The Crucible Of Desegregation

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The Crucible of Desegregation

Author : R. Shep Melnick
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226825523
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (268 download)

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Book Synopsis The Crucible of Desegregation by : R. Shep Melnick

Download or read book The Crucible of Desegregation written by R. Shep Melnick and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2023-05-10 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In 1954, the Supreme Court delivered the landmark decision of Brown v. Board of Education--establishing the right to attend a desegregated school as a national constitutional right--, but the decision contained fundamental ambiguities. In close to three dozen decisions on school desegregation, the Supreme Court has never offered a clear definition of what desegregation means or laid out a framework for understanding or adjudicating between competing interpretations. In the Crucible of Desegregation, R. Shep Melnick examines the evolution of federal school desegregation policy from 1954 through the termination of desegregation orders in the first decades of the 21st century, combining legal analysis with a focus on institutional relations, particularly the interactions between federal judges and administrators. Melnick argues that years of ambiguous, inconsistent, and meandering Court decisions left lower court judges adrift, forced to apply contradictory Supreme Court precedents in a wide variety of highly charged political and educational contexts. As a result, desegregation policy has been a patchwork, with lower court judges playing a crucial role. They did so against the backdrop of massive resistance, and this combined with the fragmented and decentralized nature of America's political institutions and its education system. The Crucible of Desegregation reveals patterns and persistent impasses that remain relevant today. It also shows that school desegregation was a crucial driver for the expansion of the broader American civil rights state"--

Methodists and the Crucible of Race, 1930-1975

Author : Peter C. Murray
Publisher : University of Missouri Press
ISBN 13 : 0826262473
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Methodists and the Crucible of Race, 1930-1975 by : Peter C. Murray

Download or read book Methodists and the Crucible of Race, 1930-1975 written by Peter C. Murray and published by University of Missouri Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Methodists and the Crucible of Race, 1930-1975, Peter C. Murray contributes to the history of American Christianity and the Civil Rights movement by examining a national institution the Methodist Church (after 1968 the United Methodist Church) and how it dealt with the racial conflict centered in the South. Murray begins his study by tracing American Methodism from its beginnings to the secession of many African Americans from the church and the establishment of separate northern and southern denominations in the nineteenth century. He then details the reconciliation and compromise of many of these segments in 1939 that led to the unification of the church. This compromise created the racially segregated church that Methodists struggled to eliminate over the next thirty years. During the Civil Rights movement, American churches confronted issues of racism that they had previously ignored. No church experienced this confrontation more sharply than the Methodist Church. When Methodists reunited their northern and southern halves in 1939, their new church constitution created a segregated church structure that posed significant issues for Methodists during the Civil Rights movement. Of the six jurisdictional conferences that made up the Methodist Church, only one was not based on a geographic region: the Central Jurisdiction, a separate conference for "all Negro annual conferences." This Jim Crow arrangement humiliated African American Methodists and embarrassed their liberal white allies within the church. The Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision awakened many white Methodists from their complacent belief that the church could conform to the norms of the South without consequences among its national membership. Murray places the struggle of the Methodist Church within the broader context of the history of race relations in the United States. He shows how the effort to destroy the barriers in the church were mirrored in the work being done by society to end segregation. Immensely readable and free of jargon, Methodists and the Crucible of Race, 1930 1975, will be of interest to a broad audience, including those interested in the Civil Rights movement and American church history.

The Crucible of Race

Author : Joel Williamson
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0195033825
Total Pages : 582 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis The Crucible of Race by : Joel Williamson

Download or read book The Crucible of Race written by Joel Williamson and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1984 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This landmark work provides a fundamental reinterpretation of the American South in the years since the Civil War, especially the decades after Reconstruction, from 1877 to 1920. Covering all aspects of Southern life--white and black, conservative and progressive, literary and political--it offers a new understanding of the forces that shaped the South of today.

Historical Dictionary of School Segregation and Desegregation

Author : Jeffrey Raffel
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 031300773X
Total Pages : 379 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Historical Dictionary of School Segregation and Desegregation by : Jeffrey Raffel

Download or read book Historical Dictionary of School Segregation and Desegregation written by Jeffrey Raffel and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 1998-10-15 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout the nation's history, from before the Civil War through Reconstruction, across the years of lynchings and segregation to the Brown v. Board of Education decision and the battles over busing, no issue has divided the American people more than race, and at the heart of the race issue has been the conflict over school segregation and desegregation. Prior to the Civil War, South Carolina enacted the first compulsory illiteracy law, which made it a crime to teach slaves to write, and other Southern states soon followed South Carolina's example. After the Civil War, schools for blacks were founded throughout the South, including many Historically Black Colleges and Universities. The 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision established the principle of separate but equal education, which led to decades of segregation. With the 1954 Brown decision, the Supreme Court overturned the separate but equal principle, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 empowered the federal government to affect school desegregation. The process of desegregation continues to this day, with much debate and mixed results. Through more than 260 alphabetically arranged entries, this comprehensive reference book describes persons, court decisions, terms and concepts, legislation, reports and books, types of plans, and organizations central to the struggle for educational equality. The volume covers topics ranging from emotionally laden terms such as busing to complex legal concepts such as de facto and de jure segregation. Each entry includes factual information, a summary of different viewpoints, and a brief bibliography. The book includes an introduction, which outlines the history of school segregation and desegregation, along with a chronology and extensive bibliographic material. Thus this reference is a complete guide to school segregation and desegregation in elementary, secondary, and higher education in the United States.

The Desegregation Literature

Author : National Institute of Education (U.S.). Desegregation Studies Staff
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (327 download)

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Book Synopsis The Desegregation Literature by : National Institute of Education (U.S.). Desegregation Studies Staff

Download or read book The Desegregation Literature written by National Institute of Education (U.S.). Desegregation Studies Staff and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

School Desegregation

Author : George W. Noblit
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9462099650
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis School Desegregation by : George W. Noblit

Download or read book School Desegregation written by George W. Noblit and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-17 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is written for the Millennial Generation to educate them about what school desegregation was actually about—the struggle over white domination in the United States. The textbooks they read as high school students describe the heroic efforts of African Americans to achieve civil rights but do not describe who was denying them these rights—white Americans. The oral histories in this book reveal how individuals navigated efforts to achieve educational equity amidst efforts to reassert white domination. These accounts counter the textbook history the Millennial Generation read which omits the massive white resistance to school desegregation, the various ways whites used subterfuge to slow down and redirect school desegregation in what would more benefit whites, and the concerted white political backlash that has been ensconced in educational policy and reform beginning with A Nation at Risk and continuing in No Child Left Behind. That is, educational policy as we know it is all about asserting white domination and not about educating children, and thus the Millennial Generation is faced with undoing what their parents and grandparents have done.

School Desegregation

Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1060 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (327 download)

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Book Synopsis School Desegregation by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights

Download or read book School Desegregation written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 1060 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Desegregating Dixie

Author : Mark Newman
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 149681889X
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (968 download)

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Book Synopsis Desegregating Dixie by : Mark Newman

Download or read book Desegregating Dixie written by Mark Newman and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2018-10-04 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2020 American Studies Network Book Prize from the European Association for American Studies Mark Newman draws on a vast range of archives and many interviews to uncover for the first time the complex response of African American and white Catholics across the South to desegregation. In the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century, the southern Catholic Church contributed to segregation by confining African Americans to the back of white churches and to black-only schools and churches. However, in the twentieth century, papal adoption and dissemination of the doctrine of the Mystical Body of Christ, pressure from some black and white Catholics, and secular change brought by the civil rights movement increasingly led the Church to address racial discrimination both inside and outside its walls. Far from monolithic, white Catholics in the South split between a moderate segregationist majority and minorities of hard-line segregationists and progressive racial egalitarians. While some bishops felt no discomfort with segregation, prelates appointed from the late 1940s onward tended to be more supportive of religious and secular change. Some bishops in the peripheral South began desegregation before or in anticipation of secular change while elsewhere, especially in the Deep South, they often tied changes in the Catholic churches to secular desegregation. African American Catholics were diverse and more active in the civil rights movement than has often been assumed. While some black Catholics challenged racism in the Church, many were conflicted about the manner of Catholic desegregation generally imposed by closing valued black institutions. Tracing its impact through the early 1990s, Newman reveals how desegregation shook congregations but seldom brought about genuine integration.

The Price They Paid

Author : Vivian Gunn Morris
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 0807775002
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis The Price They Paid by : Vivian Gunn Morris

Download or read book The Price They Paid written by Vivian Gunn Morris and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this compelling book, the authors put a human face on desegregation practices in the South. Focusing on an African American community in Alabama, they document not only the gains but also the significant losses experienced by students when their community school was closed and they were forced to attend a White desegregated school across town. This in-depth volume includes: A letter by Dr. William Hooper Councill and speeches by George Washington Trenholm—two African American leaders who worked with communities to provide quality schooling for African American children during segregation.An insider’s view of what life was like inside a segregated African American school—including interviews with graduates who discuss how it felt to be in a caring and nurturing school that provided an atmosphere much like that of a family.Actual events that demonstrate the profound negative impact of using skin color and race as a basis for preferential treatment—including testimonials from parents and students who experienced racial discrimination in their new school. A valuable look at the unmet promises of school desegregation that can help us provide a quality education for all children in the 21st century. “Morris and Morris through their careful research have painted a picture of reality, the type of picture that educators, community leaders, and policymakers must see in order to give a proper assessment of what is going on and what should be done. This clear, straightforward presentation is as necessary as it is powerful.” —From the Foreword by Asa G. Hilliard, III “I found it difficult to put this book down. The Price They Paid is one of the few books that looks at changes in the desegregation of education from the point of view of those living the changes.” —Lucindia H. Chance, Dean, College Of Education, Georgia Southern University

The Burden of Brown

Author : Raymond Wolters
Publisher : Univ. of Tennessee Press
ISBN 13 : 9780870497506
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (975 download)

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Book Synopsis The Burden of Brown by : Raymond Wolters

Download or read book The Burden of Brown written by Raymond Wolters and published by Univ. of Tennessee Press. This book was released on 1984 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the results of the Supreme Court's 1954 decision on desegregation on the five school districts that participated in the Brown v. Board of Education case, and argues that the Court erred in moving beyond a policy of desegregation to one of integration.

Race and Renaissance

Author : Joseph William Trotter Jr.
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Press
ISBN 13 : 0822977559
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (229 download)

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Book Synopsis Race and Renaissance by : Joseph William Trotter Jr.

Download or read book Race and Renaissance written by Joseph William Trotter Jr. and published by University of Pittsburgh Press. This book was released on 2010-06-27 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African Americans from Pittsburgh have a long and distinctive history of contributions to the cultural, political, and social evolution of the United States. From jazz legend Earl Fatha Hines to playwright August Wilson, from labor protests in the 1950s to the Black Power movement of the late 1960s, Pittsburgh has been a force for change in American race and class relations. Race and Renaissance presents the first history of African American life in Pittsburgh after World War II. It examines the origins and significance of the second Great Migration, the persistence of Jim Crow into the postwar years, the second ghetto, the contemporary urban crisis, the civil rights and Black Power movements, and the Million Man and Million Woman marches, among other topics. In recreating this period, Trotter and Day draw not only from newspaper articles and other primary and secondary sources, but also from oral histories. These include interviews with African Americans who lived in Pittsburgh during the postwar era, which reveal firsthand accounts of what life was truly like during this transformative epoch. Race and Renaissance illuminates how Pittsburgh's African Americans arrived at their present moment in history. It also links movements for change to larger global issues: civil rights with the Vietnam War; affirmative action with the movement against South African apartheid. As such, the study draws on both sociology and urban studies to deepen our understanding of the lives of urban blacks.

Forced to Fail

Author : Stephen J. Caldas
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 0313050244
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Forced to Fail by : Stephen J. Caldas

Download or read book Forced to Fail written by Stephen J. Caldas and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2005-08-30 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Caldas and Bankston provide a critical, dispassionate analysis of why desegregation in the United States has failed to achieve the goal of providing equal educational opportunities for all students. They offer case histories through dozens of examples of failed desegregation plans from all over the country. The book takes a very broad perspective on race and education, situated in the larger context of the development of individual rights in Western civiliztion. The book traces the long legal history of first racial segregation, and then racial desegregation in America. The authors explain how rapidly changing demographics and family structure in the United States have greatly complicated the project of top-down government efforts to achieve an ideal racial balance in schools. It describes how social capital—a positive outcome of social interaction between and among parents, children, and teachers—creates strong bonds that lead to high academic achievement. The authors show how coercive desegregation weakens bonds and hurts not only students and schools, but also entire communities. Examples from all parts of the United States show how parents undermined desegregation plans by seeking better educational alternatives for their children rather than supporting the public schools to which their children were assigned. Most important, this book offers an alternative, more realistic viewpoint on class, race, and education in America.

The Southern Manifesto

Author : John Kyle Day
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1626741867
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis The Southern Manifesto by : John Kyle Day

Download or read book The Southern Manifesto written by John Kyle Day and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2014-07-09 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On March 13, 1956, ninety-nine members of the United States Congress promulgated the Declaration of Constitutional Principles, popularly known as the Southern Manifesto. Reprinted here, the Southern Manifesto formally stated opposition to the landmark United State Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education, and the emergent civil rights movement. This statement allowed the white South to prevent Brown's immediate full-scale implementation and, for nearly two decades, set the slothful timetable and glacial pace of public school desegregation. The Southern Manifesto also provided the Southern Congressional Delegation with the means to stymie federal voting rights legislation, so that the dismantling of Jim Crow could be managed largely on white southern terms. In the wake of the Brown decision that declared public school segregation unconstitutional, seminal events in the early stages of the civil rights movement--like the Emmett Till lynching, the Montgomery bus boycott, and the Autherine Lucy riots at the University of Alabama brought the struggle for black freedom to national attention. Orchestrated by United States Senator Richard Brevard Russell Jr. of Georgia, the Southern Congressional Delegation in general, and the United States Senate's Southern Caucus in particular, fought vigorously and successfully to counter the initial successes of civil rights workers and maintain Jim Crow. The South's defense of white supremacy culminated with this most notorious statement of opposition to desegregation. The Southern Manifesto: Massive Resistance and the Fight to Preserve Segregation narrates this single worst episode of racial demagoguery in modern American political history and considers the statement's impact upon both the struggle for black freedom and the larger racial dynamics of postwar America.

Strategies of Segregation

Author : David G. García
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520296877
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

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Book Synopsis Strategies of Segregation by : David G. García

Download or read book Strategies of Segregation written by David G. García and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2018-01-02 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book examines a century of segregation in the California town of Oxnard. It focuses on designs for education that reproduced inequity as a routine matter. For Oxnard's white elite there was never a question of whether to segregate Mexicans, and later Blacks, but how to do so effectively and permanently. David G. García explores what the author calls mundane racism--the systematic subordination of minorities enacted as a commonplace way of conducting business within and beyond schools."--Provided by publisher.

The Last Segregated Hour

Author : Stephen R. Haynes
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199911010
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

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Book Synopsis The Last Segregated Hour by : Stephen R. Haynes

Download or read book The Last Segregated Hour written by Stephen R. Haynes and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-09-24 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On Palm Sunday 1964, at the Second Presbyterian Church in Memphis, a group of black and white students began a "kneel-in" to protest the church's policy of segregation, a protest that would continue in one form or another for more than a year and eventually force the church to open its doors to black worshippers. In The Last Segregated Hour, Stephen Haynes tells the story of this dramatic yet little studied tactic which was the strategy of choice for bringing attention to segregationist policies in Southern churches. "Kneel-ins" involved surprise visits to targeted churches, usually during Easter season, and often resulted in physical standoffs with resistant church people. The spectacle of kneeling worshippers barred from entering churches made for a powerful image that invited both local and national media attention. The Memphis kneel-ins of 1964-65 were unique in that the protesters included white students from the local Presbyterian college (Southwestern, now Rhodes). And because the protesting students presented themselves in groups that were "mixed" by race and gender, white church members saw the visitations as a hostile provocation and responded with unprecedented efforts to end them. But when Church officials pressured Southwestern president Peyton Rhodes to "call off" his students or risk financial reprisals, he responded that "Southwestern is not for sale." Drawing on a wide range of sources, including extensive interviews with the students who led the kneel-ins, Haynes tells an inspiring story that will appeal not only to scholars of religion and history, but also to pastors and church people concerned about fostering racially diverse congregations.

Choosing Equality

Author : Robert L. Hayman
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 0271048034
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Choosing Equality by : Robert L. Hayman

Download or read book Choosing Equality written by Robert L. Hayman and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2010-11 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Examines the desegregation experience, with a focus on the impact of the Supreme Court's decisions from Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, through Parents Involved v. Seattle School District in 2007. Assesses desegregation in Delaware, one of the states involved in the original Brown litigation"--Provided by publisher.

Understanding School Desegregation

Author : United States Commission on Civil Rights
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding School Desegregation by : United States Commission on Civil Rights

Download or read book Understanding School Desegregation written by United States Commission on Civil Rights and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The great progress of recent years towards school integration has not been uniform: pockets of resistance remain and the issues involved in school desegregation continue to arouse public controversy and confusion. Sixteen years after the Supreme Court (in Brown vs Topeka) had ruled that school segregation compelled or sanctioned by law unconstitutional, there is still no widespread understanding of the nature and scope of the issues. The Civil Rights Commission believes that public understanding of the issues involved in school desegregation is essential if they are to be resolved satisfactorily. Many of these issues are legal in nature and require careful analysis of relevant court decisions. Other issues involve practical questions concerning the quality of education afforded to the Nation's children. Still others relate to fundamental human and moral questions of national conscience. The Commission speaks out in the hope that it can shed light on the issues and, by so doing, contribute to their successful resolution. The issue of school desegregation, like other issues of national concern, has roots deep in history; to understand fully the present situation and to form a sound basis for determining courses of action for the future, what that history has been must first be understood. (Authors/JM).