Deduction Systems

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461222664
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (612 download)

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Book Synopsis Deduction Systems by : Rolf Socher-Ambrosius

Download or read book Deduction Systems written by Rolf Socher-Ambrosius and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea of mechanizing deductive reasoning can be traced all the way back to Leibniz, who proposed the development of a rational calculus for this purpose. But it was not until the appearance of Frege's 1879 Begriffsschrift-"not only the direct ancestor of contemporary systems of mathematical logic, but also the ancestor of all formal languages, including computer programming languages" ([Dav83])-that the fundamental concepts of modern mathematical logic were developed. Whitehead and Russell showed in their Principia Mathematica that the entirety of classical mathematics can be developed within the framework of a formal calculus, and in 1930, Skolem, Herbrand, and Godel demonstrated that the first-order predicate calculus (which is such a calculus) is complete, i. e. , that every valid formula in the language of the predicate calculus is derivable from its axioms. Skolem, Herbrand, and GOdel further proved that in order to mechanize reasoning within the predicate calculus, it suffices to Herbrand consider only interpretations of formulae over their associated universes. We will see that the upshot of this discovery is that the validity of a formula in the predicate calculus can be deduced from the structure of its constituents, so that a machine might perform the logical inferences required to determine its validity. With the advent of computers in the 1950s there developed an interest in automatic theorem proving.

The Argument Builder

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781600510267
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis The Argument Builder by : Shelly Johnson

Download or read book The Argument Builder written by Shelly Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2008-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The argument builder will train you to build compelling and persuasive arguments, through a blend of logic and rhetoric. You will first study the logical structure of good, clear arguments. Then, you will study how to use the various elements of argumentation, such as examples, analogy, comparison, testimony, and statistics, combining them to construct your own sound and effective arguments. You will also learn about the fallacies often committed when using these elements and how to avoid them in your own arguments.

The Art of Argument

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781600510182
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis The Art of Argument by : Aaron Larsen

Download or read book The Art of Argument written by Aaron Larsen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Junior high aged students will argue (and sometimes quarrel), but they won't argue well without good training. Young teens are also targeted by advertisers with a vengeance. From billboards to commercials to a walk down the mall, fallacious arguments are everywhere you look. The Art of Argument was designed to teach the argumentative adolescent how to reason with clarity, relevance and purpose at a time when he has a penchant for the why and how. It is designed to equip and sharpen young minds as they live, play, and grow in this highly commercial culture. This course teaches students to recognize and identify twenty-eight informal fallacies, and the eye-catching text includes over sixty slick and clever, ?phony advertisements? for items from blue jeans to pick-up trucks, which apply the fallacies to a myriad of real life situations.

Prentice-Hall Federal Tax Service, 1928 Act, Former Laws and Regulations

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1020 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Prentice-Hall Federal Tax Service, 1928 Act, Former Laws and Regulations by : Prentice-Hall, inc

Download or read book Prentice-Hall Federal Tax Service, 1928 Act, Former Laws and Regulations written by Prentice-Hall, inc and published by . This book was released on 1928 with total page 1020 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Dialogical Roots of Deduction

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110847988X
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis The Dialogical Roots of Deduction by : Catarina Dutilh Novaes

Download or read book The Dialogical Roots of Deduction written by Catarina Dutilh Novaes and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first comprehensive account of the concept and practices of deduction covering philosophy, history, cognition and mathematical practice.

Greek Alphabet Code Cracker

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781600510359
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Greek Alphabet Code Cracker by : Christopher Perrin

Download or read book Greek Alphabet Code Cracker written by Christopher Perrin and published by . This book was released on 2008-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The famous Grecian Urn of Achilles has been stolen ... The Greek alphabet is the key to decoding the clues and recovering the stolen treasure. Learn all of the Greek letters from alpha to omega along with their phonetic pronunciation. Decipher the encoded clues from witnesses to discover the identity of the thief and to trace the escape route. You will learn to to sound out English words with the Greek alphabet and you will even be able to write in your own Greek-letter code"--Page 4 of cover

The Discovery of Life

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Publisher : First Edition Design Pub.
ISBN 13 : 1622872037
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (228 download)

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Book Synopsis The Discovery of Life by : Christopher Alan Anderson

Download or read book The Discovery of Life written by Christopher Alan Anderson and published by First Edition Design Pub.. This book was released on 2012-09-10 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This writing chronicles the paradigm shift that each of us must undergo to enter into a full (procreative) consciousness of life, upon which true success and connection in life can then follow. "A man and a woman meet and a miracle occurs--a new life is formed. The miracle of life is held within their balance and love. Life, all of life, is held within their balance and love." The Discovery of Life Author Bio: Christopher Alan Anderson (1950 - ) received the basis of his education from the University of Science and Philosophy, Swannanoa, Waynesboro, Virginia. He resides in the transcendental/romantic tradition, that vein of spiritual creativity of the philosopher and poet. His quest has been to define and express an eternal romantic reality from which a man and a woman could together stand in their difference and create a living universe of procreative love. Mr. Anderson began these writings in 1971. The first writings were published in 1985. On a personal note, when Mr. Anderson was asked to describe the writings and what he felt their message was he responded, "Spiritual procreation. Mankind has yet to distinguish the two sexes on the spiritual level. In this failure lies the root of our problems and why we cannot yet touch the eternal together. The message of man and woman balance brings each of us together in love with our eternal other half right now." keywords: Life, Procreation, Consciousness, Paradigm Shift, Metaphysics, Spirituality

Medical Reasoning

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0190912928
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Medical Reasoning by : Erwin B. Montgomery (Jr.)

Download or read book Medical Reasoning written by Erwin B. Montgomery (Jr.) and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern medicine is one of humankind's greatest achievements.Yet today, frequent medical errors and irreproducibility in biomedical research suggest that tremendous challenges beset it. Understanding these challenges and trying to remedy them have driven considerable and thoughtful critical analyses, but the apparent intransigence of these problems suggests a different perspective is needed. Now more than ever, when we see options and opportunities for healthcare expanding while resources are diminishing, it is extremely important that healthcare professionals practice medicine wisely. In Medical Reasoning, neurologist Erwin B. Montgomery, Jr. offers a new and vital perspective. He begins with the idea that the need for certainty in medical decision-making has been the primary driving force in medical reasoning. Doctors must routinely confront countless manifestations of symptoms, diseases, or behaviors in their patients. Therefore, either there are as many different "diseases" as there are patients or some economical set of principles and facts can be combined to explain each patient's disease. The response to this epistemic conundrum has driven medicine throughout history: the challenge is to discover principles and facts and then to develop means to apply them to each unique patient in a manner that provides certainty. This book studies the nature of medical decision making systematically and rigorously in both an analytic and historical context, addressing medicine's unique need for certainty in the face of the enormous variety of diseases and in the manifestations of the same disease in different patients. The book also examines how the social, legal, and economic circumstances in which medical decision-making occurs greatly influence the nature of medical reasoning. Medical Reasoning is essential for those at the intersection of healthcare and philosophy.

ELEMENTARY LOGIC REV ED P

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Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674042492
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis ELEMENTARY LOGIC REV ED P by : W. V. QUINE

Download or read book ELEMENTARY LOGIC REV ED P written by W. V. QUINE and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-06-30 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now much revised since its first appearance in 1941, this book, despite its brevity, is notable for its scope and rigor. It provides a single strand of simple techniques for the central business of modern logic. Basic formal concepts are explained, the paraphrasing of words into symbols is treated at some length, and a testing procedure is given for truth-function logic along with a complete proof procedure for the logic of quantifiers. Fully one third of this revised edition is new, and presents a nearly complete turnover in crucial techniques of testing and proving, some change of notation, and some updating of terminology. The study is intended primarily as a convenient encapsulation of minimum essentials, but concludes by giving brief glimpses of further matters.

The Cumulative Loose-leaf Business Encyclopedia

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 590 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cumulative Loose-leaf Business Encyclopedia by :

Download or read book The Cumulative Loose-leaf Business Encyclopedia written by and published by . This book was released on 1927 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Principles of Deductive Logic

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Publisher : SUNY Press
ISBN 13 : 9781438408552
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Principles of Deductive Logic by :

Download or read book Principles of Deductive Logic written by and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clear focus on its application of formal logic to ordinary English is the most distinctive feature of this textbook for the introductory course in deductive logic. Great care is taken with the appropriate translation into logical languages of ordinary English sentences. Evaluation of these translations promotes a more effective use of ordinary language. The Principles of Deductive Logic presents symbolic logic in a fuller and more leisurely fashion than other introductory textbooks. Early chapters cover informal material, including definition and informal fallacies. The remainder of the text is devoted to the treatment of four distinct artificial languages. The Categorical language is the language of syllogistic logic. The Extended Categorical language enriches this first language with the symbolic connectives for conjunction and negation. The Propositional Connective language and the First-Order language (with identity) are the two basic languages of modern logic. Each language is accompanied by a deductive system, and is used as an instrument for exploring ordinary language, including ordinary arguments The book contains a large number of exercises whose answers are supplied in the back of the book, and many more that can be assigned as homework. A solution's manual is available to instructors upon their request. The request must be written on college or university letterhead.

Discovery of Our Galaxy

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Publisher : Knopf
ISBN 13 : 0307817091
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Discovery of Our Galaxy by : Charles A. Whitney

Download or read book Discovery of Our Galaxy written by Charles A. Whitney and published by Knopf. This book was released on 2012-06-06 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a book about the mystery and the passion, the imagination, religion, and poetry, the philosophy, the intellectual flights—and, above all, the people—that have created the science of astronomy, from Thales of Miletus predicting eclipses in the sixth century B.C. to today’s scientists probing the cosmic significance of the mysterious “black holes” discovered in 1970. With authority and charm, the distinguished Harvard astronomer Charles A. Whitney here re-creates the lives and temperaments of the great astronomers and retraces the ingenious arguments, the feats of observation and deduction, and the leaps of intuition by which they have gradually unveiled a picture of the universe and have brought us to an understanding of our own planet’s place in it. Among them: KEPLER, searching the solar system for visible evidence of the transcendent order he believed in GALILEO, constructing the first telescope and proposing the concept of universal gravitation NEWTON, paragon of logic, paradoxically driven by an unshakable belief in himself as God’s appointed prophet to create a world of mathematical certainty and thus expose the wonder of his Father in Heaven WILLIAM HERSCHEL, the nineteenth-century German who may well be considered the father of modern astronomy, first man to chart the nebulae EDWIN HUBBLE, in the present century, discovering and exploring galaxies beyond our own Finally, Professor Whitney makes clear for the layman the fascinating problems astronomers wrestle with today: the mysterious nature of quasars, strange cosmic bodies discovered in 1963; the unknown forces behind cataclysmic explosions recently glimpsed in other galaxies; the elusive nature of “interstellar dust”; the eternal question of how it all began.

The Logic of Scientific Discovery

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134470029
Total Pages : 545 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (344 download)

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Book Synopsis The Logic of Scientific Discovery by : Karl Popper

Download or read book The Logic of Scientific Discovery written by Karl Popper and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005-11-04 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Described by the philosopher A.J. Ayer as a work of 'great originality and power', this book revolutionized contemporary thinking on science and knowledge. Ideas such as the now legendary doctrine of 'falsificationism' electrified the scientific community, influencing even working scientists, as well as post-war philosophy. This astonishing work ranks alongside The Open Society and Its Enemies as one of Popper's most enduring books and contains insights and arguments that demand to be read to this day.

Rethinking Logic: Logic in Relation to Mathematics, Evolution, and Method

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400760914
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Rethinking Logic: Logic in Relation to Mathematics, Evolution, and Method by : Carlo Cellucci

Download or read book Rethinking Logic: Logic in Relation to Mathematics, Evolution, and Method written by Carlo Cellucci and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-09 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines the limitations of mathematical logic and proposes a new approach to logic intended to overcome them. To this end, the book compares mathematical logic with earlier views of logic, both in the ancient and in the modern age, including those of Plato, Aristotle, Bacon, Descartes, Leibniz, and Kant. From the comparison it is apparent that a basic limitation of mathematical logic is that it narrows down the scope of logic confining it to the study of deduction, without providing tools for discovering anything new. As a result, mathematical logic has had little impact on scientific practice. Therefore, this volume proposes a view of logic according to which logic is intended, first of all, to provide rules of discovery, that is, non-deductive rules for finding hypotheses to solve problems. This is essential if logic is to play any relevant role in mathematics, science and even philosophy. To comply with this view of logic, this volume formulates several rules of discovery, such as induction, analogy, generalization, specialization, metaphor, metonymy, definition, and diagrams. A logic based on such rules is basically a logic of discovery, and involves a new view of the relation of logic to evolution, language, reason, method and knowledge, particularly mathematical knowledge. It also involves a new view of the relation of philosophy to knowledge. This book puts forward such new views, trying to open again many doors that the founding fathers of mathematical logic had closed historically. trigger

An Introduction to Formal Logic

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521008044
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to Formal Logic by : Peter Smith

Download or read book An Introduction to Formal Logic written by Peter Smith and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-11-06 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formal logic provides us with a powerful set of techniques for criticizing some arguments and showing others to be valid. These techniques are relevant to all of us with an interest in being skilful and accurate reasoners. In this highly accessible book, Peter Smith presents a guide to the fundamental aims and basic elements of formal logic. He introduces the reader to the languages of propositional and predicate logic, and then develops formal systems for evaluating arguments translated into these languages, concentrating on the easily comprehensible 'tree' method. His discussion is richly illustrated with worked examples and exercises. A distinctive feature is that, alongside the formal work, there is illuminating philosophical commentary. This book will make an ideal text for a first logic course, and will provide a firm basis for further work in formal and philosophical logic.

The Discovery of Chinese Logic

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Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9047426843
Total Pages : 488 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (474 download)

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Book Synopsis The Discovery of Chinese Logic by : Joachim Kurtz

Download or read book The Discovery of Chinese Logic written by Joachim Kurtz and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2011-07-27 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until 1898, Chinese and foreign scholars agreed that China had never known, needed, or desired a field of study similar in scope and purpose to European logic. Less than a decade later, Chinese literati claimed that the discipline had been part of the empire’s learned heritage for more than two millennia. This book analyzes the conceptual, ideological, and institutional transformations that made this drastic change of opinion possible and acceptable. Reconstructing the discovery of Chinese logic as a paradigmatic case of the epistemic shifts that continue to shape interpretations of China’s intellectual history, it offers a fresh view of the formation of modern academic discourses in East Asia and adds a neglected chapter to the global histories of science and philosophy.

Forall X

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (141 download)

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Book Synopsis Forall X by : P. D. Magnus

Download or read book Forall X written by P. D. Magnus and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: