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The Impacts Of The Covid 19 Crisis On Maternal And Child Malnutrition In Myanmar What To Expect And How To Protect In Burmese
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Book Synopsis The impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on maternal and child malnutrition in Myanmar: What to expect, and how to protect [in Burmese] by : Headey, Derek D.
Download or read book The impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on maternal and child malnutrition in Myanmar: What to expect, and how to protect [in Burmese] written by Headey, Derek D. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-07-30 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on maternal and child malnutrition in Myanmar: What to expect, and how to protect by : Headey, Derek D.
Download or read book The impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on maternal and child malnutrition in Myanmar: What to expect, and how to protect written by Headey, Derek D. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-07-16 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 crisis in Myanmar poses a very serious risk to the nutritional status of vulnerable populations, notably women and children, as well as poor urban populations and internally displaced persons. The COVID-19 crisis will hit vulnerable groups through multiple mechanisms.
Book Synopsis Poverty and food insecurity during COVID-19: Telephone survey evidence from mothers in rural and urban Myanmar by : Headey, Derek D.
Download or read book Poverty and food insecurity during COVID-19: Telephone survey evidence from mothers in rural and urban Myanmar written by Headey, Derek D. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-10-07 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Myanmar had one of the lowest confirmed COVID-19 caseloads in the world in mid-2020 and was one of the few developing countries not projected to go into economic recession. However, macroeconomic projections are likely to be a poor guide to individual and household welfare in a fast-moving crisis that has involved disruption to an unusually wide range of sectors and livelihoods. To explore the impacts of COVID-19 disruptions on household poverty and coping strategies, as well as maternal food insecurity experiences, this study used a telephone survey conducted in June and July 2020 covering 2,017 mothers of nutritionally vulnerable young children in urban Yangon and rural villages of Myanmar’s Dry Zone. Stratifying results by location, livelihoods, and asset-levels, and using retrospective questions on pre-COVID-19 incomes and various COVID-19 impacts, we find that the vast majority of households have been adversely affected from loss of income and employment. Over three-quarters cite income/job losses as the main impact of COVID-19 – median incomes declined by one third and $1.90/day income-based poverty rose by around 27 percentage points between January and June 2020. Falling into poverty was most strongly associated with loss of employment (including migrant employment), but also with recent childbirth. The poor commonly coped with income losses through taking loans/credit, while better-off households drew down on savings and reduced non-food expenditures. Self-reported food insecurity experiences were much more common in the urban sample than in the rural sample, even though income-based and asset-based poverty were more prevalent in rural areas. In urban areas, around one quarter of respondents were worried about food quantities and quality, and around 10 percent stated that there were times when they had run out of food or gone hungry. Respondents who stated that their household had lost income or experienced food supply problems due to COVID-19 were more likely to report a variety of different food insecurity experiences. These results raise the concern that the welfare impacts of the COVID-19 crisis are much more serious and widespread than macroeconomic projections would suggest. Loss of employment and casual labor are major drivers of increasing poverty. Consequently, economic recovery strategies must emphasize job creation to revitalize damaged livelihoods. However, a strengthened social protection strategy should also be a critical component of economic recovery to prevent adversely affected households from falling into poverty traps and to avert the worst forms of food insecurity and malnutrition, particularly among households with pregnant women and young children. The recent second wave of COVID-19 infections in Myanmar from mid-August onwards makes the expansion of social protection even more imperative.
Book Synopsis Poverty and Food Insecurity During COVID-19 by : Derek Headey
Download or read book Poverty and Food Insecurity During COVID-19 written by Derek Headey and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Myanmar had one of the lowest confirmed COVID-19 caseloads in the world in mid-2020 and was one of the few developing countries not projected to go into economic recession. However, macroeconomic projections are likely to be a poor guide to individual and household welfare in a fast-moving crisis that has involved disruption to an unusually wide range of sectors and livelihoods. To explore the impacts of COVID-19 disruptions on household poverty and coping strategies, as well as maternal food insecurity experiences, this study used a telephone survey conducted in June and July 2020 covering 2,017 mothers of nutritionally vulnerable young children in urban Yangon and rural villages of Myanmar's Dry Zone.Stratifying results by location, livelihoods, and asset-levels, and using retrospective questions on pre-COVID-19 incomes and various COVID-19 impacts, we find that the vast majority of households have been adversely affected from loss of income and employment. Over three-quarters cite income/job losses as the main impact of COVID-19 - median incomes declined by one third and $1.90/day income-based poverty rose by around 27 percentage points between January and June 2020. Falling into poverty was most strongly associated with loss of employment (including migrant employment), but also with recent childbirth. The poor commonly coped with income losses through taking loans/credit, while better-off households drew down on savings and reduced non-food expenditures. Self-reported food insecurity experiences were much more common in the urban sample than in the rural sample, even though income-based and asset-based poverty were more prevalent in rural areas. In urban areas, around one quarter of respondents were worried about food quantities and quality, and around 10 percent stated that there were times when they had run out of food or gone hungry. Respondents who stated that their household had lost income or experienced food supply problems due to COVID-19 were more likely to report a variety of different food insecurity experiences.These results raise the concern that the welfare impacts of the COVID-19 crisis are much more serious and widespread than macroeconomic projections would suggest. Loss of employment and casual labor are major drivers of increasing poverty. Consequently, economic recovery strategies must emphasize job creation to revitalize damaged livelihoods. However, a strengthened social protection strategy should also be a critical component of economic recovery to prevent adversely affected households from falling into poverty traps and to avert the worst forms of food insecurity and malnutrition, particularly among households with pregnant women and young children. The recent second wave of COVID-19 infections in Myanmar from mid-August onwards makes the expansion of social protection even more imperative.
Author :International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Publisher :Intl Food Policy Res Inst ISBN 13 : Total Pages :6 pages Book Rating :4./5 ( download)
Book Synopsis Maintaining food and nutrition security in Myanmar during the COVID-19 crisis: Lessons from India’s lockdown by : International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Download or read book Maintaining food and nutrition security in Myanmar during the COVID-19 crisis: Lessons from India’s lockdown written by International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-04-09 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent sudden imposition of a stringent 21-day lockdown in India in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the food security of many vulnerable Indians. These impacts highlight the many challenges that this kind of anti-COVID intervention can pose in other settings where the labor force is mostly informally employed with poor job security and low wages, and where the agri-food systems is similarly informal with widespread use of open-air markets. Myanmar is such a setting. India’s chastening experience with food security during its lockdown suggests the following actions would be imperative for maintaining food security in Myanmar: • Allow the free movement of all goods. A stable and reliable agri-food system requires free movements of a wide range of food products (including micronutrient-rich fruits, vegetables and animal-sourced foods) as well as essential non-food goods. • Monitor food markets and agricultural value chains as closely as possible to address problems when they do arise. • Reduce risk of COVID-19 contagion by improving hygiene in Myanmar’s food markets. • Issue clear directives to police, military, and local authorities not to impede the movement of goods. The Government of Myanmar should learn from the mistakes made in India and other developing countries. We must recognize that basic food and nutrition security must be maintained at all times through this complex health and socioeconomic crisis.
Author :Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Publisher :Intl Food Policy Res Inst ISBN 13 : Total Pages :29 pages Book Rating :4./5 ( download)
Book Synopsis Impact of a gender and nutrition behavioral change communication amid the COVID-19 crisis in Myanmar’s Central Dry Zone by : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Download or read book Impact of a gender and nutrition behavioral change communication amid the COVID-19 crisis in Myanmar’s Central Dry Zone written by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2022-04-19 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social behavior change communication (SBCC) interventions on gender and nutrition are now commonly implemented, but their impact on diet quality and empowerment is rarely assessed rigorously. We estimate the impact of a nutrition and gender SBCC intervention on women’s dietary diversity and empowerment in Myanmar during an especially challenging period—the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The intervention was implemented as a cluster-randomized controlled trial in 30 villages in Myanmar’s Central Dry Zone. Our analysis employs data from the baseline survey implemented in February 2020 and a phone survey implemented in February–March 2021 and focuses on women’s dietary diversity and sub-indicators of the project-level women’s empowerment in agriculture index (pro-WEAI). Two indicators of women’s empowerment―inputs to productive decisions and access to and decisions over credit―improved, indicating that SBCC interventions can contribute to changing gendered perceptions and behaviors; however, most of the empowerment indicators did not change, indicating that much of gendered norms and beliefs take time to change. Women’s dietary diversity scores were higher by half a food group out of 10 in treatment villages. More women in treatment villages consumed nuts, milk, meat or fish, and Vitamin A–rich foods daily than in control villages. We show that even in the setting of a pandemic, a SBCC intervention can be delivered through a range of tools, including household visits, phone-based coaching, and voice-based training, that are responsive to local and individual resource limitations. Gender messaging can change some gendered perceptions; but it may take more time to change deeply ingrained gender norms. Nutrition messaging can help counter the declines in dietary quality that would be expected from negative shocks to supply chains and incomes.
Book Synopsis Poverty, food insecurity, and social protection during COVID-19 in Myanmar: Combined evidence from a household telephone survey and micro-simulations by : Headey, Derek D.
Download or read book Poverty, food insecurity, and social protection during COVID-19 in Myanmar: Combined evidence from a household telephone survey and micro-simulations written by Headey, Derek D. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-11-10 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study assesses the welfare impacts of COVID-19 on households in Myanmar by combining recent high-frequency telephone survey evidence for two specific rural and urban geographies with national-level survey-based simulations designed to assess ex-ante impacts on poverty with differing amounts of targeted cash transfers. The first source of evidence – the COVID-19 Rural and Urban Food Security Survey (C19- RUFSS) – consists of four rounds of monthly data collected from a sample of over 2,000 households, all with young children or pregnant mothers, divided evenly between urban and peri-urban Yangon and the rural Dry Zone. This survey sheds light on household incomes prior to COVID-19 (January 2020), incomes and food security status soon after the first COVID-19 wave (June 2020), the gradual economic recovery thereafter (July and August 2020), and the start of the second COVID-19 wave in September and October 2020. This survey gives timely and high-quality evidence on the recent welfare impacts of COVID-19 for two important geographies and for households that are nutritionally highly vulnerable to shocks due to the presence of very young children or pregnant mothers. However, the relatively narrow geographic and demographic focus of this telephone survey and the need for forecasting the poverty impacts of COVID-19 into 2021 prompt us to explore simulationbased evidence derived by applying parameter shocks to household models developed from nationally representative household survey data collected prior to COVID-19, the 2015 Myanmar Poverty and Living Conditions Survey (MPLCS). By realistically simulating the kinds of disruptions imposed on Myanmar’s economy by both international forces, e.g., lower agricultural exports and workers’ remittances, and domestic COVID-19 prevention measures. e.g., stay-at-home orders and temporary business closures, we not only can predict the impacts of COVID-19 on household poverty at the rural, urban, and national levels, but also can assess the further benefits to household welfare of social protection in the form of monthly household cash transfers of different magnitudes. Combined, these two sources of evidence yield insights on both the on-the-ground impacts of COVID-19 in recent months and the potential poverty reduction impacts of social protection measures in the coming year. We conclude the study with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings.
Book Synopsis Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on Myanmar’s economy: A Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) multiplier approach by : Diao, Xinshen
Download or read book Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on Myanmar’s economy: A Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) multiplier approach written by Diao, Xinshen and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-05-29 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The measures taken by the Government of Myanmar to contain the transmission of COVID-19 are a necessary and appropriate response. In-depth analysis of measures of this magnitude on firms, households, government, and the economy as a whole is key to the design of policy interventions that can mitigate the economic losses and support a sustained and robust recovery. The economic losses to Myanmar’s economy in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic will be huge – a drop in production on the order of between 6.4 and 9.0 trillion Kyat – and likely will push the economy into a recession or lead to stagnant growth, at best, for the year. Although lockdown policies provide exemptions for most agricultural activities, linkages to other sectors indirectly affect the agri-food sector significantly. The agricultural sector is expected to contract by between 1.1 and 2.4 percent in 2020, and recovery will be slow. Closure of factories will have a large negative economic impact due to the strong linkage effects between manufacturing and upstream primary agriculture and downstream marketing services. Reopening the manufacturing sector is crucial for economic recovery in Myanmar.
Book Synopsis Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on Myanmar’s economy: A Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) multiplier approach [in Burmese] by : Diao, Xinshen
Download or read book Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on Myanmar’s economy: A Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) multiplier approach [in Burmese] written by Diao, Xinshen and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-06-24 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Mechanization service providers - May 2020 survey round by : Takeshima, Hiroyuki
Download or read book Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Mechanization service providers - May 2020 survey round written by Takeshima, Hiroyuki and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-06-09 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural mechanization service providers (MSP) are crucial to enabling smallholder farmers to undertake a range of power-intensive farm and post-harvest operations in a timely manner. These operations are important for food production and farm income. MSPs are capital-intensive operations. The economic viability of these businesses is highly sensitive to capacity utilization, which generates the cash flow needed to repay equipment loans; to prices of imported capital goods, including machines, equipment, and fuels; and to the availability of machine operators, among others. Hence, the operations of MSPs are sensitive to restrictions on mobility and trade. The COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar, the restrictions imposed as policy responses to control the spread of the virus, and the associated market disruptions affect the operations of MSPs across the country. However, the specific impacts MSPs experience depends on factors specific to different regions and states. Measures to support MSPs and to ensure farmer access to their services should be guided by an understanding of the situation on the ground.
Book Synopsis Mitigating poverty and undernutrition through social protection: A simulation analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Indonesia by : Ecker, Olivier
Download or read book Mitigating poverty and undernutrition through social protection: A simulation analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Indonesia written by Ecker, Olivier and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2023-02-21 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study addresses the policy-relevant question of how, in the face of major economic shocks, social protection interventions can more effectively mitigate undernutrition. In particular, it considers the scope of scaled-up fortification of staples to avert the “hidden hunger” of micronutrient deficiencies. As a re-cent and still relevant example, it focuses on the kinds of economic shocks brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic which, especially during the first lockdowns of April 2020, resulted in severe job and income losses for the poor and thus reduction and changes in spending, with urban and rural non-farm households typically affected more severely than farm households. However, the findings of this study are relevant for other economic shocks that severely reduce household’s disposable income. In this study, we examine the effects of stylized economic shocks on household incomes in Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Indonesia, with a focus on the difference between recommended and actual consumption of particular foods and nutrients. To this end, we use a novel combination of three integrated models to examine impacts and experiment with different types of social protection interventions. In Bangladesh and Indonesia, these are stylized models of the COVID-19 shock and government lock-downs; in Myanmar, however, we model the economic instability that took place after the February 2021 military takeover, which – in conjunction with COVID-19 impacts – resulted in an estimated 18 percent contraction in GDP (World Bank 2022).
Book Synopsis Mitigating poverty and undernutrition through social protection: A simulation analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh and Myanmar by : Ecker, Olivier
Download or read book Mitigating poverty and undernutrition through social protection: A simulation analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh and Myanmar written by Ecker, Olivier and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2023-02-13 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in severe income losses, but little is known about its impacts on diets and nutritional adequacy, or the effectiveness of social protection interventions in mitigating dietary and nutritional impacts. We first assess the likely impacts of COVID-19 shocks in Bangladesh and Myanmar on poverty and food and nutrient consumption gaps. We then analyze the estimated mitigating effects of five hypothetical social protection interventions of a typical monetary value: (1) cash transfers; (2) in-kind transfers of common rice; (3) in-kind transfers of fortified rice enriched with multiple essential micronutrients; (4) vouchers for a diversified basket of rice and non-staple foods; and (5) food vouchers with fortified rice instead of common rice. The simulation results suggest modest effectiveness of the cash transfers for mitigating poverty increases and little effectiveness of all five transfers for preventing increasing food and nutrient consumption gaps among the poorest 40%. Rice fortification is, however, effective at closing key micronutrient consumption gaps and could be a suitable policy instrument for averting ‘hidden hunger’ during economic crises.
Book Synopsis Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Urban food retailers - Early July 2020 survey round by : Masias, Ian
Download or read book Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Urban food retailers - Early July 2020 survey round written by Masias, Ian and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-08-27 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditional family owned retail shops are the backbone of Myanmar’s consumer market. As the final node in the grocery supply chain, they sell all types of dry foods, i.e., processed and packaged, condiments, snacks, and beverages to final consumers. To some extent, they also supply basic staple grains, i.e., rice and pulses; dairy products; eggs; kitchen crops; and tobacco and alcohol. About 85 percent of all consumer goods in Myanmar are sold through these shops. In the food and grocery sector, these retail outlets, including wet markets, account for 90 percent of all sales, with the other 10 percent accounted for by fast-growing supermarkets. Because of the importance of traditional retail outlets in the last mile delivery of a wide variety of foods to consumers, any challenges they encounter from the COVID-19 crisis and corresponding policy responses to contain the virus have important implications for the availability and affordability of food for final consumers. This policy note is the first in a series of reports presenting results from rounds of a telephone survey of a sample of owners or managers of food retail shops located in the two largest cities in Myanmar, Yangon and Mandalay. The phone surveys are designed to provide a better understanding of the effects of COVID-19 shocks on Myanmar’s agri-food marketing system through the perspective of small-scale food retailers in urban areas. This policy note focuses on the demand side and overall business effects of the COVID-19 crisis on these food retailers. Phone interviews were conducted with 426 retail shop owners or managers between 8 and 15 July 2020. Eighty percent of those surveyed were in Yangon, with the rest in Mandalay.
Author :International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Publisher :Intl Food Policy Res Inst ISBN 13 : Total Pages :9 pages Book Rating :4./5 ( download)
Book Synopsis Maintaining food and nutrition security in Myanmar during the COVID-19 crisis: Lessons from India’s lockdown [in Burmese] by : International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Download or read book Maintaining food and nutrition security in Myanmar during the COVID-19 crisis: Lessons from India’s lockdown [in Burmese] written by International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-04-13 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: COVID-19ကမာ့ကပ်ေရာဂါကာလအတွင်း မကာေသးမီက အိိယိုင်ငံတွင် ၂၁ရက်ကာ တင်းကပ်ေသာ ပိတ်ဆို့ကန့်သတ်မ (lockdown)ကို ုတ်တရက်ချမှတ်ခဲ့ြခင်းသည် ထိခိုက်လွယ်သည့် များစွာေသာ အိိယိုင်ငံသားများ၏ အစားအစာဖူလံုမကို ဆိုးကျိုးများ ြဖစ်ေပါ်ေစခဲ့ပါသည်။ လုပ်သားအများစုသည် မေရရာေသာ လုပ်ခနည်းသည့် ကျပမ်းအလုပ်လုပ်ကိုင်သူများြဖစ်ပီး လဟာြပင်ေစျး များကိုသာ ကျယ်ကျယ်ြပန့်ြပန့် အသံုးြပုလျက်ှိသည့် စနစ်ြဖင့်ချုပ်ကိုင်ထားမနည်းေသာ(informal) အစားအစာစိုက်ပျိုးထုတ်လုပ်ေရး စနစ်ှိသည့် ေနာက်ခံဝန်းကျင်များတွင် အစိုးရ၏ ထိုသို့ေသာ COVID-19ကာကွယ်ေရးလုပ်ငန်းများသည် စိန်ေခါ်မများစွာ ြဖစ်ေစိုင်ေကာင်း အိိယမှြဖစ်ရပ်များက မီးေမာင်းထိုးြပေနပါသည်။ ြမန်မာိုင်ငံသည် ထိုသို့ေသာေနာက်ခံဝန်းကျင်ှိသည့် ိုင်ငံတစ်ိုင်ငံ ြဖစ်ပါသည်။ အိိယ၏lockdownကာလအတွင်း စားနပ်ရိကာဖူလံုေရးှင့်ပတ်သတ်သည့် ချိုယွင်းချက်များစွာှိခဲ့ေသာ အေတွအကံုက ြမန်မာိုင်ငံ၏ အစားအစာဖူလံုမကိုထိန်းသိမ်းရန်အတွက် ေအာက်ပါလုပ်ငန်းများသည် အ လွန်အ ေရးကီးေကာင်း အကံုြပုေနပါသည်။ • ကုန်စည်အမျိုးအစားအားလံုးအား လွပ်လပ်စွာ စီးဆင်းခွင့်ေပးြခင်း- တည်ငိမ်ေသာ အစားအစာစိုက်ပျိုးထုတ်လုပ် ေရးစနစ်သည် အစားအစာအမျိုးအမည်အစံု (အနည်းလိုအာဟာရများကယ်ဝသည့် သစ်သီးဝလံများ၊ ဟင်းသီးဟင်းရွက်များ၊ တိရစာန်များမှရေသာ အစားအစာများ အပါအဝင်)ှင့်အတူ မှိမြဖစ်လိုအပ်ေသာ စားစရာမဟုတ်သည့်ကုန်စည်များပါ လွပ်လပ်စွာ စီးဆင်းမှိေစရန် လိုအပ် ပါသည်။ • ြပဿနာများေပါ်ေပါက်လာပါက ၎င်းတို့ကိုေြဖှင်းိုင်ရန် အစားအစာေစျးကွက်များှင့် တန်ဖိုးကွင်းဆက်များကို ြဖစ်ိုင်သမ နီးကပ်စွာ ေစာင့်ကည့်ြခင်း • ြမန်မာိုင်ငံအတွင်းှိ အစားအစာေရာင်းချသည့်ေစျးများတွင် သန့်ှင်းမကိုြမင့်တင်ြခင်းြဖင့် COVID-19ပျံှံ့ိုင်မအရာယ်ကို ေလာ့ချ ြခင်း • ကုန်စည်စီးဆင်းမကို မတားဆီးေစရန် ရဲ၊စစ်တပ်ှင့်အြခားေဒသအာဏာပိုင်များသို့ ှင်းလင်းေသာ န်ကားချက်များ ထုတ်ြပန် ထားြခင်း ြမန်မာအစိုးရသည် ဤပ်ေထွးေသာ ကျန်းမာေရးှင့်လူမစီးပွားေရးအကျပ်အတည်းကာလတေလာက် အချိန်တိုင်းတွင် အေြခခံအစားအစာှင့်အာဟာရဖူလံုမကို ထိန်းသိမ်းရမည်ြဖစ်ေကာင်း အိိယှင့်အြခားဖွံဖိုးဆဲိုင်ငံများ၏ အမှားအယွင်းများမှ သင်ခန်းစာရယူသင့်ပါသည်။
Book Synopsis Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Urban food retailers - Late July 2020 survey round by : Maredia, Mywish K.
Download or read book Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Urban food retailers - Late July 2020 survey round written by Maredia, Mywish K. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-08-31 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second policy note in a series presenting results from rounds of a telephone survey of a sample of retail food shop owners or managers located in two cities in Myanmar – Yangon, the economic center of the country with 4.4 million inhabitants, and Mandalay, the second largest city with 1.1 million inhabitants. The phone surveys are designed to better understand the effects of COVID-19 shocks on Myanmar’s agri-food marketing system from the perspective of these smallscale urban food retailers. Their shops are an important outlet for final consumers to purchase a variety of consumer goods, including many types of processed and packaged dry foods, condiments, snacks, beverages, basic staple grains (i.e., rice and pulses), dairy products, eggs, kitchen crops, tobacco, and alcohol products. The COVID-19 economic crisis could bring dramatic changes to these retailers – not only on the demand side in terms of the food purchasing behaviors of consumers, but also on the supply side in terms of how the food supply chains upon which they rely function and how they respond to these changes. This policy note builds on the analysis of the firstround of the survey, which focused on the demand side and overall business effects of COVID-19, by adding detailed questions on three additional themes – supplier options, credit extended and received by retailers, and the use of modern technologies and practices.
Book Synopsis Myanmar in Crisis by : Justine Chambers
Download or read book Myanmar in Crisis written by Justine Chambers and published by . This book was released on 2023-07-07 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Global Trends 2040 by : National Intelligence Council
Download or read book Global Trends 2040 written by National Intelligence Council and published by Cosimo Reports. This book was released on 2021-03 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic marks the most significant, singular global disruption since World War II, with health, economic, political, and security implications that will ripple for years to come." -Global Trends 2040 (2021) Global Trends 2040-A More Contested World (2021), released by the US National Intelligence Council, is the latest report in its series of reports starting in 1997 about megatrends and the world's future. This report, strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, paints a bleak picture of the future and describes a contested, fragmented and turbulent world. It specifically discusses the four main trends that will shape tomorrow's world: - Demographics-by 2040, 1.4 billion people will be added mostly in Africa and South Asia. - Economics-increased government debt and concentrated economic power will escalate problems for the poor and middleclass. - Climate-a hotter world will increase water, food, and health insecurity. - Technology-the emergence of new technologies could both solve and cause problems for human life. Students of trends, policymakers, entrepreneurs, academics, journalists and anyone eager for a glimpse into the next decades, will find this report, with colored graphs, essential reading.
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