The E-Bomb

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Author :
Publisher : Da Capo Press
ISBN 13 : 9780306815065
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis The E-Bomb by : Doug Beason

Download or read book The E-Bomb written by Doug Beason and published by Da Capo Press. This book was released on 2006-09-26 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After more than two decades of research, the United States is on the verge of deploying a new generation of weapons that discharge light-wave energy, the same spectrum of energy found in your microwave, or in your TV remote control. It's called directed energy--lasers, high-powered microwaves, and particle beams. And it's a revolution in weaponry, perhaps, more profound than the atomic bomb. The E-Bomb author Doug Beason, a leading expert in directed-energy research, describes in clear and jargon-free prose all of these exotic new weapons. As the Los Alamos Monitor said, "Beason has a special vantage for peering over the horizon and relating what the twenty-first century holds in store." "[The E-Bomb] will appeal to readers schooled in Tom Clancy." (Kirkus)

Bomb (Graphic Novel)

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Publisher : Roaring Brook Press
ISBN 13 : 1250291038
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Bomb (Graphic Novel) by : Steve Sheinkin

Download or read book Bomb (Graphic Novel) written by Steve Sheinkin and published by Roaring Brook Press. This book was released on 2023-01-24 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A riveting graphic novel adaptation of the award-winning nonfiction book, Bomb—the fascinating and frightening true story of the creation behind the most destructive force that birthed the arms race and the Cold War. In December of 1938, a chemist in a German laboratory made a shocking discovery: When placed next to radioactive material, a Uranium atom split in two. That simple discovery launched a scientific race that spanned three continents. In Great Britain and the United States, Soviet spies worked their way into the scientific community; in Norway, a commando force slipped behind enemy lines to attack German heavy-water manufacturing; and deep in the desert, one brilliant group of scientists, led by "father of the atomic bomb" J. Robert Oppenheimer, was hidden away at a remote site at Los Alamos. This is the story of the plotting, the risk-taking, the deceit, and genius that created the world's most formidable weapon. This is the story of the atomic bomb. New York Times bestselling author Steve Sheinkin's award-winning nonfiction book is now available reimagined in the graphic novel format. Full color illustrations from Nick Bertozzi are detailed and enriched with the nonfiction expertise Nick brings to the story as a beloved artist, comic book writer, and commercial illustrator who has written a couple of his own historical graphic novels, including Shackleton and Lewis & Clark. Accessible, gripping, and educational, this new edition of Bomb is perfect for young readers and adults alike. Praise for Bomb (2012): “This superb and exciting work of nonfiction would be a fine tonic for any jaded adolescent who thinks history is 'boring.' It's also an excellent primer for adult readers who may have forgotten, or never learned, the remarkable story of how nuclear weaponry was first imagined, invented and deployed—and of how an international arms race began well before there was such a thing as an atomic bomb.” —The Wall Street Journal “This is edge-of-the seat material that will resonate with YAs who clamor for true spy stories, and it will undoubtedly engross a cross-market audience of adults who dozed through the World War II unit in high school.” —The Bulletin (starred review) Also by Steve Sheinkin: Fallout: Spies, Superbombs, and the Ultimate Cold War Showdown The Port Chicago 50: Disaster, Mutiny, and the Fight for Civil Rights Undefeated: Jim Thorpe and the Carlisle Indian School Football Team Most Dangerous: Daniel Ellsberg and the Secret History of the Vietnam War Born to Fly: The First Women's Air Race Across America The Notorious Benedict Arnold: A True Story of Adventure, Heroism & Treachery Which Way to the Wild West?: Everything Your Schoolbooks Didn't Tell You About Westward Expansion King George: What Was His Problem?: Everything Your Schoolbooks Didn't Tell You About the American Revolution Two Miserable Presidents: Everything Your Schoolbooks Didn't Tell You About the Civil War

The Bomb

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Author :
Publisher : Simon & Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1982107308
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (821 download)

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Book Synopsis The Bomb by : Fred Kaplan

Download or read book The Bomb written by Fred Kaplan and published by Simon & Schuster. This book was released on 2021-02-02 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the author of the classic The Wizards of Armageddon and Pulitzer Prize finalist comes the definitive history of American policy on nuclear war—and Presidents’ actions in nuclear crises—from Truman to Trump. Fred Kaplan, hailed by The New York Times as “a rare combination of defense intellectual and pugnacious reporter,” takes us into the White House Situation Room, the Joint Chiefs of Staff’s “Tank” in the Pentagon, and the vast chambers of Strategic Command to bring us the untold stories—based on exclusive interviews and previously classified documents—of how America’s presidents and generals have thought about, threatened, broached, and just barely avoided nuclear war from the dawn of the atomic age until today. Kaplan’s historical research and deep reporting will stand as the permanent record of politics. Discussing theories that have dominated nightmare scenarios from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Kaplan presents the unthinkable in terms of mass destruction and demonstrates how the nuclear war reality will not go away, regardless of the dire consequences.

E-Bomb: the Key Element of the Contemporary Military-Technical Revolution

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781690060291
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis E-Bomb: the Key Element of the Contemporary Military-Technical Revolution by : Naval Postgraduate Naval Postgraduate School

Download or read book E-Bomb: the Key Element of the Contemporary Military-Technical Revolution written by Naval Postgraduate Naval Postgraduate School and published by . This book was released on 2019-09-02 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contemporary military rivalry is driven mostly by the ongoing military technical revolution. In particular, the weapons used on the future battlefield will play an important role in military affairs. Which weapons can play a key role in the future? Electromagnetic weapons seem to involve key elements for the future battlefield; they offer advantages over conventional weaponry by providing nonlethality, the advantage of attack at the speed of light, fast engagement of multiple targets, potentially low operational cost, and wide-area coverage for offensive and defensive purposes. This thesis proposes hypothetical electromagnetic bombs (e-bomb) and classifies e-bombs into three isocategories depending on power sources. It also assesses the potential lethality effects on different targets based on a developed MATLAB Simulation Model. It also provides an understanding of the principles of High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) and High Power Microwave (HPM) Weapons. In addition, a measure of effectiveness model is proposed to compare the hypothetical e-bomb, HEMP and HPM weapons. The strategic effects on military affairs will be assessed. Finally, this study will help the Turkish Armed Forces decide on investment in e-bomb research and development (R&D) to improve combat capabilities in the future battlefield. The contemporary military rivalry is driven mostly by the ongoing military technical revolution. In particular, the weapons used on the future battlefield will play an important role in military affairs. Which weapons can play a key role in the future? Electromagnetic weapons seem to involve key elements for the future battlefield; they offer advantages over conventional weaponry by providing nonlethality, the advantage of attack at the speed of light, fast engagement of multiple targets, potentially low operational cost, and wide-area coverage for offensive and defensive purposes. This thesis proposes hypothetical electromagnetic bombs (e-bomb) and classifies e-bombs into three isocategories depending on power sources. It also assesses the potential lethality effects on different targets based on a developed MATLAB Simulation Model. It also provides an understanding of the principles of High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) and High Power Microwave (HPM) Weapons. In addition, a measure of effectiveness model is proposed to compare the hypothetical e-bomb, HEMP and HPM weapons. The strategic effects on military affairs will be assessed. Finally, this study will help the Turkish Armed Forces decide on investment in e-bomb research and development (R&D) to improve combat capabilities in the future battlefield.

News Zero

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis News Zero by : Beverly Deepe Keever

Download or read book News Zero written by Beverly Deepe Keever and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How did a world class newspaper become little more than a propaganda outlet for the U.S. government in its drive to cover up the dangers of radioactivity emanating from the testing of nuclear weapons? And why is it still offering warped coverage of the issues 40 years after the end of nuclear tests above ground? Hiding nearly half of the tests from public view, "The New York Times"' stories predated by more than 40 years its recent crisis of made-up stories by reporter Jayson Blair. Reporter Beverly Keever takes you inside our most prestigious propaganda machine to show just how the "Times "covered up the reality from half lives with half truths to a complete alternative framework to manufacture consent.

The Making of the Atomic Bomb

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Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1439126224
Total Pages : 890 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis The Making of the Atomic Bomb by : Richard Rhodes

Download or read book The Making of the Atomic Bomb written by Richard Rhodes and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2012-09-18 with total page 890 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: **Winner of the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the National Book Critics Circle Award** The definitive history of nuclear weapons—from the turn-of-the-century discovery of nuclear energy to J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project—this epic work details the science, the people, and the sociopolitical realities that led to the development of the atomic bomb. This sweeping account begins in the 19th century, with the discovery of nuclear fission, and continues to World War Two and the Americans’ race to beat Hitler’s Nazis. That competition launched the Manhattan Project and the nearly overnight construction of a vast military-industrial complex that culminated in the fateful dropping of the first bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Reading like a character-driven suspense novel, the book introduces the players in this saga of physics, politics, and human psychology—from FDR and Einstein to the visionary scientists who pioneered quantum theory and the application of thermonuclear fission, including Planck, Szilard, Bohr, Oppenheimer, Fermi, Teller, Meitner, von Neumann, and Lawrence. From nuclear power’s earliest foreshadowing in the work of H.G. Wells to the bright glare of Trinity at Alamogordo and the arms race of the Cold War, this dread invention forever changed the course of human history, and The Making of The Atomic Bomb provides a panoramic backdrop for that story. Richard Rhodes’s ability to craft compelling biographical portraits is matched only by his rigorous scholarship. Told in rich human, political, and scientific detail that any reader can follow, The Making of the Atomic Bomb is a thought-provoking and masterful work.

India's Nuclear Bomb

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Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 9780520232105
Total Pages : 676 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis India's Nuclear Bomb by : George Perkovich

Download or read book India's Nuclear Bomb written by George Perkovich and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher Fact Sheet The definitive history of India's long flirtation with nuclear capability, culminating in the nuclear tests that surprised the world in May 1998.

The Manhattan Project

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Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780231131520
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis The Manhattan Project by : Jeff A. Hughes

Download or read book The Manhattan Project written by Jeff A. Hughes and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Launched in 1942, the Manhattan Project was a well-funded, secret effort by the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada to develop an atomic bomb before the Nazis. The results--the bombs named "Little Boy" and "Fat Man"--were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945. A vast state within a state, the Manhattan Project employed 130,000 people and cost the United States and its allies 2 billion dollars, but its contribution to science as a prestigious investment was invaluable. After the bombs were dropped, states began allocating unprecedented funds for scientific research, leading to the establishment of many of twentieth century's major research institutions. Yet the union of science, industry, and the military did not start with the development of the atomic bomb; World War II only deepened the relationship. This absorbing history revisits the interactions among science, the national interest, and public and private funding that was initiated in World War I and flourished in WWII. It then follows the Manhattan Project from inception to dissolution, describing the primary influences that helped execute the world's first successful plan for nuclear research and tracing the lineages of modern national nuclear agencies back to their source.

Unthinkable

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Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1476733937
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (767 download)

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Book Synopsis Unthinkable by : Kenneth Pollack

Download or read book Unthinkable written by Kenneth Pollack and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2014-09-30 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines Iran's current nuclear potential while charting America's future course of action, recounting the prolonged clash between both nations to outline options for American policymakers.

High-Power Microwave Sources and Technologies

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Author :
Publisher : Wiley-IEEE Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis High-Power Microwave Sources and Technologies by : Robert J. Barker

Download or read book High-Power Microwave Sources and Technologies written by Robert J. Barker and published by Wiley-IEEE Press. This book was released on 2001-06-18 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrical Engineering High-Power Microwave Sources and Technologies A volume in the IEEE Press Series on RF and Microwave Technology Roger D. Pollard and Richard Booton, Series Editors Written by a prolific group of leading researchers, High-Power Microwave Sources and Technologies focuses primarily on the high-power microwave (HPM) technology most appropriate for military applications. It highlights the advances achieved from 1995 to 2000 as the result of a US Department of Defense (DoD) funded, $15 million Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) program. The grant created a synergy between researchers in the DoD laboratories and the academic community, and established links with the microwave vacuum electronics industry, which has led to unprecedented collaborations that transcend laboratory and disciplinary boundaries. This essential reference provides the history, state-of-the-art, and possible future of HPM source research and technologies. The first alternative to the multiplicity of detailed applications-based HPM books and journal articles, this book familiarizes the reader with recent advances in this rapidly changing field. It presents a compendium of valuable information on HPM sources, representing significant enabling technologies, including beam and rf control, cathodes, windows, and computational techniques. The era of utilizing computational techniques to electronically design an HPM source prior to actually building the hardware has arrived. Gain insight into proven techniques and solutions that will enhance your source design. High-Power Microwave Sources and Technologies is an invaluable resource to researchers active in the field, faculty, graduate and post-graduate students. Special Note: All royalties realized from the sale of this book will fund the future research and publications activities of graduate students in the HPM field.

Atomic Salvation

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Publisher : Casemate
ISBN 13 : 161200945X
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Atomic Salvation by : Tom Lewis

Download or read book Atomic Salvation written by Tom Lewis and published by Casemate. This book was released on 2020-07-20 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thought-provoking analysis of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki—and what might have happened if conventional weapons were used instead. It has always been a difficult concept to stomach—that the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, causing such horrific suffering and destruction, also brought about peace. Attitudes toward the event have changed through the years, from grateful relief that World War II was ended to widespread condemnation of the United States. Atomic Salvation investigates the full situation—examining documents from both Japanese and Allied sources, but also using in-depth analysis to extend beyond the mere recounting of statistics. It charts the full extent of the possible casualties on both sides had a conventional assault akin to D-Day gone ahead against Japan. The work is not concerned solely with the military necessity to use the bombs; it also investigates why that necessity has been increasingly challenged over the successive decades. Controversially, the book demonstrates that Japan would have suffered far greater casualties—likely around 28 million—if the nation had been attacked in the manner by which Germany was defeated: by amphibious assault, artillery and air attacks preceding infantry insertion, and finally by subduing the last of the defenders of the enemy capital. It also investigates the enormous political pressure placed on America as a result of their military situation. The Truman administration had little choice but to use the new weapon given the more than a million deaths that Allied forces would undoubtedly have suffered through conventional assault. By chartingreaction to the bombings over time, Atomic Salvation shows that there has been relentless pressure on the world to condemn what at the time was seen as the best, and only, military solution to end the conflict. Never has such an exhaustive analysis been made of the necessity behind bringing World War II to a halt.

The Bomb

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Author :
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 1446449610
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (464 download)

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Book Synopsis The Bomb by : Gerard DeGroot

Download or read book The Bomb written by Gerard DeGroot and published by Random House. This book was released on 2011-09-30 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Before the Bomb, there were simply 'bombs', lower case. But it was the twentieth century, one hundred years of almost incredible scientific progress, that saw the birth of the Bomb, the human race's most powerful and most destructive discovery. In this magisterial and enthralling account, Gerard DeGroot gives us the life story of the Bomb, from its birth in the turn-of-the-century physics labs of Europe to a childhood in the New Mexico desert of the 1940s, from adolescence and early adulthood in Nagasaki and Bikini, Australia and Siberia to unsettling maturity in test sites and missile silos all over the globe. By turns horrific, awe-inspiring and blackly comic, The Bomb is never less than compelling.

Stopping the Bomb

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Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501717820
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Stopping the Bomb by : Nicholas L. Miller

Download or read book Stopping the Bomb written by Nicholas L. Miller and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-15 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an intense and meticulously sourced study on the topic of nuclear weapons proliferation, beginning with America's introduction of the Atomic Age... His book provides a full explanation of America's policy with a time sequence necessarily focusing on the domino effect of states acquiring a nuclear weapons capability and the import of bureaucratic decisions on international political behavior.― Choice Stopping the Bomb examines the historical development and effectiveness of American efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. Nicholas L. Miller offers here a novel theory that argues changes in American nonproliferation policy are the keys to understanding the nuclear landscape from the 1960s onward. The Chinese and Indian nuclear tests in the 1960s and 1970s forced the US government, Miller contends, to pay new and considerable attention to the idea of nonproliferation and to reexamine its foreign policies. Stopping the Bomb explores the role of the United States in combating the spread of nuclear weapons, an area often ignored to date. He explains why these changes occurred and how effective US policies have been in preventing countries from seeking and acquiring nuclear weapons. Miller's findings highlight the relatively rapid move from a permissive approach toward allies acquiring nuclear weapons to a more universal nonproliferation policy no matter whether friend or foe. Four in-depth case studies of US nonproliferation policy—toward Taiwan, Pakistan, Iran, and France—elucidate how the United States can compel countries to reverse ongoing nuclear weapons programs. Miller's findings in Stopping the Bomb have important implications for the continued study of nuclear proliferation, US nonproliferation policy, and beyond.

The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II

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Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400868262
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II by : Herbert Feis

Download or read book The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II written by Herbert Feis and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2015-03-08 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the decision to use the atomic bomb. Libraries and scholars will find it a necessary adjunct to their other studies by Pulitzer-Prize author Herbert Feis on World War II. Originally published in 1966. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The Perfect Weapon

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Author :
Publisher : Crown
ISBN 13 : 0451497902
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (514 download)

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Book Synopsis The Perfect Weapon by : David E. Sanger

Download or read book The Perfect Weapon written by David E. Sanger and published by Crown. This book was released on 2019-05-14 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NOW AN HBO® DOCUMENTARY FROM AWARD-WINNING DIRECTOR JOHN MAGGIO • “An important—and deeply sobering—new book about cyberwarfare” (Nicholas Kristof, New York Times), now updated with a new chapter. The Perfect Weapon is the startling inside story of how the rise of cyberweapons transformed geopolitics like nothing since the invention of the atomic bomb. Cheap to acquire, easy to deny, and usable for a variety of malicious purposes, cyber is now the weapon of choice for democracies, dictators, and terrorists. Two presidents—Bush and Obama—drew first blood with Operation Olympic Games, which used malicious code to blow up Iran’s nuclear centrifuges, and yet America proved remarkably unprepared when its own weapons were stolen from its arsenal and, during President Trump’s first year, turned back on the United States and its allies. And if Obama would begin his presidency by helping to launch the new era of cyberwar, he would end it struggling unsuccessfully to defend the 2016 U.S. election from interference by Russia, with Vladimir Putin drawing on the same playbook he used to destabilize Ukraine. Moving from the White House Situation Room to the dens of Chinese government hackers to the boardrooms of Silicon Valley, New York Times national security correspondent David Sanger reveals a world coming face-to-face with the perils of technological revolution, where everyone is a target. “Timely and bracing . . . With the deep knowledge and bright clarity that have long characterized his work, Sanger recounts the cunning and dangerous development of cyberspace into the global battlefield of the twenty-first century.”—Washington Post

Prompt and Utter Destruction

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Author :
Publisher : ReadHowYouWant.com
ISBN 13 : 144299472X
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (429 download)

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Book Synopsis Prompt and Utter Destruction by : J. Samuel Walker

Download or read book Prompt and Utter Destruction written by J. Samuel Walker and published by ReadHowYouWant.com. This book was released on 2016 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Israel and the Bomb

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Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231500092
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Israel and the Bomb by : Avner Cohen

Download or read book Israel and the Bomb written by Avner Cohen and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 1998-09-30 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until now, there has been no detailed account of Israel's nuclear history. Previous treatments of the subject relied heavily on rumors, leaks, and journalistic speculations. But with Israel and the Bomb, Avner Cohen has forged an interpretive political history that draws on thousands of American and Israeli government documents—most of them recently declassified and never before cited—and more than one hundred interviews with key individuals who played important roles in this story. Cohen reveals that Israel crossed the nuclear weapons threshold on the eve of the 1967 Six-Day War, yet it remains ambiguous about its nuclear capability to this day. What made this posture of "opacity" possible, and how did it evolve? Cohen focuses on a two-decade period from about 1950 until 1970, during which David Ben-Gurion's vision of making Israel a nuclear-weapon state was realized. He weaves together the story of the formative years of Israel's nuclear program, from the founding of the Israeli Atomic Energy Commission in 1952, to the alliance with France that gave Israel the sophisticated technology it needed, to the failure of American intelligence to identify the Dimona Project for what it was, to the negotiations between President Nixon and Prime Minister Meir that led to the current policy of secrecy. Cohen also analyzes the complex reasons Israel concealed its nuclear program—from concerns over Arab reaction and the negative effect of the debate at home to consideration of America's commitment to nonproliferation. Israel and the Bomb highlights the key questions and the many potent issues surrounding Israel's nuclear history. This book will be a critical resource for students of nuclear proliferation, Middle East politics, Israeli history, and American-Israeli relations, as well as a revelation for general readers.