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The Impact On Women On The Removal Of Gender As A Rating Variable In Motor Vehicle Insurance
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Book Synopsis The Impact on Women on the Removal of Gender as a Rating Variable in Motor-Vehicle Insurance by : Anthea Wagener
Download or read book The Impact on Women on the Removal of Gender as a Rating Variable in Motor-Vehicle Insurance written by Anthea Wagener and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insurers use actuarial statistics as rating variables to differentiate and distinguish for the purposes of risk classification. They justify their use of actuarial statistics due to its accuracy as a predictor of risk. South African motor-vehicle insurers use gender, inter alia, as a rating variable to classify risks into certain classes and to determine insurance premiums. Depending upon whether the insured is male or female, it could have a significant impact on the cost of his or her premium. Women drivers pay less for motor-vehicle insurance because actuarial statistics indicate that women are more careful drivers and are involved in 20 per cent fewer accidents than men. Men pay higher premiums because the statistics indicate that they are less responsible drivers than women. Should a South African court decide that the use of gender as a motor-vehicle insurance rating variable is unfair discrimination, this would benefit male drivers, as it would lower their premium. Women, on the other hand, would be disadvantaged as they would be required to pay higher premiums to subsidise men. The article examines the impact that the removal of gender as a rating variable in motor-vehicle insurance would have on women, and asks if the effects thereof would influence a South African Court's decision in determining if the use of gender as a rating variable amounts to unfair discrimination. The article first considers the findings of American and Canadian Courts in determining this same issue and then considers South African equality legislation, particularly the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 (“the Equality Act”). Thereafter, the article provides recommendations for a South African Court. As the Equality Act indicates that the discriminatory insurance practice of placing a disadvantage or advantage on persons based inter alia on their gender may possibly be unfair, it is suggested that South African insurers would have to consider alternative methods of risk assessment. In the light of the American and the Canadian case law, the article suggests that there should be a change of approach to insurance risk assessment. Rather than using gender as a rating variable the insurer could assess the risk of the individual insured, using appropriate, neutral rating variables suited to the particular circumstances of the insured. This would require a much more intensive and individualised risk evaluation and would require the insurer to “tailor-make” insurance for each individual. It is submitted that such an approach would give effect to the right to equality by disallowing the use of gender as a rating variable without producing the undesirable consequence that women drivers would have to subsidise men.
Book Synopsis The Use of Gender and Age as Rating Variables in Motor-vehicle Insurance Law by : Anthea Nataile Wagener
Download or read book The Use of Gender and Age as Rating Variables in Motor-vehicle Insurance Law written by Anthea Nataile Wagener and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Price Variability in the Automobile Insurance Market, Its Extent, Causes and Relationships to High Risk and Other Problems by : Calvin H. Brainard
Download or read book Price Variability in the Automobile Insurance Market, Its Extent, Causes and Relationships to High Risk and Other Problems written by Calvin H. Brainard and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Gender Differences in Attitudes Towards Driving and Demand for Private Insurance by : Edimilson C. Lucas
Download or read book Gender Differences in Attitudes Towards Driving and Demand for Private Insurance written by Edimilson C. Lucas and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This article examines the existence of associations between the gender of the driver, their risk behavior when driving motor vehicles and their inclination to acquire automobile insurance. To conduct this investigation a random survey was carried out with 566 middle class adults in 66 Brazilian towns and cities. By using non-parametric tests and logit models, the results suggest that even when controlling for other variables, women feel a greater need to have automobile insurance to protect themselves in the event of possible accidents under rainy conditions and also to have access to driver support services. Women also tend to have more respect for speed limits in various situations, such as during the rush hour, on local roads and on highways. The results also showed that men feel safer than women driving in more precarious situations: at night, in unfamiliar areas, after drinking, or even when they are tired. These results, in addition to contributing to the theoretical development of road traffic and transportation safety, are of special relevance to the financial industry and the regulatory agency. The insurance industry may find these results particularly helpful in designing future policies and setting premiums.
Book Synopsis Motor Vehicle Assigned Risk Plans by : William Thomas Hold
Download or read book Motor Vehicle Assigned Risk Plans written by William Thomas Hold and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Alberta Law Review written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Handbook of Insurance by : Georges Dionne
Download or read book Handbook of Insurance written by Georges Dionne and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-02 with total page 1133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of the Handbook of Insurance reviews the last forty years of research developments in insurance and its related fields. A single reference source for professors, researchers, graduate students, regulators, consultants and practitioners, the book starts with the history and foundations of risk and insurance theory, followed by a review of prevention and precaution, asymmetric information, risk management, insurance pricing, new financial innovations, reinsurance, corporate governance, capital allocation, securitization, systemic risk, insurance regulation, the industrial organization of insurance markets and other insurance market applications. It ends with health insurance, longevity risk, long-term care insurance, life insurance financial products and social insurance. This second version of the Handbook contains 15 new chapters. Each of the 37 chapters has been written by leading authorities in risk and insurance research, all contributions have been peer reviewed, and each chapter can be read independently of the others.
Download or read book Popular Mechanics written by and published by . This book was released on 2000-01 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Popular Mechanics inspires, instructs and influences readers to help them master the modern world. Whether it’s practical DIY home-improvement tips, gadgets and digital technology, information on the newest cars or the latest breakthroughs in science -- PM is the ultimate guide to our high-tech lifestyle.
Book Synopsis House and Senate Documents by : Virginia. General Assembly
Download or read book House and Senate Documents written by Virginia. General Assembly and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 966 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis House and Senate Documents of the ... Session by : Virginia. General Assembly
Download or read book House and Senate Documents of the ... Session written by Virginia. General Assembly and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 968 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volumes for some years include documents for extra or special sessions.
Author :Frederick G. Crane Publisher :Ohio State University College of Administrative Science ISBN 13 : Total Pages :184 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (512 download)
Book Synopsis Automobile Insurance Rate Regulation by : Frederick G. Crane
Download or read book Automobile Insurance Rate Regulation written by Frederick G. Crane and published by Ohio State University College of Administrative Science. This book was released on 1962 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Virginia. General Assembly. Joint Subcommittee Studying Motor Vehicle Insurance and Unisex Ratings Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages : pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (916 download)
Book Synopsis Final Report of the Joint Subcommittee Studying Motor Vehicle Insurance and Unisex Ratings by : Virginia. General Assembly. Joint Subcommittee Studying Motor Vehicle Insurance and Unisex Ratings
Download or read book Final Report of the Joint Subcommittee Studying Motor Vehicle Insurance and Unisex Ratings written by Virginia. General Assembly. Joint Subcommittee Studying Motor Vehicle Insurance and Unisex Ratings and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309452961 Total Pages :583 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Communities in Action by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Book Synopsis Data Feminism by : Catherine D'Ignazio
Download or read book Data Feminism written by Catherine D'Ignazio and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2020-03-31 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new way of thinking about data science and data ethics that is informed by the ideas of intersectional feminism. Today, data science is a form of power. It has been used to expose injustice, improve health outcomes, and topple governments. But it has also been used to discriminate, police, and surveil. This potential for good, on the one hand, and harm, on the other, makes it essential to ask: Data science by whom? Data science for whom? Data science with whose interests in mind? The narratives around big data and data science are overwhelmingly white, male, and techno-heroic. In Data Feminism, Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren Klein present a new way of thinking about data science and data ethics—one that is informed by intersectional feminist thought. Illustrating data feminism in action, D'Ignazio and Klein show how challenges to the male/female binary can help challenge other hierarchical (and empirically wrong) classification systems. They explain how, for example, an understanding of emotion can expand our ideas about effective data visualization, and how the concept of invisible labor can expose the significant human efforts required by our automated systems. And they show why the data never, ever “speak for themselves.” Data Feminism offers strategies for data scientists seeking to learn how feminism can help them work toward justice, and for feminists who want to focus their efforts on the growing field of data science. But Data Feminism is about much more than gender. It is about power, about who has it and who doesn't, and about how those differentials of power can be challenged and changed.
Book Synopsis Effect of Montana's Non-gender Insurance Law on Auto Insurance Rates by : Anne Brodsky
Download or read book Effect of Montana's Non-gender Insurance Law on Auto Insurance Rates written by Anne Brodsky and published by . This book was released on 198? with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Economics of Insurance ... by : John MacGregor M'Candlish
Download or read book The Economics of Insurance ... written by John MacGregor M'Candlish and published by . This book was released on 1888 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Gender and the Automobile by : Colin Vance
Download or read book Gender and the Automobile written by Colin Vance and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: