive

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Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691223203
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis We Are Not Born Submissive by : Manon Garcia

Download or read book We Are Not Born Submissive written by Manon Garcia and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2023-01-24 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A philosophical exploration of female submission, using insights from feminist thinkers—especially Simone de Beauvoir—to reveal the complexities of women’s reality and lived experience What role do women play in the perpetuation of patriarchy? On the one hand, popular media urges women to be independent, outspoken, and career-minded. Yet, this same media glorifies a specific, sometimes voluntary, female submissiveness as a source of satisfaction. In philosophy, even less has been said on why women submit to men and the discussion has been equally contradictory—submission has traditionally been considered a vice or pathology, but female submission has been valorized as innate to women’s nature. Is there a way to explore female submission in all of its complexity—not denying its appeal in certain instances, and not buying into an antifeminist, sexist, or misogynistic perspective? We Are Not Born Submissive offers the first in-depth philosophical exploration of female submission, focusing on the thinking of Simone de Beauvoir, and more recent work in feminist philosophy, epistemology, and political theory. Manon Garcia argues that to comprehend female submission, we must invert how we examine power and see it from the woman’s point of view. Historically, philosophers, psychoanalysts, and even some radical feminists have conflated femininity and submission. Garcia demonstrates that only through the lens of women’s lived experiences—their economic, social, and political situations—and how women adapt their preferences to maintain their own well-being, can we understand the ways in which gender hierarchies in society shape women’s experiences. Ultimately, she asserts that women do not actively choose submission. Rather, they consent to—and sometimes take pleasure in—what is prescribed to them through social norms within a patriarchy. Moving beyond the simplistic binary of natural destiny or moral vice, We Are Not Born Submissive takes a sophisticated look at how female submissiveness can be explained.

Yes! No!: A First Conversation About Consent

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Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0593386620
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (933 download)

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Book Synopsis Yes! No!: A First Conversation About Consent by : Megan Madison

Download or read book Yes! No!: A First Conversation About Consent written by Megan Madison and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2022-02-01 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A picture book edition of the bestselling board book about consent, offering adults the opportunity to begin important conversations with young children in an informed, safe, and supported way. A board book bestseller – now in picture book! Developed by experts in the fields of early childhood development and activism against injustice, this topic-driven book offers clear, concrete language and imagery to introduce the concept of consent. This book serves to normalize and celebrate the experience of asking for and being asked for permission to do something involving one's body. It centers on respect for bodily autonomy, and reviews the many ways that one can say or indicate "No." While young children are avid observers and questioners of their world, adults often shut down or postpone conversations on complicated topics because it's hard to know where to begin. Research shows that talking about issues like race, gender, and our bodies from the age of two not only helps children understand what they see, but also increases self-awareness, self-esteem, and allows them to recognize and confront things that are unfair, like discrimination and prejudice. These books offer a supportive approach that considers both the child and the adult. Illustrative art accompanies the simple and interactive text, and the backmatter offers additional resources and ideas for extending this discussion.

Age of Consent

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Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1984879537
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (848 download)

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Book Synopsis Age of Consent by : Amanda Brainerd

Download or read book Age of Consent written by Amanda Brainerd and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2020-07-14 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A total time machine--I loved it." --Maria Semple, New York Times bestselling author of Where'd You Go, Bernadette Named One of the Best Books of the Summer by Good Morning America, Cosmopolitan, Harper's Bazaar, and PopSugar A daringly honest, sexy debut novel about three young women coming of age in 1980s New England and New York--a bingeable summer read It's 1983. David Bowie reigns supreme, and downtown Manhattan has never been cooler. But Justine and Eve are stuck at Griswold Academy, a Connecticut boarding school. Griswold is a far cry from Justine's bohemian life in New Haven, where her parents run a theater and struggle to pay the bills. Eve, the sophisticated daughter of status-obsessed Park Avenue parents, also feels like an outsider amidst Griswold's preppy jocks and debutantes. Justine longs for Eve's privilege, and Eve for Justine's sexual confidence. Despite their differences, they form a deep friendship, together grappling with drugs, alcohol, ill-fated crushes, and predatory male teachers. After a tumultuous school year, Eve and Justine spend the summer in New York City where they join Eve's childhood friend India. Justine moves into India's Hell's Kitchen apartment and is pulled further into her friends' glamorous lives. Eve, under her parents' ever-watchful eye, interns at a SoHo art gallery and navigates the unpredictable whims of her boss. India struggles to resist the advances of a famous artist represented by the gallery. All three are affected by their sexual relationships with older men and the power adults hold over them, even as the young women begin to assert their independence. A captivating, timeless novel about friendship, sex, and parental damage, Amanda Brainerd's Age of Consent intimately evokes the heady freedom of our teenage years.

Consent

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Author :
Publisher : HarperCollins
ISBN 13 : 0063047918
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (63 download)

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Book Synopsis Consent by : Vanessa Springora

Download or read book Consent written by Vanessa Springora and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2021-02-16 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Consent” is a Molotov cocktail, flung at the face of the French establishment, a work of dazzling, highly controlled fury...By every conceivable metric, her book is a triumph.” -- The New York Times Already an international literary sensation, an intimate and powerful memoir of a young French teenage girl’s relationship with a famous, much older male writer—a universal #MeToo story of power, manipulation, trauma, recovery, and resiliency that exposes the hypocrisy of a culture that has allowed the sexual abuse of minors to occur unchecked. Sometimes, all it takes is a single voice to shatter the silence of complicity. Thirty years ago, Vanessa Springora was the teenage muse of one of the country’s most celebrated writers, a footnote in the narrative of a very influential man in the French literary world. At the end of 2019, as women around the world began to speak out, Vanessa, now in her forties and the director of one of France’s leading publishing houses, decided to reclaim her own story, offering her perspective of those events sharply known. Consent is the story of one precocious young girl’s stolen adolescence. Devastating in its honesty, Vanessa’s painstakingly memoir lays bare the cultural attitudes and circumstances that made it possible for a thirteen-year-old girl to become involved with a fifty-year-old man who happened to be a notable writer. As she recalls the events of her childhood and her seduction by one of her country’s most notable writers, Vanessa reflects on the ways in which this disturbing relationship changed and affected her as she grew older. Drawing parallels between children’s fairy tales and French history and her personal life, Vanessa offers an intimate and absorbing look at the meaning of love and consent and the toll of trauma and the power of healing in women’s lives. Ultimately, she offers a forceful indictment of a chauvinistic literary world that has for too long accepted and helped perpetuate gender inequality and the exploitation and sexual abuse of children. Translated from the French by Natasha Lehrer "...One of the belated truths that emerges from [Consent] is that Springora is a writer. [...]Her sentences gleam like metal; each chapter snaps shut with the clean brutality of a latch." -- The New Yorker "Consent [is] rapier-sharp, written with restraint, elegance and brevity." -- The Times (London) "[Consent] has something steely in its heart, and it departs from the typical American memoir of childhood abuse in exhilarating ways." -- Slate "Lucid and nuanced...[Consent] will speak to trauma survivors everywhere." -- Los Angeles Review of Books ”A piercing memoir about the sexually abusive relationship she endured at age 14 with a 50-year-old writer...This chilling account will linger with readers long after the last page is turned.” -- Publishers Weekly "Springora's lucid account is a commanding discussion of sexual abuse and victimization, and a powerful act of reclamation." -- Booklist "A chilling story of child abuse and the sophisticated Parisians who looked the other way...[Springora] is an elegant and perceptive writer." -- Kirkus

Tomorrow Sex Will Be Good Again

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Author :
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1788739167
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (887 download)

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Book Synopsis Tomorrow Sex Will Be Good Again by : Katherine Angel

Download or read book Tomorrow Sex Will Be Good Again written by Katherine Angel and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2021-03-02 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A provocative, elegantly written analysis of female desire, consent, and sexuality in the age of MeToo Women are in a bind. In the name of consent and empowerment, they must proclaim their desires clearly and confidently. Yet sex researchers suggest that women’s desire is often slow to emerge. And men are keen to insist that they know what women—and their bodies—want. Meanwhile, sexual violence abounds. How can women, in this environment, possibly know what they want? And why do we expect them to? In this elegant, searching book—spanning science and popular culture; pornography and literature; debates on Me-Too, consent and feminism—Katherine Angel challenges our assumptions about women’s desire. Why, she asks, should they be expected to know their desires? And how do we take sexual violence seriously, when not knowing what we want is key to both eroticism and personhood? In today’s crucial moment of renewed attention to violence and power, Angel urges that we remake our thinking about sex, pleasure, and autonomy without any illusions about perfect self-knowledge. Only then will we fulfil Michel Foucault’s teasing promise, in 1976, that “tomorrow sex will be good again.”

The Art of Receiving and Giving

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781643883083
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (83 download)

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Book Synopsis The Art of Receiving and Giving by : Betty Martin

Download or read book The Art of Receiving and Giving written by Betty Martin and published by . This book was released on 2021-02-19 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why would most people endure unwanted or unsatisfying touch, rather than speak up for their own boundaries and desires? It's a question with a myriad of answers - and one that Dr. Betty Martin has explored in her 40+ years as a hands-on practitioner, first as a chiropractor and later as a Somatic Sex Educator, Certified Surrogate Partner and Sacred Intimate. In her client sessions, she noticed a pattern wherein many clients would "allow" or go along with discomfort or unease rather than speak up for what they wanted or didn't want. Betty discovered there was a major component missing for people -- the confidence that we have a choice about what is happening to us. In her framework, "The Wheel of Consent(R)" Betty traces the fundamental roots of consent back to our childhood conditioning. As children, we are taught that to be "good" we must ignore our body's discomfort and be compliant: to finish our food even if we're full, to go to bed - even if we're not tired, to let relatives hug and kiss us even if we don't want to. We learn that our feelings don't matter more than what is happening, and that we don't have a choice but to go along, whether or not we want it. As adults, this conditioning remains with us until we have an opportunity to unlearn it, which is why consent violations are often only called out after the violation has occurred - because we have not been taught or empowered to notice our boundaries, much less value or express our internal signals as the unwanted action is happening. In this book, Betty guides the reader through the Wheel of Consent framework, and shares practices to help us recover the ability to notice what we want and set clear boundaries. While the practices are based on exchanges of touch, they can also be learned without touch. In these practices, we discover that the Art of Giving includes knowing our own limits so we can be more generous within those limits, and not give beyond our capacity - a common problem which creates feelings of resentment or martyrdom. We also discover that the Art of Receiving invites us to notice and ask for what we really want, and not just what we think we are supposed to want. This knowledge, and its embodied practice, is foundational for creating clear agreements and bringing more satisfaction into relationships. While much of consent education focuses on noticing what we don't want, or prevention of violation, Betty has developed a "pleasure-forward" approach to teaching consent. By first accessing and awakening (sometimes re-awakening) our bodies' relationship to pleasure and what we want, we can practice noticing and verbalizing what we don't want. Such an approach provides a more holistic frame in which to unlearn the childhood conditioning that taught us to be silent and compliant, and in which individuals can learn to ask for what they want and state what they don't, in a more empowered way. The implications of this approach to consent education extends beyond touch and intimate relationships. When we forget how to notice what we really want, we lose our inner compass. When we continue to go along with things we don't feel are right, we lose our ability to speak up against injustice. This has a profound effect on society. We allow all manner of inequality, corruption, theft of natural resources and our planet's future health - because "going along with it" feels normal. The Wheel of Consent offers a deeply nuanced way to practice consent as an agreement that brings integrity, responsibility, and empowerment into human interaction, starting with touch and relationships, and further expanding our understanding of consent to social issues of equality and justice.

The Age of Consent

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Author :
Publisher : HarperCollins UK
ISBN 13 : 0007379544
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis The Age of Consent by : George Monbiot

Download or read book The Age of Consent written by George Monbiot and published by HarperCollins UK. This book was released on 2010-05-27 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A manifesto for a new world order.

The Joy of Coaching

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Author :
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1506334954
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (63 download)

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Book Synopsis The Joy of Coaching by : Rebecca Frazier

Download or read book The Joy of Coaching written by Rebecca Frazier and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2020-08-06 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The secrets of coaching excellence are already inside you Successful coaching has long been seen as a mental exercise—in order to do right by the teachers you serve, you put theory into practice, establish orderly processes, analyze data effectively, and implement externally mandated reforms. The truth, though, is that truly great coaches derive their success not just from what they do, but also from who they are. This groundbreaking book, based on research from an innovative mixed-methods study, provides a holistic approach to coaching that honors both mind and heart. As you explore the most important characteristics of the best instructional coaches—caring, authenticity, trustworthiness, flexibility, and more—you’ll develop and hone those same characteristics in yourself. Features include: · A framework and structure for developing the characteristics of effective instructional coaches · Comprehensive analysis of each characteristic · Examples and stories of effective coaching in action · Activities, exercises, and action points · Resources for encouragement and renewal School coaches have the power to make a real difference in the lives and futures of teachers and students. By balancing your outward competencies with the inspirational application of your own inward growth, you’ll bring new joy—and success—into your coaching relationships.

Advise and Consent

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Author :
Publisher : WordFire Press
ISBN 13 : 9781614755739
Total Pages : 706 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (557 download)

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Book Synopsis Advise and Consent by : Allen Drury

Download or read book Advise and Consent written by Allen Drury and published by WordFire Press. This book was released on 2017-07-04 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: #1 New York Times bestseller and Pulitzer Prize winner. A seminal work of political fiction-as relevant today as when it was first published. A sweeping tale of corruption and ambition cuts across the landscape of Washington, DC, with the breadth and realism that only an astute observer and insider can convey.

The Promise of Joy

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Author :
Publisher : WordFire +ORM
ISBN 13 : 1614752087
Total Pages : 651 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (147 download)

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Book Synopsis The Promise of Joy by : Allen Drury

Download or read book The Promise of Joy written by Allen Drury and published by WordFire +ORM. This book was released on 2014-11-02 with total page 651 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thriller in the series that began with #1 New York Times bestseller, “one of the finest and most gripping political novels of our era”(The New York Times). The Advise and Consent series is a landmark of political fiction, displaying a depth of insider Washington knowledge and a canvas of compelling characters that catapulted each novel to the top of the bestseller lists. At the end of the previous novel, Preserve and Protect, Allen Drury left his readers with one of the greatest cliffhangers of all time. After an assassin’s bullet rings out, we are left to wonder who was killed—the Liberal Vice President Ted Jason, or staunch Conservative Presidential Candidate Orrin Knox? The answer to that question was so large that Pulitzer-Prize winner Drury had to write two novels, one exploring the full ramifications of each outcome. In The Promise of Joy, with his Vice President Ted Jason and his wife Beth Knox dead at the hands of an assassin, newly elected President Orrin Knox contends with a game of one-upmanship between the Soviet Union and China. The United States, guided by Knox’s inflexible will, begins to assist rebels seeking to break away from their Communist overlords, despite mounting pressure from the international community and within the U.S. When nuclear war breaks out between Russia and China, President Orrin Knox, aided and opposed by the media, senators, congressmen, cabinet officials, ambassadors, and the people, must act to safeguard peace and democracy in America and the entire world.

The Joy of Not Knowing

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429508859
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

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Book Synopsis The Joy of Not Knowing by : Marcelo Staricoff

Download or read book The Joy of Not Knowing written by Marcelo Staricoff and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-30 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Joy of Not Knowing takes every aspect of the curriculum and of school life and transforms it into a personalised, meaningful and enjoyable experience for all. It offers readers an innovative, theoretical and practical guide to establish a values-based, enquiry-led and challenge-rich learning to learn approach to teaching and learning and to school leadership. This thought-provoking guide provides the reader with a wealth of whole-class, easy-to-implement, malleable, practical ideas and case studies that can be personalised to the vision of each setting, age-group and curriculum. It brings together, as a whole-school framework, the strategies that have been shown to have the greatest impact on practitioner’s professional fulfilment and on children’s life chances, love of learning, intrinsic motivation and enthusiasm for wanting to know. The Joy of Not Knowing enables schools to launch the academic year with a bespoke JONK Learning to Learn Week that enables every student to succeed develops philosophical, creative and critical problem-solving and multi-lingual thinking skills establishes collaborative cultures of thinking, learning and leadership informs practice through active action research incorporates a values-led democratic approach to school life nurtures school-pupil-family-community partnerships Designed for school leaders and practitioners at all levels and across all ages, this practical guide shows how all students can thrive and develop the dispositions of successful lifelong learners and global citizens.

The Second-Person Standpoint

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Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674034627
Total Pages : 363 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis The Second-Person Standpoint by : Stephen Darwall

Download or read book The Second-Person Standpoint written by Stephen Darwall and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-09-30 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why should we avoid doing moral wrong? The inability of philosophy to answer this question in a compelling manner—along with the moral skepticism and ethical confusion that ensue—result, Stephen Darwall argues, from our failure to appreciate the essentially interpersonal character of moral obligation. After showing how attempts to vindicate morality have tended to change the subject—falling back on non-moral values or practical, first-person considerations—Darwall elaborates the interpersonal nature of moral obligations: their inherent link to our responsibilities to one another as members of the moral community. As Darwall defines it, the concept of moral obligation has an irreducibly second-person aspect; it presupposes our authority to make claims and demands on one another. And so too do many other central notions, including those of rights, the dignity of and respect for persons, and the very concept of person itself. The result is nothing less than a fundamental reorientation of moral theory that enables it at last to account for morality’s supreme authority—an account that Darwall carries from the realm of theory to the practical world of second-person attitudes, emotions, and actions.

The Book of (More) Delights

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Author :
Publisher : Algonquin Books
ISBN 13 : 1643755471
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (437 download)

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Book Synopsis The Book of (More) Delights by : Ross Gay

Download or read book The Book of (More) Delights written by Ross Gay and published by Algonquin Books. This book was released on 2023-09-19 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: **Named a Best Book of the Year by The Boston Globe, Garden & Gun, Electric Literature, and St. Louis Public Radio** The New York Times bestselling author of The Book of Delights and Inciting Joy is back with exactly the book we need in these unsettling times. Margaret Roach of The New York Times says, “Yes, please. I'll have another dose of delight.” In Ross Gay’s new collection of small, daily wonders, again written over the course of a year, one of America’s most original voices continues his ongoing investigation of delight. For Gay, what delights us is what connects us, what gives us meaning, from the joy of hearing a nostalgic song blasting from a passing car to the pleasure of refusing the “nefarious” scannable QR code menus, from the tiny dog he fell hard for to his mother baking a dozen kinds of cookies for her grandchildren. As always, Gay revels in the natural world—sweet potatoes being harvested, a hummingbird carousing in the beebalm, a sunflower growing out of a wall around the cemetery, the shared bounty from a neighbor’s fig tree—and the trillion mysterious ways this glorious earth delights us. The Book of (More) Delights is a volume to savor and share.

We Believe You

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Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 1627795332
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (277 download)

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Book Synopsis We Believe You by : Annie E. Clark

Download or read book We Believe You written by Annie E. Clark and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2016-04-12 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "From young activists at the forefront of the movement to end sexual assault on college campuses, a collection of survivor stories that will connect with students and inform and inspire us all Across the U.S. student activists are exposing a pervasive cover-up of sexual assault on college campuses. Every day more survivors come forward. But other survivors choose not to. We Believe You elevates the stories the headlines about this issue have been missing--more than 30 experiences of trauma, healing and everyday activism, representing a diversity of races, economic and family backgrounds, gender identities, immigration statuses, interests, capacities and loves. More than 1 in 5 women and 5 percent of men are sexually assaulted at college, a shocking status quo that might have stayed largely hidden and unaddressed but for the two authors of We Believe You. In 2013, Annie E. Clark and Andrea L. Pino, then 23 and 20, building on the work of earlier activists, outed themselves as assault survivors and filed a federal complaint against the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) for mishandling such crimes; within a month, the U.S. government began to investigate UNC. Within a year, dozens of colleges were under federal investigation. But Clark and Pino rightly see themselves as two among many. Students from every kind of college and university--large and small, public and private, highly selective and less so--are sounding alarms and staking claims to justice by filing complaints, by pressing charges, and by simply living beyond the effects of assault and the betrayals of their schools. A sampling of their voices speak out in this book"--

Inside Ethics

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Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 067496781X
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

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Book Synopsis Inside Ethics by : Alice Crary

Download or read book Inside Ethics written by Alice Crary and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2016-01-05 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alice Crary offers a transformative account of moral thought about human beings and animals. Instead of assuming that the world places no demands on our moral imagination, she underscores the urgency of treating the exercise of moral imagination as necessary for arriving at an adequate world-guided understanding of human beings and animals.

What We Owe to Each Other

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Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 067400423X
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis What We Owe to Each Other by : T. M. Scanlon

Download or read book What We Owe to Each Other written by T. M. Scanlon and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2000-11-15 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do we judge whether an action is morally right or wrong? If an action is wrong, what reason does that give us not to do it? Why should we give such reasons priority over our other concerns and values? In this book, T. M. Scanlon offers new answers to these questions, as they apply to the central part of morality that concerns what we owe to each other. According to his contractualist view, thinking about right and wrong is thinking about what we do in terms that could be justified to others and that they could not reasonably reject. He shows how the special authority of conclusions about right and wrong arises from the value of being related to others in this way, and he shows how familiar moral ideas such as fairness and responsibility can be understood through their role in this process of mutual justification and criticism. Scanlon bases his contractualism on a broader account of reasons, value, and individual well-being that challenges standard views about these crucial notions. He argues that desires do not provide us with reasons, that states of affairs are not the primary bearers of value, and that well-being is not as important for rational decision-making as it is commonly held to be. Scanlon is a pluralist about both moral and non-moral values. He argues that, taking this plurality of values into account, contractualism allows for most of the variability in moral requirements that relativists have claimed, while still accounting for the full force of our judgments of right and wrong.