The Influence Of Cognitive Interference And Anxiety On Working Memory And Performance Validity Tests

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The Influence of Cognitive Interference and Anxiety on Working Memory and Performance Validity Tests

Author : Caitlin V Dombrowski
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis The Influence of Cognitive Interference and Anxiety on Working Memory and Performance Validity Tests by : Caitlin V Dombrowski

Download or read book The Influence of Cognitive Interference and Anxiety on Working Memory and Performance Validity Tests written by Caitlin V Dombrowski and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anxiety disorders and situational anxiety are common in the general population, yet the influence of anxiety symptoms on working memory is poorly understood. Some studies suggest that anxiety may be inversely related to working memory, possibly due to reduced cognitive efficiency and/or interference from worry-based cognitions; however, methodological inconsistencies have undermined generalizability. The high prevalence of anxiety makes further study of its associated neuropsychological deficits and underlying mechanism of action tantamount. Moreover, assessment of performance can induce anxiety in even relatively low anxious individuals, which may also interfere with working memory and performance-based measurement. In this study, undergraduates with low and high levels of subclinical anxiety completed working memory tasks during both low and high situational anxiety phases. Results indicated that although the high anxiety group reported greater anxiety and task interfering cognitions, anxiety level did not predict working memory during either phase. In contrast to theoretical models, working memory performance improved for both groups during the second, high situational anxiety phase. Secondarily, Performance Validity Tests (PVTs) were embedded in the evaluation to determine if low effortâ€”a common confounding variable in assessmentâ€”could explain the results of this study. Analyses revealed that 15% of the undergraduate sample failed at least one PVT, suggesting that a lack of significant differences between groups may be, at least in part, attributed to low effort. Implications of these findings and future directions for neuropsychological research with anxious individuals and undergraduates are discussed.

Cognitive Interference

Author : Irwin G. Sarason
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317843894
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (178 download)

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Book Synopsis Cognitive Interference by : Irwin G. Sarason

Download or read book Cognitive Interference written by Irwin G. Sarason and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-06-03 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, the first synthesis of work on cognitive interference, leading researchers, theorists, and clinicians from around the world confront a number of important questions about intrusive thoughts and suggest a challenging agenda for the future.

THE EFFICACY OF ACCEPTANCE BASED BEHAVIOR THERAPY VERSUS COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR TEST ANXIETY AND WORKING MEMORY PERFORMANCE

Author : Erin E. Bannon
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis THE EFFICACY OF ACCEPTANCE BASED BEHAVIOR THERAPY VERSUS COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR TEST ANXIETY AND WORKING MEMORY PERFORMANCE by : Erin E. Bannon

Download or read book THE EFFICACY OF ACCEPTANCE BASED BEHAVIOR THERAPY VERSUS COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR TEST ANXIETY AND WORKING MEMORY PERFORMANCE written by Erin E. Bannon and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Test anxiety is a major concern among today’s college students. Test anxious students demonstrate consistently diminished performance compared to their less anxious peers. Although the adverse impact of test anxiety on academic performance is well documented, there is active debate about the way that anxiety affects performance. Cognitive interference theory (CIT) may help explain this relationship. CIT suggests that test anxiety leads to increased levels of off-task thoughts, which are processed by the working memory, which leaves fewer resources to manage the task at hand. Traditional test anxiety interventions such as cognitive therapy focus on reducing anxiety by increasing positive or neutral self-talk which may place additional demands on cognitive resources. This may explain the modest improvements in cognitive performance and at times adverse effects associated with these traditional test anxiety interventions. Alternatively, acceptance based interventions, which promote nonjudgmental acceptance of anxious thoughts and feelings, may allow students to conserve cognitive resources that can be used to focus on the task at hand and maximize performance. To explore these possibilities, a sample of 88 university students were randomly assigned to receive one 2-hour acceptance based behavior therapy intervention (ABBT), cognitive therapy intervention (CT), or healthy living intervention (HL). Following the intervention, participants received anxiety inducing instructions and were administered three computerized working memory tasks. Finally, participants completed self report questionnaires. The results of this study demonstrated that participants in the ABBT group had significantly better performance on the digit span forward and Stroop tasks compared to participants in the CT or HL groups. Furthermore, the ABBT group demonstrated the lowest levels of cognitive interference, while demonstrating the highest levels of psychological flexibility and mindfulness compared to the CT or HL groups, while these between group differences did not reach significance due to low power, the pattern of these results demonstrates support for the role of these variables in the anxiety and performance relationship.

Test Anxiety

Author : Moshe Zeidner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0306471450
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis Test Anxiety by : Moshe Zeidner

Download or read book Test Anxiety written by Moshe Zeidner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-27 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examination stress and test anxiety are pervasive problems in modern society. As the information age continues to evolve, test scores will become even more important than they are today in evaluating applicants for demanding jobs and candidates for admission into highly competitive educational programs. Because test anxiety gen- ally causes decrements in performance and undermines academic achievement, the development of effective therapeutic interventions for reducing its adverse effects will continue to be an important priority for counselors, psychologists, and educators. Alleviating test anxiety will also serve to counteract the diminished access to edu- tional and occupational opportunities that is frequently experienced by test-anxious individuals. As its title promises, this volume provides a state-of-the-art evaluation of the nature, antecedents, correlates, and consequences of examination stress and test anxiety. Professor Zeidner’s cogent and comprehensive analysis of the affective, cognitive, somatic, and behavioral manifestations of test anxiety are grounded in the extensive knowledge he has gained from his own research on the assessment and treatment of test anxiety. This work has also benefitted from the author’s lo- standing and productive collaboration with leading contributors to test anxiety theory and research, and his active participation in national and international conferences devoted to understanding test anxiety, including those convened by the Society for Test Anxiety Research (STAR).

Working Memory Capacity

Author : Nelson Cowan
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1317232380
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Working Memory Capacity by : Nelson Cowan

Download or read book Working Memory Capacity written by Nelson Cowan and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2016-04-14 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea of one's memory "filling up" is a humorous misconception of how memory in general is thought to work; it actually has no capacity limit. However, the idea of a "full brain" makes more sense with reference to working memory, which is the limited amount of information a person can hold temporarily in an especially accessible form for use in the completion of almost any challenging cognitive task. This groundbreaking book explains the evidence supporting Cowan's theoretical proposal about working memory capacity, and compares it to competing perspectives. Cognitive psychologists profoundly disagree on how working memory is limited: whether by the number of units that can be retained (and, if so, what kind of units and how many), the types of interfering material, the time that has elapsed, some combination of these mechanisms, or none of them. The book assesses these hypotheses and examines explanations of why capacity limits occur, including vivid biological, cognitive, and evolutionary accounts. The book concludes with a discussion of the practical importance of capacity limits in daily life. This 10th anniversary Classic Edition will continue to be accessible to a wide range of readers and serve as an invaluable reference for all memory researchers.

International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence

Author : Donald H. Saklofske
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475755716
Total Pages : 788 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

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Book Synopsis International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence by : Donald H. Saklofske

Download or read book International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence written by Donald H. Saklofske and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this groundbreaking handbook, more than 60 internationally respected authorities explore the interface between intelligence and personality by bringing together a wide range of potential integrative links drawn from theory, research, measurements, and applications.

Evaluation Anxiety, Task-irrelevant Self-statements, and Working Memory

Author : William Brent Coy
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluation Anxiety, Task-irrelevant Self-statements, and Working Memory by : William Brent Coy

Download or read book Evaluation Anxiety, Task-irrelevant Self-statements, and Working Memory written by William Brent Coy and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Multiple Comparisons

Author : Alan J. Klockars
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 9780803920514
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (25 download)

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Book Synopsis Multiple Comparisons by : Alan J. Klockars

Download or read book Multiple Comparisons written by Alan J. Klockars and published by SAGE. This book was released on 1986-09 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the most important methods used to investigate differences between levels of an independent variable within an experimental design. Readers will learn not only how to conduct multiple comparisons in experimental designs but also how to better understand and evaluate published research. "A highly readable introduction to multiple comparison methods, which demands little from its reader in the way of background other than some familiarity with analysis of variance." --The Statistician

Stress, Anxiety and Cognitive Interference

Author : Irwin G. Sarason
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (179 download)

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Book Synopsis Stress, Anxiety and Cognitive Interference by : Irwin G. Sarason

Download or read book Stress, Anxiety and Cognitive Interference written by Irwin G. Sarason and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Test anxiety, its nature and relationships to performance and cognitive interference, are analyzed from the standpoint of attentional processes. A new instrument to assess dimensions of reactions to tests is presented, and its psychometric properties are described. The scales of the Reactions to Tests questionnaire (Worry, Tension, Test-irrelevant Thinking, Bodily Symptoms) were compared with regard to intellective performance and cognitive interference. The results were consistent with the idea that the problem of anxiety is, to a significant extent, a problem of intrusive thoughts that interfere with task-focused thinking. In the last of the three studies reported, it was shown that self-preoccupying intrusive thinking can be reduced by means of a task-focusing experimental condition. The studies suggest that the Reactions to Tests questionnaire may be useful in defining anxiety more sharply and improving understanding of how it relates to performance. (Author).

Mathematical Cognition

Author : James M. Royer
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1607527960
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Mathematical Cognition by : James M. Royer

Download or read book Mathematical Cognition written by James M. Royer and published by IAP. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Factor Analysis

Author : Richard L. Gorsuch
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317564898
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

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Book Synopsis Factor Analysis by : Richard L. Gorsuch

Download or read book Factor Analysis written by Richard L. Gorsuch and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-11-27 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive and comprehensible, this classic text covers the basic and advanced topics essential for using factor analysis as a scientific tool in psychology, education, sociology, and related areas. Emphasizing the usefulness of the techniques, it presents sufficient mathematical background for understanding and applying its use. This includes the theory as well as the empirical evaluations. The overall goal is to show readers how to use factor analysis in their substantive research by highlighting when the differences in mathematical procedures have a major impact on the substantive conclusions, when the differences are not relevant, and when factor analysis might not be the best procedure to use. Although the original version was written years ago, the book maintains its relevance today by providing readers with a thorough understanding of the basic mathematical models so they can easily apply these models to their own research. Readers are presented with a very complete picture of the "inner workings" of these methods. The new Introduction highlights the remarkably few changes that the author would make if he were writing the book today. An ideal text for courses on factor analysis or as a supplement for multivariate analysis, structural equation modeling, or advanced quantitative techniques taught in psychology, education, and other social and behavioral sciences, researchers who use these techniques also appreciate this book’s thorough review of the basic models. Prerequisites include a graduate level course on statistics and a basic understanding of algebra. Sections with an asterisk can be skipped entirely if preferred.

Mathematics Anxiety

Author : Irene C. Mammarella
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429576129
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

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Book Synopsis Mathematics Anxiety by : Irene C. Mammarella

Download or read book Mathematics Anxiety written by Irene C. Mammarella and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-02-18 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Feelings of apprehension and fear brought on by mathematical performance can affect correct mathematical application and can influence the achievement and future paths of individuals affected by it. In recent years, mathematics anxiety has become a subject of increasing interest both in educational and clinical settings. This ground-breaking collection presents theoretical, educational and psychophysiological perspectives on the widespread phenomenon of mathematics anxiety. Featuring contributions from leading international researchers, Mathematics Anxiety challenges preconceptions and clarifies several crucial areas of research, such as the distinction between mathematics anxiety from other forms of anxiety (i.e., general or test anxiety); the ways in which mathematics anxiety has been assessed (e.g. throughout self-report questionnaires or psychophysiological measures); the need to clarify the direction of the relationship between math anxiety and mathematics achievement (which causes which). Offering a revaluation of the negative connotations usually associated with mathematics anxiety and prompting avenues for future research, this book will be invaluable to academics and students in the field psychological and educational sciences, as well as teachers working with students who are struggling with mathematics anxiety

Anxiety and Test Performance

Author : Scott Edward Jacobs
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (857 download)

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Book Synopsis Anxiety and Test Performance by : Scott Edward Jacobs

Download or read book Anxiety and Test Performance written by Scott Edward Jacobs and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is widely recognized that anxiety can influence performance in test-taking situations. However, surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these effects. In this dissertation, I first review the literatures on test anxiety, stereotype threat, and choking under pressure in order to clarify the mechanisms that underlie the association between test anxiety and test performance. In my review of the literature, I describe how test anxiety is triggered, how it unfolds over the learning-testing cycle, and how it may influence test performance. I then consider how test anxiety may be (and often is) regulated, and consider the direct and indirect effects emotion regulation might have on performance in test-taking situations. Next, I present data from a series of studies in which I examined the effects of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression on test anxiety and test performance. Specifically, in Studies 1-2, I investigated expressive suppression as a source of interference during diagnostic test-taking, finding that those high in trait test anxiety use more expressive suppression, and expressive suppression is associated with poorer performance and measures of cognitive interference. In Studies 3-4, I investigated cognitive reappraisal as a test anxiety intervention, finding that cognitive reappraisal of the test situation improves outcomes for the highly test anxious, but that cognitive reappraisal of arousal can lead to paradoxical performance decrements consistent with test anxiety. Finally, in Study 5, I compared and contrasted expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal in a test-taking paradigm, finding no significant effects of these manipulations on outcome measures. However, within the control group, I found that the association between test anxiety and cognitive interference is mediated by the use of expressive suppression. Taken together, the findings from these 5 studies suggest that test anxiety often triggers an increased usage of the strategy of expressive suppression, which can lead to worse performance, and that test anxiety performance decrements can be alleviated by cognitive reappraisal of the test situation.

Advances in Test Anxiety Research

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 614 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Test Anxiety Research by :

Download or read book Advances in Test Anxiety Research written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Interference Effects of Anxiety and Affective Processing on Working Memory

Author : David Andrew Stigge Kaufman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (752 download)

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Book Synopsis Interference Effects of Anxiety and Affective Processing on Working Memory by : David Andrew Stigge Kaufman

Download or read book Interference Effects of Anxiety and Affective Processing on Working Memory written by David Andrew Stigge Kaufman and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Deficits in the neural processes involved in sustained attention appear to be associated with enhanced threat-based interference of WM in high-fear participants, which may have important implications for broader behavioral symptoms associated with anxiety. In the end, these findings offer new insights into the complex interplay between competing cognitive and affective demands on attention, and suggest ways that anxiety disrupts higher-level cognitive processes involved in WM.

Cognitive Interference, Cognitive Effort, and Cognitive Attributions in Test Anxiety

Author : Jung-Hwan Ho
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (114 download)

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Book Synopsis Cognitive Interference, Cognitive Effort, and Cognitive Attributions in Test Anxiety by : Jung-Hwan Ho

Download or read book Cognitive Interference, Cognitive Effort, and Cognitive Attributions in Test Anxiety written by Jung-Hwan Ho and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Test Anxiety, Working Memory and Verbal SAT Performance

Author : Kareem Al-Khalil
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 33 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (664 download)

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Book Synopsis Test Anxiety, Working Memory and Verbal SAT Performance by : Kareem Al-Khalil

Download or read book Test Anxiety, Working Memory and Verbal SAT Performance written by Kareem Al-Khalil and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Author's abstract: The present study examined the relationship between test anxiety, working memory, and verbal SAT performance. Test anxiety negatively affects performance because it decreases working memory space available for processing test information. However, the present study wanted to asses this theory with an experimental design to infer causation about test anxiety. Therefore, participants with high and low trait test anxiety were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Participants in the experimental group completed the assessments under conditions of elevated stress. However, these conditions had no effect on their performance. The only observed effect was that participants with high test trait anxiety scored lower on the verbal SAT than their lower test trait anxiety counterparts. However, no difference in working memory span was observed between participants with high and low test trait anxiety. The null results between experimental and control groups were attributed to ineffective stress manipulation. That is, the participants in the experimental group did not feel any more stress than participants in the control group. Future studies will have to utilize methods directed towards increasing effect size, such as recruiting a larger sample size and using more extreme scores as cutoffs.